Index
A
a2b music, 73
AAS. See Advanced Automation System
Abilene network, 132
Abstraction, 120
Abt Associates, Inc., 193-194
Academic networks, 133
Academic research gaps in,
interdisciplinary, 168-179
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI), 61, 96
Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs), 133
Additions to systems, unintended and unanticipated consequences of, 5
Administrative challenges, 154
associated with large-scale systems, 118
Advanced Automation System (AAS), 105
Advanced computational science, research in, 62
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 46
Aetna, 83-84
Agenda. See Research agenda
Air traffic control (ATC) system, 149
Airport Surface Detection Equipment, 105
Akamai Technologies, Inc., 92
Always-up systems, goal for information technology research, 24
Amazon.com, 83-84, 86, 97, 117
America Online Inc., 81
AMRIS, 104
Andersen Consulting, 8, 79-80, 97
Macintosh, 21
Appliances, information, 107
Applications, 32 .
See also Group applications;
Social applications research
diffusion of, 170
Applications research, 157
Applied research, defining, x, 28-29
“Appropriability” problem, 74-75
Architectural approaches
defining, 138
design of research programs for, 126-127
historical perspective on, 21, 140
Artifacts, 140
ASCI. See Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM), 91-92
ATC. see Air traffic control system
AT&T Corporation, 179
expenditures on R&D, 64, 77-78
historical structuring of, 81
patents held by, 84
recent trends in research by, 30-31
redirection of research at, 72-73
work on speech recognition, 21
AUPs. see Acceptable Use Policies
AUTM. see Association of University Technology Managers
Automata theory, 139
Automatic programmer capability, goal for information technology research, 24
Availability issues, 116-118
B
BAAs. see Broad agency announcements
BankBoston, 92
Basic research, defining, x, 26
Bell Atlantic, 102
Bell Communications Research Corporation (Bellcore), 77
Benchmarks, 139
Berkeley Wireless Research Center, 182
Billing fraud, detecting, 76
Boeing Company, 66, 80, 83, 97
Brahe, Tycho, 26
Broad agency announcements (BAAs), 62-63
Brooks, Fred, 139
Brooks-Sutherland report, 121
Bugs, 116
testing for, 112
Bureau of Land Management, troubled systems at, 102
Bureau of the Census, 49, 64, 66, 96
need for the National Science Foundation to work with, 13, 205-206
Business process challenges, 154
Business research, related to information technology, 169
Business system context, embedding large-scale systems within larger, 6
Business Week Online,
C
C programming language, 23
CAD. see Computer-aided design
California Department of Motor Vehicles, troubled systems at, 102-103
California Institute of Technology, Computational Facility for Simulating the Dynamic Response of Materials, 96
Carnegie Mellon University, 17, 29, 62, 90, 92, 163
Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 173
Information Networking Institute, 182
Software Engineering Institute, 158-159
CASE. see Computer-aided software engineering tools
CBO. see Congressional Budget Office
CCIC. see Committee on Computing, Information and Communications
Census Bureau. See Bureau of the Census
Center for Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes, 96
Center for Integrated Turbulence Simulation, 96
Center for Simulation of Accidental Fires and Explosions, 96
Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, 96
Central research laboratories, countertrend in, 76-79
Challenges. See Research challenges
Changes to systems, unintended and unanticipated consequences of, 5
Changing needs of users, 5
Chronicle of Higher Education,
CIAO. see Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office
CIC. see Committee on Information and Communications
CISE. see Computing and Information Science and Engineering directorate
Citicorp, 83-84
Civil engineering applications, 158
Clickstream data, analyzing, 180
Clinton, President William, 47
Clinton Administration, xii, 3, 10, 62, 198, 201
Cohen, Wes, 163
Collaboration
applications involving, 106
challenges in, 153
encouragement of interdepartmental by universities, 206-207
Columbia University, programs in medical informatics, 171
Commerce, electronic, 7
Commercial equipment and supplies industry sector, 64, 68
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology, 110
Commercialization
challenge of in social applications of information technology, 151-152
of university research, 91-93
Committee on Computing, Information and Communications (CCIC), 120
Committee on Information and Communications (CIC), 121
Committee on Information Technology Research in a Competitive World, xiv, 2
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), 183, 185, 194
Committee to Assess the Scope and Direction of Computer Science and Technology, 39-40
Communications, influx from researchers, 62-63
Communications equipment industry sector, 64-65, 68
Communications services industry sector, 64-65, 68
expenditures on R&D, 67
Communities, electronic, 7
Community challenges, 153
Companies. See Information technology companies;
individual companies
Competitiveness, 43
maximizing effectiveness of, 218
Complexity challenges
associated with large-scale systems, 5, 108-110
in social applications research, 7
Component software, 129-130
Component vendors, expenditures on R&D, 65
Components, 32
dealing with large numbers of, 5
deep interactions among, 5
independently designed, 5
untrustworthy, 110
Components industry sector, 64-65, 68
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, complying with, 61
Computation and Social Systems (CSS) program, 174-176
Computational Facility for Simulating the Dynamic Response of Materials, 96
Computer-aided design (CAD), 83
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools, 104
Computer and data processing services industry sector, 64-65, 68
Computer graphics, historical perspective on, 21
Computer science, 4, 6, 13, 17, 26, 30, 49, 52, 55-57, 60-61, 83, 88-89, 93, 118, 126, 133, 144, 147, 150-151, 154, 159, 172, 175, 179, 182, 185-186, 195, 201, 206-207
federal obligations for research in, 55
Computer science and engineering (CS&E), 39-40
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB), ix, 2, 19-20, 38, 51, 79, 98, 140, 144, 161
Brooks-Sutherland report, 121
Committee to Assess the Scope and Direction of Computer Science and Technology, 39-40
Computing the Future,
Computer Sciences Corporation, 79
Computer simulations, 96
Computer-supported cooperative work, 169
Computers
assemblers of personal, 67, 76
based on quantum mechanics, 76
development of mouse for, 21
support and repair of, 65
Computers, Organizations, Policy, and Society (CORPS) group, 192
Computing, scientific, 46
Computing and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) directorate, 59, 174, 179, 202
Computing and Social System program, 12, 203
Computing industry sector, 64-65, 68
Computing the Future: A Broader Agenda for Computer Science and Engineering,
Conducting research on social applications, 155-160
new research teams, 157-160
a plausible approach, 155-157
Conferencing, remote, 190
CONFIRM hotel reservation system, 102, 104
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 31, 85
Consequences, of changes or additions to systems, 5
Consortia, 163
Constituencies supporting information technology research, 20
Construction industry, social applications of technology in, 158
Control Data Corporation, 30
Control of social applications of information technology, 152-153
Coordination
of expertise, 153
of social applications of information technology, 152-153
Copyrights, limitations of, 75
Corporate espionage, 115
Corporate investment in research and development, disincentives to, 70-76
Corporation for National Research Initiatives, 132
CORPS. See Computers, Organizations, Policy, and Society group
COSEPUP. See Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy
COTS. See Commercial off-the-shelf technology
Cray Research, 30
Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO), 47
Critical infrastructures, 7, 156
defining, 101
Critical success factors, 169
CS&E. See Computer science and engineering
CSS. See Computation and Social Systems program
CSTB. See Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
Custom programming, 65
Customer support, gaining for innovation, 76
Customization, 139
“mass,”
Customized consulting, 79
Cyber auctions, 181
D
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Decision making, group dynamics and, 170
Decision support systems, 169
Decomposition, hierarchical, 112
Deconstructing wireless, 217-221
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 31, 56, 58-59, 62-63, 164, 166
historical perspective on, 21
Information Assurance and Survivability program, 122
involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123, 201
recommendations for new programs at, 11, 198-201
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit Program, 21, 96
Defense contractors, 79-80
Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), 115
Dell Computer Corporation, 67, 76
Deloitte & Touche, 117
Denver International Airport, troubled systems at, 102
Department of Commerce, involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123
Department of Defense (DOD), 36, 51, 54, 56-59, 61-62, 161, 166
attacks on computers of, 115
Department of Energy (DOE), 51, 56-58, 61-62, 161, 200
involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123, 201
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 11, 57-59, 201
involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123
Design of large-scale systems, 118-133
large numbers of individuals involved in, 5-6
Design of research programs, 126-133
architectural approaches, 126-127
ecological and economic systems as models for, 128
extensions of existing approaches, 129-130
inspiration from natural and social systems, 127
software development processes, 127, 129
support for research infrastructure, 131-133
theoretical approaches, 126
Development
disincentives to corporate investment in, 70-76
methodologies for, 154
DHHS. See Department of Health and Human Services
Diffusion of applications, 170
Digital Equipment Corporation, 30
Digital Government program, 12, 57-58, 141, 192, 202, 204
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI), 12, 59-60, 203, 213
DISA. See Defense Information Systems Agency
Disciplinary research .
See also Interdisciplinary research;
Other disciplines
analogies to, 41
Discovery. See Knowledge discovery
Discussion forums, 150
Disincentives, to corporate investment in research and development, 70-76
Display System Replacement program, 105
Distance education, technology supporting,
Distributed operation and administration challenges, associated with large-scale systems, 118
Distributed systems, electronic commerce applications as, 119
Diversity, in the research base, 49-51
DLI. See Digital Libraries Initiative
DOD. See Department of Defense
DOE. See Department of Energy
E
E-checks, 181
E-commerce applications, 119, 191
redefining the business process, 152
E-coupons, 181
E-Lab, 193
E-mail, 150
Early-stage financing, 87
Ecological systems, as models for the design of research programs, 128
Economic growth, information technology companies' contribution to, 18
Economic implications of computing and communications, research in, 62
Economic structures, novel activities and shifts in, 7
Economic systems, as models for the design of research programs, 128
Economics of investment, in information technology research, 75
Economics research, contributing to information technology development, 170
EDI (electronic data interchange), Internet, 181
Edison, Thomas Alva, 26
EDS. See Electronic Data Services
Education, technology supporting distance, 106
Electrical engineering, 13, 17, 30, 49, 52-55, 57, 88, 93, 150
Electronic commerce applications, 7, 149
as distributed systems, 119
Electronic communities, 7
Electronic components industry sector, 64-65, 68
Electronic data interchange. See EDI
Electronic Data Services (EDS), 8, 79-80
Embedding information technology research in other disciplines, 185-187
Embedding large-scale systems, within larger social and business system context, 6
Emergent behaviors of systems, 5, 109
Employment, information technology companies' contribution to, 18
Encryption, 115
processing requirements for, 106
End-user organizations
expenditures on R&D, 65
participation of, 160-166
research by, 15, 82-85, 209-211
End-users
constantly changing needs of, 5
large numbers of, 6
need for federal agencies to increase support for programs including, 12-13, 201-205
understanding behaviors of, 193
Endeavor expedition, 62
Engineering research centers (ERCs), 98, 183-184
ERCs. See Engineering research centers
Ernst & Young, 79
Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure,
Expanded systems, difficulties with, 113
Expanding the scale and scope of information technology research, 195-213
recommendations for government, 197-206
recommendations for industry, 209-211
recommendations for universities, 206-209
Expanding the systems research agenda, 124-126
Expansion financing, 87
Expeditions into the 21st Century, 63, 96
Extensions of existing approaches, in the design of research programs, 129-130
F
FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration
Faculty
encouraging participation of in interdisciplinary research, 13-14, 206-208
needing to pioneer information technology research, 14-15, 208-209
Failures
complexity of, 112
hardware, 116
Farrell, Joseph, 223
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 11-12, 35, 57, 200
attacks on computers of, 115
troubled systems at, 102-103, 105, 213
Federal Communications Commission, 219
Federal Information Services and Applications Council (FISAC), 192
Federal Information Systems Advisory Committee (FISAC), 204
Federal information technology research programs, xi, 60-63
Federal Reserve, 18
Federal support for information technology research, 51-63
levels of, 20
need for classifying data on, 13, 205-206
need for increased, 9-11, 197-198
role of, ix
sources of, 56-58
styles of, 58-60
trends in, 52-56
in universities, 89
Fidelity Investments Institutional Services Company, Inc., 138
Fingerprint-authentication technology, 73
First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) program (IBM), 165-166, 192, 211
FISAC. See Federal Information Services and Applications Council and Federal Information Systems Advisory Committee
Flexibility challenges associated with large-scale systems, 111-114, 218
Florida fingerprint system, troubled systems at, 102
Formalism, 139
defining, x
need for NSA and DARPA to establish programs for, 11, 198-201
Funding. See Investment in information technology research
G
GAO. See General Accounting Office
Gaps
in academic research, 90-91
in the research base, 79-81
General Accounting Office (GAO), 105, 137
General Motors Corporation, 66
Generic research, 156
Genetic materials, information processing capabilities of, 76
Georgia Center for Advanced Telecommunications Technology, 182
Georgia Institute of Technology, Focus Center at, 98
Global Industries Division (IBM), 166
Global Positioning System Augmentation Program, 105
Global Services Division (IBM), 79
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, 46, 56
Government research
need for Bureau of the Census to work with the NSF on classifying data about, 13, 205-206
need for increased federal support for, 9-11, 197-198
need for increased support for interdisciplinary, 12-13, 201-205
need for NSA and DARPA to establish fundamental research programs, 11, 198-201
recommendations for expanding the scale and scope of, 9-13, 197-206
Government services, delivery of, 149
Graphical User Interfaces, historical perspective on, 21
Gray, Jim, 24
Group applications, of information technology, 149-150
Group dynamics, and decision making, 170
Gupta, Anoop, 98
H
Hackers, damage done by, 115
Hardware failure, 116
Harvard Business School, 169
Hershey Foods, Inc., 102-103
Heterogeneity issues, 139
challenges associated with large-scale systems, 110-111
Hewlett-Packard
reliability claims by, 138
systems integration services from, 79
Hidden Markov Models, 21
Hierarchical decomposition, 112
Hierarchies, status, 190
High-level programming languages, 23
High Performance Computing and Communications Act of 1991, xii
High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) program,
Historical perspective on information technology research, 21
Horn, Paul, 72
HPCC program. See High Performance Computing and Communications program
HPCCI. See High Performance Computing and Communications program
Hubaux, Jean-Pierre, 223
Human-computer interaction (HCI), 147
research in, 62
I
expenditures on R&D, 66, 68, 70, 81
First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) program, 165-166, 192, 211
Global Industries Division, 166
Global Services Division, 79
historical structuring of, 81
industry solution units (ISUs), 165
Institute for Advanced Commerce, 180-181
patents held by, 84
recent trends in research by, 30-31
redirection of research at, 72
relational database research by, 21
systems integration services from, 79
work on speech recognition, 21
Identity challenges, 153
“Imitation game,”
Implementation of large-scale systems, improving, 118-133
Improving the design and implementation of large-scale systems, 118-133
designing a research program, 126-133
expanding the systems research agenda, 124-126
limitations of past research, 119-123
Independent requirements, large number of, 6
Independently designed components, 5
Individuals involved in design and operation, large numbers of, 5-6
Industry research
changing structure of, 30-32
federal statistics concerning, 64-65
and gaps in the research base, 79-81
interdisciplinary, 179-180
need for closer ties with university research, 208
need for companies to involve end users in, 15-16, 211
recommendations for expanding the scale and scope of, 15-16, 209-211
systems integration, 79-81
Industry solution units (ISUs), 165
Industry support for information technology research, xi, 64-87
countertrend in central research laboratories, 76-79
disincentives to corporate investment, 70-76
internships and sabbaticals, 166-168
need for classifying data on, 13, 205-206
and research by end-user organizations, 82-85
trends in, 66-70
venture capital support for innovation, 85-87
Information Age, 20
Information appliances, 107
Information Assurance and Survivability program, 122
Information economies, 181
Information management, research in, 62
Information Networking Institute, 182
Information technology (IT)
business research related to, and strategic advantage, 169
expanding applications of, ix, 33-37
focus on, 20-23
national debate about, ix
need for leadership in, x
retrospective assessments of, 28
social applications of, 144-148
Information technology companies
contribution to economic growth, 18
contribution to employment, 18
need to involve end-users in their research, 15-16, 211
Information technology developments
implications for the research enterprise, 42-43
implications of information technology research for, 37-42
Information technology education and workforce, research in, 62
Information Technology for the Twenty-first Century (IT2) initiative, xii, 19, 61-63, 121, 186
Information technology industries, 64-65
supply chains in, 67
Information technology research, 23-37
changing environment for, 29-37
and changing industrial structure, 30-32
classification of, 26-29
constituencies supporting, 20
embedding in other disciplines, 185-187
and expanding applications of information technology, 33-37
expanding the scale and scope of, 187, 195-213
facets of, 23-29
federal support for, 12-13, 30-31, 51-63, 201-205
goals for, 24-25
historical perspective on, 21
implications of information technology developments for, 37-42
importance of, ix
industry support for, 64-87
mechanisms for strengthening, xi
mechanisms for supporting, 20
national debate about, ix
research goals for, 24
resources for, 48-98
trends in, x
varieties of, 23-26
Information Technology Research (ITR) initiative, xii, 60, 62, 121, 178-179, 193, 201-202
Information Week magazine, 82-83
Informix, relational database research by, 21
Infrastructure programs, limitations of, 132-133
Infrastructures
existing, 132-133
underlying, 34
Innovation
customer support for, 76
venture capital support for, 85-87
Inspiration from natural and social systems, in the design of research programs, 127
Institute for Advanced Commerce (IBM), 180-181
Integrated circuits .
See also Systems integration
funding research in, 78
Integrated Terminal Weather System, 105
Intel microprocessor architecture, 74
Intel Pentium microprocessors, 138
Intellectual property protection arrangements, 140
Intelligent systems, learning and, 178
Interactions among components, deep, 5
Interdepartmental collaboration, encouragement of by universities, 206-207
Interdisciplinary research
in academia, 168-179
in industry, 179-180
need for federal agencies to increase support for, 12-13, 201-205
need for universities to encourage faculty and students in, 13-14, 206-208
Interfaces .
See also Graphical User Interfaces
efforts to develop intuitive, 79
research in human-computer, 62
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 12, 35, 57, 200
troubled systems at, 102-103
International competitiveness issues, x
Internet
data on, 141
economics of, 170
future problems facing, 74, 76, 160
global dimensions of, 113
historical perspective on, 21
IPv4 protocol of, 74
IPv6 protocol of, 74
search engines on, 92
Internet
Internet EDI, 181
Internet service providers (ISPs), 133
data on, 141
“Internet time,”
Internships and sabbaticals, 166-168
Intrico consortium, 104
Intuitive interfaces, efforts to develop, 79
Investment in information technology research .
See also Corporate investment in research and development;
Federal support for information technology research;
Private-industry sector support for research
economics of, 75
inadequacy of current, 4
IPv4 protocol, 74
IPv6 protocol, high cost of implementing, 74
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service
ISPs. See Internet service providers
ISUs. See Industry solution units
IT. See Information technology
IT2. See Information Technology for the Twenty-first Century
J
Java programming language, 23
JavaBeans, 130
Junior faculty, encouraging innovative work by, 209
K
Katz, Michael, 223
KDI. See Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence initiative
Kepler, Johannes, 26
Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) initiative, 177-178
Knowledge content challenges, 153-154
Knowledge discovery, 106
Knowledge management
defining, 191
in social applications of information technology, 150-151
Knowledge networking, 177-178
KPMG, 79
L
Laboratories .
SeeResearch laboratories
Lampson, Butler, 47
“Large-enough”-scale network systems,
Large numbers
of independent requirements, 6
of individuals involved in design and operation, 5-6
of users, 6
Large-scale-image databases, efforts to develop, 79
Large-scale systems
ecological and economic systems as models for, 128
examples of troubled, 102
faculty needing to pioneer research in, 14-15, 208-209
failure rate in development of, 99-100
improving the design and implementation of, 118-133
need for research into, 3
operational failures experienced by, 100
performance prediction in, 109
research on, 99-141
technical challenges associated with, 107-118
testing, 112
Layering, 120
Learning, and intelligent systems, 178
Leveson, Nancy, 90
Limitations, of past research, 119-123
Linux, 97
“Lock-in,”
Lucent Digital Radio, 73
expenditures on R&D, 66, 76-78
redirection of research at, 72-73
LYCOS, 92
M
Macintosh, 21
Management
knowledge, 150-151
“supply-chain,”
Manhattan Project, 26
Manufacturing design, 149
Marketplace factors, 76
Markov models, hidden, 21
“Mass customization,”
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 17, 90, 92, 211
educational venture with Microsoft, 179-180, 211, 213
Media Lab, 182
“professors of the practice” at, 167-168
Sloan School of Management, 84
MCC .
SeeMicroelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
MCI Corporation, expenditures on R&D,
Mechanisms for social applications research, 160-187
embedding information technology research in other disciplines, 185-187
industry internships and sabbaticals, 166-168
interdisciplinary research in academia, 168-179
interdisciplinary research in industry, 179-180
multidisciplinary research centers, 180-185
participation of end-user organizations, 160-166
Mechanisms for strengthening information technology research, xi
Mechanisms for supporting information technology research, 20
Media Lab, 182
Memex capability, goal for information technology research, 24
MEMS .
SeeMicroelectromechanical systems
Trusted Global Advisor system, 97
Metcalfe, Robert, 97
Metcalfe's law, 97
Methodology research, 124
Metrorail, troubled systems at, 117
Microdrive device, 72
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), advances in, 106, 137
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), 163-164
Micropayments, 181
Microprocessors, complexity of, 137
Microsoft Corporation, 3, 8, 81, 86, 179-180
educational venture with MIT, 179-180, 211, 213
expenditures on R&D, 65-67, 70, 81
recent trends in research by, 30
Microsoft Office, grammar checker in, 97
Microsoft Research, 78-79
Microsoft Windows standard, 74
Middleware, 138
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mobile code, 220
Modem Media, 193
Modularity, 120
Modules, reusable, 129-130
Motorola Labs, 78
Mouse, development of, 21
Multidisciplinary research
centers for, 180-185
difficulties with, 143
N
Nanoscale devices, advances in, 106
National Academy of Engineering, 184
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 58-62, 161, 166, 200
involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 123, 201
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 200
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 62, 200
involvement in Next Generation Internet program, 201
National Library of Medicine (NLM), 59, 171, 201
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 62
National Science and Technology Council, Committee on Computing, Information and Communications,
National Science Foundation (NSF), x, 18,
Computation and Social Systems program, 174-176
Engineering Directorate, 122
Engineering research centers, 98, 183-184
Information Technology Research (ITR) initiative, xii, 60, 62, 121, 178-179, 193, 201-202
Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence initiative, 177-178
need for Bureau of the Census to work with, 13, 205-206
programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology promoted by, 173-174
recommendations for new programs at,
Scalable Enterprise Systems, 122-123
science and technology centers, 183, 185, 193
National Weather Service, troubled systems at, 102
Natural systems, inspiration for the design of research programs, 127
NEC Corporation, recent trends in research by, 30
Network Control Protocol, 140
Network effect, 74
Network externalities, 170
Network security, 221-223
Network systems
academic, 133
“large-enough”-scale, 131
very high speed, 132
New York Stock Exchange, 102
Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative,
NGI. See Next Generation Internet initiative
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
NLM. See National Library of Medicine
NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Nomadicity, 110
Nortel, expenditures on R&D, 78
North American Industrial Classification System codes, efforts to implement,
NSF. See National Science Foundation
NSFnet, commercialization of, 98
Numbers of components, dealing with large, 5
NYNEX, expenditures on R&D, 77
O
1 Gbps network systems, 132
Office, computing, and accounting machines industry sector, 64-65, 68
Open Market, Inc., 92
Operation Desert Storm, transport to, 29
Operation of large-scale systems, large numbers of individuals involved in,
Operational challenges, 154
associated with large-scale systems, 118
Operational facilities, linking to multidisciplinary research centers, 182
Oracle, 8
expenditures on R&D, 81
relational database research by, 21
Organizations .
See also End-user organizations
novel activities and shifts in structures, 7
P
PACI. See Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure
Packet switching, historical perspective on,
Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 63, 179
redirection of research at, 73
PARC. See Palo Alto Research Center
Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (PACI), 59-60
Pasteur, Louis, 26
Pasteur-style research, 27-29
Patents, limitations of, 74-75
“Path-dependent effects,”
Pentium Pro microprocessor, 137
PeopleSoft, 8
Performance prediction, in large-scale systems, 109
Personal computers, assemblers of, 67, 76
Personal memex capability, goal for information technology research, 24
Personal privacy challenges, 153
Persystant Technologies, 73
PITAC. See President's Information Technology Advisory Committee
Portolano/Workscape, 62
Postel, Jonathan, 131
Prediction. See Performance prediction
Prepackaged software, development of, 65, 81
President of the United States, 18
Presidential Decision Directive
President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC), xii, 10, 19, 46-47, 62, 178, 190-191, 198
PricewaterhouseCoopers, 79, 98
Princeton University, deconstructing wireless, 217
Privacy, 153
Private-industry sector support for research, xi, 64-87
levels of, 20
Process handbook, 169
Processing, transaction, 139
Productivity issues, 169
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies industry sector, 64, 68
“Professors of the practice,”
Programming
custom, 65
efficiency of, 140
Programming languages .
See also Automatic programmer capability
high-level, 23
new designs for, 28
Programs. See Federal information technology research programs;
Research programs
Project Whirlwind, 21
Public goods, 75
Q
Quantum mechanics, computers based on, 76
R
R&D. See Research and development
RBOCs. See Regional Bell operating companies
Recommendations, for expanding the scale and scope of information technology research, 9-16, 197-211
Reduced-instruction-set computing (RISC)
historical perspective on, 21
microprocessors employing, 27
Reengineering applications, 146
Regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs), expenditures on R&D, 64, 77-78
Regulation, role of, 170
Reinventing applications, 146
Relational databases, historical perspective on, 21
Reliability issues, 116-118, 153
Remote conferencing, 190
Repairs, computer, 65
Representation and Analysis for Modeling, Specification, Design, Prediction, Control and Assurance of Large Scale, Complex Systems,
Requirements, large numbers of independent, 6
Research .
See also Academic research;
University research
countertrend in central laboratories, 76-79
economics, 170
by end-user organizations, 82-85
fundamental, 11, 66, 75, 198-201
generic, 156
goals for information technology research, 24
implications of information technology developments for, 42-44
limitations of past, 119-123
methodology, 124
multidisciplinary centers for, 180-185
need for, 4
quadrant model of, 27
quality of, 95
social science, 170
support for infrastructure, 131-133
telecommunications, 77-78
Research agenda, expanding, 3-4, 6, 8-9, 62, 124-126
Research and development (R&D), 1, 3, 61-62, 64-71, 80-83, 85
disincentives to corporate investment in, 70-76
need for companies to involve end users in, 15-16, 211
need for NSF and Bureau of the Census to classify data on investments in,
Research base
degree of consensus regarding, xii
diversity in, 49-51
gaps in, 79-81
Research challenges in social applications of information technology, 148-155
commerce, 151-152
common, 153-154
coordination and control, 152-153
group applications, 149-150
knowledge management, 150-151
in system-specific research, 154-155
Research Division (IBM), 81, 180
Research motivated by social applications of information technology, 142-194
challenges in, 148-155
conducting, 155-160
defining, 144-148
expanding the scope of, 187
mechanisms for, 160-187
Research on large-scale systems, 99-141
improving the design and implementation of, 118-133
moving forward, 133-134
problems with, 100-107
technical challenges associated with, 107-118
Research programs
design of, 126-133
designing, 126-133
Research teams, for conducting research on social applications, 157-160
Research topics involving social applications, 217-223
Researchers, influx of communications from, 62-63
Resources for information technology research, 48-98 .
See also End-user organizations
and diversity in the research base, 49-51
federal support for, 51-63
industry support for, 64-87
university research, 87-93
Retrospective assessments, of information technology, 28
Reusable modules, 129-130
Revolutionary computing, research in, 62
RISC. See Reduced-instruction-set computing
RSA Data Security, 92
S
Sabbaticals, 166-168
Sabre Group, 83-84
Safety, software, 90
SAGE defense system, 21
SAP, 8
expenditures on R&D, 81
Saudi Arabia, mobilizing war materiel to,
Scalability issues, 139
goal for information technology research, 24, 137
problems with, 100
Scalable Enterprise Systems, 122-123
Scalable information infrastructure, research in, 62
Scaling Up: A Research Agenda for Software Engineering,
Science and technology centers (STCs), 183, 185, 193, 203
Scientific computing, 46
Scope, of information technology research, x-xi, 20
Seagate Technologies, 67
Secure systems, 115-116
goal for information technology research, 24
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), corporate filings to, 66-67
Security challenges, 154
network, 221-223
SEMATECH, 163-164
Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC), 90, 163-164
Senior faculty, needing to pioneer information technology research, 14-15, 208-209
Sloan Foundation, 193
Sloan School of Management, 84
“Smart matter,”
Social applications of information technology, 144-148 .
See also Group applications
examples and features of, 149
need for federal agencies to increase support for, 12-13, 201-205
Social applications research, 7, 142-194
challenges in, 148-155
citizens, 156
critical infrastructure, 156
faculty needing to pioneer, 14-15, 208-209
groups, 155
mechanisms for, 160-187
organizations, 156
topics involving, 217-223
Social implications of computing and communications, 155
research in, 62
Social science research, 157-158
contributing to information technology development, 170
Social Security Administration, 12, 57, 200
Social structures, novel activities and shifts in, 7
Social systems
embedding large-scale systems within larger contexts, 6
providing inspiration for the design of research programs, 127
Social trust challenges, 153
Sociotechnical systems, 3, 138, 142
Software .
See also Middleware
component, 129-130
development of prepackaged, 65, 81
research in, 62
Software bugs, 116
testing for, 112
Software developers, expenditures on R&D, 65
Software development
methodologies for, 169
processes in the design of research programs, 127, 129
Software Engineering Institute, 158-159
Software engineering research, 157, 162
Software safety, 90
Speech-recognition, 72
historical perspective on, 21
Speech-to-text capability, goal for information technology research, 24
“Spin-ins” and “spin-outs,”
Sprint Corporation, expenditures on R&D,
SRC. See Semiconductor Research Corporation
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, 17, 213
expansions of, 66
Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System, 105
Standish Group, 137-138
Center for Integrated Turbulence Simulation, 96
programs in medical informatics, 171
Stateless Architecture, 83
Status hierarchies, 190
STCs. See Science and technology centers
Stokes, Donald, 26
Stokes' quadrant model of research, 27
Strategic advantage, information technology and, 169
Strengthening information technology research, mechanisms for, xi
Students, encouraging participation of in interdisciplinary research, 13-14, 206-208
Styles of federal support, 58-60
Sun Microsystems, 92
Supplies industry sector, 64, 68
“Supply-chain” management, 106
Support for research infrastructure .
See also Investment in information technology research
computer, 65
in the design of research programs, 131-133
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, deconstructing wireless, 217
Sybase, relational database research by, 21
Syracuse University, programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174
System-specific research challenges, in social applications of information technology, 154-155
Systems, 32
always-up, 24
consequences of changes or additions to, 5
deconstructing, 220
difficulties with upgrades, 113
emergent behaviors of, 5
secure, 24
sociotechnical, 138
trouble-free, 24
Systems integration, 65
challenge of, 79-81
expenditures on R&D in, 80
Systems research agenda, expanding, 124-126
T
3Com Inc., 97
Tablet computer, efforts to develop, 79
Tacoma Narrows bridge collapse, 34, 47
TCP/IP standard, 74
Technical challenges associated with large-scale systems, 107-118
complexity, 108-110
distributed operation and administration, 118
flexibility, 111-114
heterogeneity, 110-111
large scale challenges, 108
trustworthiness, 114-118
Telecommunications research, changes in, 77-78
Telepresence, 24
Testbed networks, 131
Testbeds, linking to multidisciplinary research centers, 182
Testing large-scale systems, 112
Text-to-speech capability, goal for information technology research, 24
Theoretical approaches, to the design of research programs, 126
Transaction processing, 139
Transforming applications, 146
Trends
in federal funding, 52-56
in industrial support, 66-70
in support for university research, 88-90
Trouble-free systems, goal for information technology research, 24
Trusted Global Advisor system, 97
Trustworthiness challenges
associated with large-scale systems, 110, 114-118, 153
availability issues, 116-118
reliability issues, 116-118
security issues, 115-116
Turing Award, 24
Turing test, 24
U
U S WEST, expenditures on R&D, 77
Unintended and unanticipated consequences, of changes or additions to systems, 5
Unit testing, 112
University of California at Berkeley, 17, 90, 92-93
deconstructing wireless, 217
Endeavor expedition, 62
Focus Center at, 98
programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174
relational database research at, 21
University of California at Irvine, 192
University of California at Los Angeles, programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174
University of Chicago, Center for Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes, 96
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets, 96
programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174
University of Michigan, 17
programs in sociotechnical aspects of information technology, 174
University of Utah, 21
Center for Simulation of Accidental Fires and Explosions, 96
programs in medical informatics, 171
University of Washington, 92
Portolano/Workscape, 62
University research, 87-93
commercialization of, 91-93
faculty needing to pioneer information technology research, 14-15, 208-209
gaps in, 90-91
need for closer ties with industry research, 208
need for faculty and students to participate in interdisciplinary research, 13-14, 206-208
recommendations for expanding the scale and scope of, 13-15, 206-209
trends in support for, 88-90
Untrustworthy components, creating trustworthy systems from, 110
Upgrades, difficulties with, 113
US Air Force, SAGE defense system, 21
Usability issues, within large-scale systems,
Users. See End-users
V
VC. See Venture capital
Venture capital (VC), support for innovation, 31, 85-87
Venture One Corporation, 98
Veridical, Inc., 73
Very high speed network systems, 132
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit Program, 21, 96
ViaVoice product, 72
Visual Insights, 72
Visualization, 96
von Hippel, Eric, 84
W
Washington, DC, Metrorail, 117
Willamette microprocessor, 137
Wireless, deconstructing, 217-221
Work, changing nature of, 146
Workscape, 62
World memex capability, goal for information technology research, 24
World Wide Web, 150
capturing information from, 106
needs of, 25
recent growth of, 22
X
See also Palo Alto Research Center
patents held by, 84
redirection of research at, 73
Y
Yahoo, 86