Fruit and insect foraging dominate diet, gums seasonally important

Callithrix

C. argentata

C. aurita

C. geoffroyi

C. humeralifer

C. kuhlii

C. mauesi^c

C. nigriceps

Bare-ear marmoset

Buffy tufted-eared marmoset

Geoffroy’s tufted-eared marmoset

Tassel-eared marmoset

Wied’s tufted-eared marmoset

Maues marmoset

Black-headed marmoset

27% (24-30%) of total daily activity foraging for insects; therefore, total feeding time spent on insect foraging 56% (50-63%), fruit 33% (28-37%), exudates (gums) 11% (5-16%); when fruit scarce, exudate intake increased

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, multimale/ multifemale group size 3-20 individuals

190-320 g females, 357-450 g males; C. nigriceps 370 g male, 390 g female

Ferrari, 1993; Ferrari & Ferrari, 1989; Ferrari & Rylands,1994; Ford & Davis, 1992; Harrison & Tardif, 1994; Koenig, 1995; Muskin, 1984; Rylands, 1993; Rylands & de Faria, 1993; Stevenson & Rylands, 1988

Fruit dominates, insects important, gums or nectar seasonal

Leontopithecus

L. caissara^c

L. chrysomelas

L. chrysopygus

L. rosalia

Black-faced lion tamarin

Golden-headed lion tamarin

Black lion tamarin

Golden lion tamarin

Ripe fruit 53% (32-78%), insect foraging 25% (14-50%) of feeding time, unripe fruit 6-7%, exudates (gums) 9% (1-20%), nectar 7% (0-43%)

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, pairs or multimale/ multifemale 2-3 adults/group, 2-16 total

361-794 g females, 437-710 g males

Albernaz, 1997; Butynski, 1982; Dietz et al., 1997; Ferrari, 1993; Ferrari & Ferrari, 1989; Ford & Davis, 1992; Rylands, 1993; Tardif et al., 1993

Gumsdominate, insectsimportant, fruit can depend on location

Callithrix

C. jacchus

C. flaviceps

C. penicillata

C. pygmaea (was genus Cebuella)

Common marmoset

Buffy-headed marmoset

Black tufted-eared marmoset

Pygmy marmoset

Exudates (gums) 45% (24-70%), fruit 16% (14-30%), insect foraging 39% (30-70%), nectar in dry season; C.pygmaea exudates (gums) 60% (30-77%), fruit 8% (0-10%), insects 30% (20-33%)

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, multimale/ multifemale, groups 1-15; C. pygmaea monogamous families, up to 4 litters living together

182-354 g females, 225-406 g males; C. pygmaea 112-140 g females, 99-160 g males

Coimbra-Filho & Mittermeir, 1978; Ferrari & Ferrari, 1989; Ferrari & Rylands, 1994; Ford & Davis, 1992; Ramirez, 1985a; Rylands & de Faria, 1993; Silva & Downing, 1995; Soini, 1982, 1988, 1993

Insects and fruit dominate, gums and nectar seasonally important

Callimico

C. goeldii

Goeldi’s monkey

Preferred food insects; also soft, sweet fruit in wet season, sticky coating of gum on pods in dry season; rarely buds or young leaves; diet similar to Saguinus spp, sometimes live with mixed Saguinus troops

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, monogamous pairs, some within group, 2-8 individuals

400-535 g

Ford & Davis, 1992; Heltne et al., 1981; Mittermeier & Coimbra-Filho, 1977; Pook & Pook, 1981, 1982

Saguinus

S. bicolor

S. fuscicollis

S. geoffroyi

S. imperator

S. inustus^c

S. labiatus

S. leucopus

S. midas

S. mystax

S. nigricollis

S. cedipus

S. tripartitus^c

Bare-faced tamarin

Saddleback tamarin

Red-crested tamarin

Emperor tamarin

Mottled-faced tamarin

Red-bellied tamarin

Silvery-brown bare-faced tamarin

Golden-handed tamarin

Mustached tamarin

Spix’s black-mantled tamarin

Golden-mantled

Cotton-top tamarin saddleback tamarin

Insects 45% (30-77%), fruit 35% (13-74%), exudate 10% (0-37%), nectar 7% (0-35%), young leaves 3%, seeds; 34.8% of total activities foraging for insects, 17% plant foods; insect capture rate might be only 5.4% of prey-foraging time

Diurnal, arboreal, multimale/ multifemale groups, 2-16 individuals; S. imperator, S. labiatus, and S. midas multimale/ multifemale, but only 1 reproducing female

272-600 g females, 242-633 g males

Crandlemire-Sacco, 1988; Egler, 1992; Ferrari & Ferrari, 1989; Ford & Davis, 1992; Garber, 1984, 1988, 1993a,b; Harrison & Tardif, 1994; Lopes & Ferrari, 1994; Pack et al., 1999; Peres, 1993a; Ramirez, 1985a,b; Skinner, 1985; Silva & Downing, 1995; Soini, 1987; Terborgh, 1983