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Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, 2003
G. g. graueri
Eastern lowland gorilla
Pith, shoots, and stems of herbs and shrubs 19% (11-33%), leaves 41% (17-51%), bark 13% (0-29%), root 2% (0-5%), flowers 2% (0-3%), fruit 23% (9-47%), miscellaneous 1% (0-29%)
Diurnal, arboreal and terrestrial, 1 male, multifemale group
Fruit 64% (19-99%), seeds 3% (0-30%); flowers 2% (0-18%), leaves 16% (0-56%) (mostly young), pith, stem, and stalk 7% (0-27%), bark/ cambium 2% (0-26%), gum, gall, root, wood, fungus, miscellaneous 2% (0-41%), and all prey items 4% (0-28%); will eat monkeys
Diurnal; arboreal and terrestrial; multimale/ multifemale group size 7-25 females, 5-16 males, fission-fusion
32-68 kg females, 40-80 kg males
Conklin-Brittain et al., 1998; Galdikas & Teleki, 1981; Ghiglieri, 1984; Goodall, 1996; Hladik, 1973, 1977; Isabirye-Basuta, 1989; Kuroda, 1992; Kuroda, et al., 1996; Matsumoto-Oda & Hayashi, 1999; McGrew et al., 1981; Newton-Fisher, 1999; Peters & O’Brien, 1981; Sabater-Pi, 1979; Sugiyama & Koman, 1987; Suzuki, 1969; Tutin & Fernandez, 1993; Tutin et al., 1984, 1991, 1997; van Lanwick-Goodall, 1968; Wrangham, 1977; Wrangham et al., 1998; Yamagiwa et al., 1992
aDiet format: mean (range).
bBody weights in ranges whenever possible; single numbers are not averages but indicate that only one individual of the species has been weighed in the wild.
cNo data available from the wild but assumed to be similar to congenerics.
is not directly visible but the researcher is close enough to identify the species on which it is feeding. When the animal has moved on, the feeding location can be investigated and food remnants characterized (Tutin et al., 1991, Tutin and Fernandez, 1993; Rogers et al., 1996).
Reporting Feeding Behavior
Once collected, feeding-behavior data may be reported in various ways. The following are some examples.
FEEDING TIME
Feeding time may be reported as a percentage of all daily activities or as a percentage of feeding time. For example, 35% of the day might be spent in foraging for insects, 19% feeding on plants, 25% in traveling, and the remainder in other activities. Within the time spent on plants, 60% of it may have been on fruit, 40% on leaves.
MASS OF FOOD AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DIET MASS
The contribution that each food category makes to the total diet in mass terms may be expressed as a percentage of dry weight or of wet weight. The estimated grams consumed of each type of food may also be reported.
Feeding-Ecology Tables
The feeding ecology of all extant primates that have been studied is summarized in Tables 1-1 through 1-6. The data in these tables were derived from studies that used nearly all the above methods. Although the methods varied, grand averages (with ranges in parentheses) were calculated because no correction factors have been developed to make data gathered with different methods comparable. We assumed that the predominant food items (such as fruits, leaves, and insects) would remain predominant regardless of the method used and that the variability in diets due to habitat and seasonal differences would overwhelm most differences due to methods. Studies of some
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