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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9838.
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Index A Alcohol consumption, 102-107 early data on, 19 Adaptation, 31 maldistribution in, 106 Adherence, in clinical interventions, 192- negative health effects, 103-104 194 positive health effects, 104-105 Administrative strategies, 246 quantifying net public health benefit, Adolescents with chronic disease, 212-218 105-107 family therapy for, 217-218 socioeconomic factors in, 102-103 interventions affecting family Allostasis and allostatic load, 4-5, 41-42 relationship quality and in the autonomic nervous system, 45 functioning, 215-217 patterns of long-term harm associated psychoeducational interventions for, with, 46 212-215 Alzheimer’s disease, 211 Adrenal steroids, 44 American Academy of Pediatrics, 115 Adult weight gain, 96-97 American Cancer Society, 107, 117, 119, Adults with chronic disease, interventions 203 for, 218-219 American College of Obstetricians and Advantage, relative, of innovations, 305- Gynecologists, 117 306 American Heart Association, 115 Adverse social interactions, 150-151 Heart Partners program, 308 Advocacy Institute, 346 American Medical Association, 115, 117 Affliction, disproportionate, of sexually American Psychiatric Association, 22 transmitted infections, 110-112 American Psychological Association, 281 Agency for Health Care Policy and American Stop Smoking Intervention Research (AHCPR), 335-336 Study (ASSIST), 203, 308 363

364 INDEX Anger, 65 obesity, physical activity, and diet, 92- associated with susceptibility to 102 diseases, 4 sexual practices, 107-113 Anti-tobacco interventions, government tobacco use, 87-92 level, 339-345 unemployment, 155-156 Anxiety, 67 Behavioral variables, integrating into Arousal, and memory modulation, 49-51 interdisciplinary research, 16, 348 Assessing outcomes, 275-278 Bereavement, health and immunity effects choice of outcome measures, 275-276 of, 57 outcome measurement, 276-278 Biobehavioral factors in health and ASSIST. See American Stop Smoking disease, 4-5, 39-86 Intervention Study brain as interpreter, regulator, and Atherosclerosis, 63 target, 47-51 Autonomic nervous system, 62 cardiovascular health and disease, 61-67 allostasis in, 45 defining, 20 developmental trajectories, 68-70 factors influencing long-term effects of B stress, 57-61 immune system function in health and Behavior disease, 51-57 definition of, 3, 20-21 stress, health, and disease, 40-47 health-related interventions affecting Biological risk factors, 27, 37-178 individual, 9-11 Biological variables, interdisciplinary Behavior change, 333-335 research into integrating, 16, 348 maintaining, 334-335 Biosocial factors in health and disease, models of, 183-191 defining, 20-21 producing, 333-334 Blood cholesterol, screening for high, 115- Behavioral disease factors 116 anger, 65 Bogalusa Heart Study, 70 anxiety, worry, and hope, 67 Bone mineral density, 100 in cardiovascular health and disease, Bootheel Heart Health Project, 203 64-67 Brain function depression, 66-67 arousal and memory modulation, 49-51 hostility, 64-65 as interpreter, regulator, and target, 47- vital exhaustion, 65-66 51 Behavioral factors affecting health, 27, 37- neurotransmitters, experience, and 178 behavior, 48-49 Behavioral intervention studies, of Breast cancer screening, 119-120 individuals, lessons from, 209 British Regional Heart Study, 155 Behavioral interventions, funding Buffering, positive social relations supporting long-duration efforts for, providing, 146 16, 348 Behavioral risk factors, 5-6, 87-137, 197-200 addressing, 197-200 C alcohol consumption, 102-107 disease screening practices, 113-121 Calcium intake, 100-101 family and, 211 Canadian Ministry of Health, 243

INDEX 365 Cancer, 99-100 interventions affecting family addressing psychosocial risk factors for, relationship quality and 195-196 functioning, 215-217 depression linked with, 66 psychoeducational interventions for, diet linked with, 100 212-215 sexually transmitted infections and, 110 Cholesterol screening, 116 Cancer screening CHPGP. See Community Health breast, 119-120 Promotion Grant Program cervical, 117 Chronic disease, 10 colorectal, 117-118 interventions for adults and elderly, prostate, 118-119 218-219 Cannon, Walter, 40 interventions for children and Capital. See Social capital adolescents, 212-218 Capitated financing, for managed-care Chronic social stress, cardiovascular organizations, 303 disease produced by, 62 Cardiac arrhythmia, 276 Cigarette-smoking Cardiovascular disease, 98-99 early data on, 19 cardiovascular health and, 61-67 measuring the public health burden of, effect of social isolation on risk of, 24 88-89 produced by chronic social stress, 62 primary prevention of, 91-92 stress and cardiovascular function in, Civic association membership, density of, 61-63 164 Caregivers Classic conditioning, 184-186 interventions for, 219-220 Clinical interventions, 192-200, 335-338 of relatives with progressive dementia, addressing behavioral risk factors, 197- 7 200 CATCH. See Child and Adolescent Trial addressing psychosocial risk factors, of Cardiovascular Health 194-197 Catecholamines, 44 adherence in, 192-194 CBA. See Cost/benefit analysis cost-effectiveness of, 337 CD4 cells, 148 evaluating, 279-281, 337-338 CEA. See Cost-effectiveness analysis on individuals, 192-200 Centers for Disease Control and need for research on practice, 200 Prevention, 256 in tobacco use, 335-338 Cervical cancer screening, 117 Clinical research findings, presentation to Change consumers, 297-298 assumptions about, 253 Cognitive social learning model, 186-187 behavioral, 333-335 Cognitive theory, 187 organizational, 242-243 Cohesion. See Social cohesion theories of, 252-254 “Collective efficacy,” 165 Chemical work hazards, 12 Colorectal cancer screening, 117-118 Child and Adolescent Trial of Committee on Health and Behavior, 2, Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), 20, 27 208 report organization, 33 Children, stress in, 68-70 task statement of, 27-31 Children with chronic disease, 212-218 underlying assumptions of, 27 family therapy for, 217-218

366 INDEX Communicating risk information, to Concurrent interventions at multiple consumers, 294-297 levels, individual, family, Communities and health, 13-14, 250-254 community, and society, 17, 348- community-level constructs, 252 349 geography versus identity and action, Conditioning, 184-186 252 Constraints on health, governmental and interventions for, 13-14, 241-273 societal, 260 Communities of identity, 251 Constructs, community-level, 252 Community-based group dissemination, Consumer dissemination, 294-300 304-307 for communicating risk information, community and organizational 294-297 readiness for, 305-306 for presentation of clinical research of effective community interventions, findings, 297-298 304-305 for shared decision making, of interventions in tobacco use, 338-339 298-300 research on, 306-307 Continuous-improvement models, 199 Community-based participatory research, Coping 285-288 facilitated by optimism, 59 Community Health Promotion Grant with long-term effects of stress, 24, 58- Program (CHPGP), 204 60 Community Intervention Trial psychosocial aspects of, 31, 333 (COMMIT) for Smoking Coronary Artery Risk Development in Cessation, 203, 205, 308 Young Adults, 162 Community-level interventions, 13-14, Coronary heart disease 254-258 addressing psychosocial risk factors for, concurrent, 17, 348-349 196-197 East Side Village Health Worker hostility linked to, 5 Partnership, 256-257 Coronary Primary Prevention Trial evaluating, 282-283 (CPPT), 297 lessons from community change Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), interventions, 257-258 48-49 Tenderloin Senior Organizing Project, Cost/benefit analysis (CBA), 293 255-256 Cost-effectiveness, 337 theories of change for, 252-254 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), 291- Community socioeconomic standing, 293 effects on mortality and morbidity, Counseling, promoting primary 8 prevention measures, 9 Community-wide trials, 201-205 CPPT. See Coronary Primary Prevention large-scale studies, 201-203 Trial small-scale studies, 203-204 CRH. See Corticotropin-releasing Conceptualization of SES, 143-145 hormone general susceptibility versus disease Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health, specificity, 144 23 reverse causation and social selection, Cytokines, pleiotropy of, 55 145

INDEX 367 D screening for sexually transmitted diseases, 120-121 Decision making, shared with consumers, Disproportionate affliction, of sexually 298-300 transmitted infections, 110-112 “Demand/control” model, 152 Dissemination, 274-327 Dementia, caregivers of relatives with, 7, to community-based groups, 304-307 220 to consumers, 294-300 Depression, 66-67 through interorganizational linkages, associated with susceptibility to 307-309 diseases, 4-5 through organizations, 301-304 linked with cancer, 66 Distribution, of medical care, 141 “subsyndromal,” 22 Drinking, 102-107 Deprivation, relative, 160-161 linked with smoking, 6 Determinants of health, model of, 25-26 negative health effects, 103-104 Developmental links, 68-70 positive health effects, 104-105 Diabetes mellitus, addressing psychosocial quantifying net public health benefit, risk factors for, 194-195 105-107 Diagnostic thresholds, changing, 3 socioeconomic factors in, 102-103 Diet, 92-102 DSM-IV, 22 and adult weight gain, 96-97 early data on, 19 prevalence and trends, 93-95 E weight and disease, 97-102 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, East Side Village Health Worker 97 Partnership (ESVHWP), 256-257 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 103 Ecological approach, to healthy behavior Direct political power, versus relative, 163 research, 28-29 Discrimination, social inequalities of, 161- Economic adversity, relational strengths 163 protecting against, 7 Disease. See also individual disease Educational interventions, 195 conditions promoting primary prevention Disease factors. See also Transmission measures, 9 associated with susceptibility, 4 Effective clinical interventions, 280-281 biobehavioral, 39-86 Effective community interventions, in cardiovascular health and disease, disseminating to community-based behavioral, 64-67 groups, 304-305 psychosocial, 64-67 Effectiveness, intervention studies Disease management, families and, 210-211 including measures determining, 17, Disease screening practices, 113-121 349 breast cancer screening, 119-120 Elderly with chronic disease, interventions cervical cancer screening, 117 for, 218-219 colorectal cancer screening, 117-118 Electronic medication monitors, 193 primary versus secondary prevention, Emotions, writing about, 60 114-115 Employee health behaviors. See also Job- prostate cancer screening, 118-119 related risk factors; Worksite trials screening for hypertension and high changing, 244-245 blood cholesterol, 115-116 Endocrine effects, on the immune system, 53

368 INDEX Engineering strategies, 246 for children and adolescents with Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart chronic disease, 212-218 Disease (ENRICHD) trials, 197 concurrent, 17, 348-349 Environmental risk factors, 245-249 family therapy, 217-218 Environments relationship quality and functioning, constraining individual health choices, 215-217 7 Family intervention studies, lessons from, toxic, 141 220-221 Ergonomic work hazards, 12 Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 117-118 ESVHWP. See East Side Village Health “Fight or flight,” 40 Worker Partnership Findings and recommendations, 16-18, Evaluating clinical interventions, 279- 348-350 281, 337-338 application of research results, 347 for efficacy and effectiveness, 280-281 behavior change, 333-335 evidence-based medicine, 279-280 for concurrent interventions at Evaluating intervention research, 274-327 multiple levels, 17, 348-349 cost-effectiveness evaluation, 291-293 for funding supporting long-duration disseminating, 294-309 efforts, 16, 348 Evaluating interventions, 275-291 interactions among risk factors, 331- clinical, 279-281 333 community-level, 282-289 for interdisciplinary research, 16, 348 governmental, 290-291, 343-345 intervention in tobacco use, 335-347 outcomes of, 275-278 for intervention studies, 16, 17, 348, Evaluation design, 284 349 Evaluation models, 309 for program planners and policy Evidence-based medicine, 279-280 makers, 17-18, 349-350 Evidence hierarchies, 279 for resource allocation to health Excise taxes, 343 promotion and disease prevention, Extinction, versus original learning, 185- 17, 349 186 5-A-Day Campaign, 261 Flexible sigmoidoscopy, 117-118 FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test F Food, affordability of, 259 “Force field analysis,” 243 Families and health, 11-12, 209-211 FORECAST model, 309 families and disease management, 210- Funding supporting long-duration efforts, 211 for behavioral and psychosocial family and behavioral risk factors, 211 interventions, 16, 348 health-related interventions for, 11-12, 183-240 models and interventions, 183-240 G models of behavior change, 183-191 Family interaction interventions, 211-221 Gender, and long-term effects of stress, 60 for adults and elderly with chronic General Social Surveys, 164 disease, 218-219 Geography, versus identity and action, 252 for caregivers, 219-220 Gini coefficient, 158-159

INDEX 369 Government interventions, assessing, 290- Healthy behavior research 291 ecological approach to, 28-29 Government level anti-tobacco program planners and policy makers interventions, 339-345 modifying societal conditions to evaluation studies, 343-345 enable, 17-18, 349-350 media campaigns, 340-342 Healthy diet, linked with physical activity, tobacco taxes, 343 6 Governmental constraints on health, 260 Healthy People, 19, 260, 331 Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 114 Healthy People 2000, 261 Healthy People 2010, 261 Heart Partners program, 308 H Hemoglobin A1C, 216-217 High blood cholesterol, screening for, 115- HBM. See Health belief model 116 Health HIV biological, behavioral, and social importance of behavior to health, 20 factors affecting, 37-178 psychological states associated with, 20 definition of, 3, 21-25, 27 Homeostasis, 40 measurement of, 21-25 Hope, 67 model of determinants of, 25-26 a component of psychological well- Health and Behavior: Frontiers of Research in being, 5 the Biobehavioral Sciences (1982 Hostility, 64-65 report), 19-20, 331 associated with susceptibility to updating, 27 diseases, 4 Health behaviors, changing employee, linked to coronary heart disease, 5 244-245 HPA axis, 48-49, 52-53, 63 Health belief model (HBM), 187-188 HSPP. See Hutchinson Smoking Health Care Financing Administration, Prevention Project 291 Human capital, underinvestment in, 160 Health care systems, resource allocation to Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project health promotion and disease (HSPP), 207, 339, 346 prevention by, 17, 349 Hypertension, 219 Health communication campaigns, 261- screening for, 115-116 262 Health-enhancing behaviors, promoting with positive social relations, 147 I Health-related interventions, 8-15, 179- 327 Identity. See Communities of identity for communities, 13-14, 241-273 Immune system, 44 evaluating and disseminating effects on the nervous system, 53-55 intervention research on, 274-327 function in health and disease, 51-57 for families, 11-12, 183-240 integrated with other physiological for individuals, 9-11, 183-240 systems, 4 for organizations, 12-13, 241-273 neural and endocrine effects on, 53 for society, 14-15, 241-273 stress and function of, 55-57 Health targets, 260-261 Immunity, neuroendocrine regulation of, 54

370 INDEX Improving Prevention through dissemination of, 294-309 Organization, Vision, and including measures determining Empowerment (IMPROVE) trials, effectiveness, 17, 349 199 into modifying social and psychological Individual interventions, 183-240 factors, 16, 348 clinical, 192-200 Interventions, 8-15 lessons from behavioral studies of, 209 in chronic disease, 212-219 models and, 183-240 educational, 195 population-based, 200-208 evaluating, 275-291 Individuals legal, 290-291 concurrent interventions for, 17, 348- psychosocial, 195-196 349 targeted at family interactions, 211-221 environments constraining health targeted at individuals, 191-209 choices of, 7 targeted at organizations, 243-250 families and health, 209-211 Isolation. See Social isolation models of behavior change for, 183-191 Inequalities, 157-165 in people and places, 157-161 J in race, and discrimination, 161-163 Job-related risk factors, 152-153, 156 in social cohesion and social capital, job strain, 152-153 163-165 threat of job loss, 156 Inflammatory responses, effect on nervous Joint National Committee on Detection, system, 53-55 Evaluation, and Treatment of High Innovations, relative advantage of, 305- Blood Pressure, 115 306 Interactions, among risk factors, 331-333 Interdisciplinary research, into integrating K biological, psychological, behavioral, and social variables, 16, Kaiser Family Foundation, 204 348 Interorganizational linkages, 307-309 Interpersonal trust, level of, 164 L Intersections, of health and behavior, 25- 27 Learning, original, versus extinction, 185- Intervention case study on tobacco, 15, 186 335-347 Learning and conditioning model, 184- clinical intervention, 335-338 186 community-based intervention, 338- Legal interventions, 290-291 339 Life expectancy, 61 government level intervention, 339- Life Skills Training (LST) program, 207 345 Life stress, 51 practical solutions, 345-347 Lifespan and lifecourse development, 32 Intervention research, 274-327 Lifestyle Heart Trial, 192 behavioral, lessons from, 209 Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary cost-effectiveness evaluation of, 291- Prevention Trials, 192 293 Long-term effects of stress, early development influence on, 46-47

INDEX 371 Long-term resources, establishing and for organizations, communities, and maintaining, through positive social society, 241-273 relations, 149 Models of planned change, 243 LST. See Life Skills Training program Modulation, of memory with arousal, 49- 51 Morbidity data, 21 M Mortality data, 21 MRFIT. See Multiple Risk Factor Maintaining behavior change, 334-335 Intervention Trial Managed-care organization, 303 Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 193 Management. See Disease management Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Marital discord, health and immunity (MRFIT), 139, 143, 191-192 effects of, 56 Musculoskeletal health, 100-102 Material conditions, 141 Myocardial infarction, vital exhaustion a distribution of medical care, 141 predictor of, 65 toxic physical environments, 141 Measurement of health, 21-25 positive health concept, 23-25 N time dimension of, 23 Measurement of SES, 143-145 National Cancer Institute (NCI), 117, general susceptibility versus disease 203, 261, 275, 302, 308, 339 specificity, 144 National Health and Nutrition reverse causation and social selection, Examination Study, 70 145 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Media campaigns, government level anti- (NHLBI), 202, 275 tobacco interventions, 340-342 National Institute for Dental Research Medical care, distribution of, 141 (NIDR), 307 Medical practices, dissemination through, National Institutes of Health, 27 303-304 National Longitudinal Mortality Study Medication regimens, nonadherence to, (NLMS), 139 19, 333 National Opinion Research Center, 164 Memory modulation, arousal and, 49-51 National Surveys of Worksite Health Memory processes, 50 Promotion Activities, 205 Minnesota Heart Health Program Natural killer-cell cytotoxicity (NKCC), (MHHP), 201-202, 208 57 Models of behavior change, 183-191 Negative health effects, of alcohol cognitive social learning, 186-187 consumption, 103-104 health belief model, 187-188 Negative social relations, 149-151 learning and conditioning, 184-186 adverse interactions, 150-151 social action theory, 190 isolation, 149-150 stages-of-change model/ Nervous system, effects of inflammatory transtheoretical model, 188-190 and immune responses on, 53-55 theory of reasoned action, 188 Neural effects, on the immune system, 53 Models of determinants of health, 25-26 Neurobiology, advances in, 48 Models of health-related interventions Neuroendocrine regulation, of immunity, for individuals and families, 183-240 54

372 INDEX Neuroendocrine responses, 42 Organizational development (OD), 242- Neurotransmitters, experience and 243 behavior, 48-49 Organizational dissemination, 301-304 NHLBI. See National Heart, Lung, and through medical practices, 303-304 Blood Institute through schools, 301-302 NIDR. See National Institute for Dental Organizational interventions, 12-13, 241- Research 273 NKCC. See Natural killer-cell cytotoxicity changing employee health behaviors, NLMS. See National Longitudinal 244-245 Mortality Study communities and health, 250-254 NNH. See Number needed to harm community-level interventions, 254-258 NNT. See Number needed to treat lessons from, 250 North Karelia Project, 201 organizations and health, 241-243 Number needed to harm (NNH), reducing environmental risk factors, calculating, 298 245-249 Number needed to treat (NNT), society and health, 258-260 calculating, 297-298 society-level interventions, 260-264 Nurses Cohort Study, 98 Organizational readiness, in disseminations to community-based groups, 305-306 O Organizations and health, 241-243 organizational culture, 242-243 Obesity, 92-102 planned-change models, 243 adult weight gain, 96-97 Original learning, versus extinction, 185- defining, 22, 93-94 186 prevalence and trends, 93-95 Osteoarthritis, 101 socioeconomic factors in, 95-96 Outcome measurement, 275-278 weight and disease, 97-102 choice of measures, 275-276 Objectives for the Nation, 260 Outcomes assessment, 22 Observability, of innovations, 306 Overweight. See Obesity Occupational risk factors, 151-157 job strain, 152-153 retirement, 156-157 P threatened job loss, 156 unemployment, 153-156 Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Occupational safety and health (OSH) Medicine, 278 programs, 12, 245-246 Pap smear, 117 OD. See Organizational development PAR. See Participatory action research Operant-conditioning theory, 184-187 PARR. See Physical Activity for Risk Optimism Reduction Project a component of psychological well- Participatory action research (PAR), 249 being, 5 Pawtucket Heart Health Program coping facilitated by, 59 (PHHP), 201-202 Organisation for Economic Co-operation People, social inequalities of, 157-161 and Development (OECD), 156 Pessimistic thinking, 5 Organizational change interventions, PHHP. See Pawtucket Heart Health potential targets for, 247 Program

INDEX 373 Physical activity, 92-102 Prevalence and adult weight gain, 96-97 of obesity, 93-95 linked with healthy diet, 6 of sexually transmitted infections, 108 prevalence and trends, 93-95 Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young weight and disease, 97-102 People, 92 Physical Activity for Risk Reduction Prevention (PARR) Project, 204 of cigarette-smoking, primary, 91-92 Physical environments, toxic, 141 primary versus secondary, 114-115 Physical morbidity, from unemployment, of sexually transmitted infections, 112- 155 113 Physical work hazards, 12 Primary prevention, versus secondary, 114- Physiological processes, altering with 115 positive social relations, 147-149 Produce for Better Health Foundation, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 157 261 Place, social inequalities of, 157-161 Producing behavior change, 333-334 Planned-change models, 243 Program planners, modifying societal Pleiotropy, of cytokines, 55 conditions to enable healthy Policy makers, modifying societal behavior and social relationships, conditions to enable healthy 17-18, 349-350 behavior and social relationships, Prostate cancer screening, 118-119 17-18, 349-350 Psychoeducational interventions, 212-215 Population-based interventions, 200-208 Psychological factors, intervention studies community-wide trials, 201-205 into modifying, 16, 348 by individual, 200-208 Psychological variables, interdisciplinary school trials, 206-208 research into integrating, 16, 348 worksite trials, 205-206 Psychological well-being, hope and Positive health, 3, 23-25 optimism as components of, 5 components of, 23 Psychoneuroimmunology, 20 difficulty assessing, 24 Psychosocial aspects of coping, 31 Positive health effects, of alcohol Psychosocial disease factors consumption, 104-105 anger, 65 Positive social interactions, 146-149 anxiety, worry, and hope, 67 altering physiological processes, 147- in cardiovascular health and disease, 149 64-67 buffering, 146 depression, 66-67 establishing and maintaining long-term hostility, 64-65 resources, 149 vital exhaustion, 65-66 promoting health-enhancing Psychosocial interventions, 195-196 behaviors, 147 funding supporting long-duration Postintervention assessment, 217 efforts for, 16, 348 PPIP. See Put Prevention Into Practice Psychosocial risk factors, 142-143, 194- program 197 Practice in clinical interventions, need for for cancer, 195-196 research on, 200 for coronary disease, 196-197 Preintervention assessment, 217 for diabetes mellitus, 194-195 Prenatal stress, handling, 46 psychosocial context, 142

374 INDEX relationship to health-related Religious belief, 165-166 behaviors and biological risk Research evidence hierarchy, 279 factors, 143 Research findings. See also Studies Psychosocial work hazards, 12-13 presentation to consumers, 297-298 Public health Resilience, 31 burden of cigarette-smoking, differential, 5 measuring, 88-89 and long-term effects of stress, 57-58 national concern about consequences Resource allocation to health promotion of tobacco use, 20 and disease prevention, by public quantifying net benefit of alcohol health and health care systems, 17, consumption, 105-107 349 Public health interventions, 14 Retirement, 156-157 Public health systems, resource allocation Reverse causation, in the to health promotion and disease conceptualization and measurement prevention by, 17, 349 of SES, 145 Purpose in life, having a sense of, 24 Risk factors, 3-8 Put Prevention Into Practice (PPIP) behavioral, 5-6, 87-137, 197-200 program, 304 biobehavioral, 4-5 environmental, 245-249 interactions among, 331-333 Q job-related, 152-153, 156 psychosocial, 142-143, 194-197 QALY. See Quality-adjusted life year social, 6-8, 138-178 Quality-adjusted life year (QALY), Risk information, communicating to measuring by, 276-278, 293, 337 consumers, 294-297 Quantifying net public health benefit, of Risk ratio information, communicating, alcohol consumption, 105-107 297 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 27 Robin Hood index, 159 R Race, social inequalities of, 161-163 Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), 279- S 282 Schools RCTs. See Randomized clinical trials dissemination through, 11, 301-302 Readiness for dissemination, with trials in, 206-208 community-based groups, 305-306 Screening. See Disease screening practices Reasoned action, theory of, 188 Second-hand smoke, consequences of, 90 Recommendations. See Findings and Secondary prevention, versus primary, recommendations 114-115 Regulatory approaches, 262 Sedentary lifestyles, 96 Relapse rates, 193 early data on, 19 Relational strengths, protecting against “Self,” distinguishing from “nonself,” 52 economic adversity, 7 Self-control, 27 Relative advantage, of innovations, 305- Self-regard, having high, 25 306 Self-regulation, 186-187 Relative political power, versus direct, 163 Selye, Hans, 40 Relaxation training, 197

INDEX 375 Serotonin system, 48-49 in social cohesion and social capital, SES. See Socioeconomic status 163-165 Sexual practices, 107-113 Social influences, on long-term effects of contributing factors that affect stress, 60-61 transmission, 108-110 Social interactions Sexually transmitted diseases adverse, 150-151 and cancer, 110 positive, 146-149 disproportionate affliction of, 110-112 Social isolation, 149-150 prevalence of, 108 effect on risk of cardiovascular disease, prevention of, 112-113 24 screening for, 120-121 Social Learning Theory, 187 SFCP. See Stanford Five City Project Social networks and social support, 7-8, Shared decision making, involving 145-151 consumers, 298-300 negative social relations, 149-151 Sigmoidoscopy, 117-118 positive social relations, 146-149 Smoking, 26, 87-92 Social patterning, 6 benefits of ceasing, 92 Social relationships consequences of second-hand smoke, 90 high quality, 23-24 factors associated with, 5, 258 program planners and policy makers linked with drinking, 6 modifying societal conditions to major related diseases, 89-90 enable improved, 17-18, 349-350 measuring the public health burden of, Social risk factors, 6-8, 138-178 88-89 large scale studies of, 19 primary prevention of, 91-92 Social selection, in the conceptualization socioeconomic factors in, 90-91 and measurement of SES, 145 SMR. See Standard mortality ratio Social stress, cardiovascular disease Social-Action Theory, 190-191 produced by chronic, 62 Social capital, social cohesion and, 163- Social variables, interdisciplinary research 165 into integrating, 16, 348 Social Cognitive-Learning Theory, 190 Societal conditions, program planners and Social cohesion policy makers modifying, 17-18, erosion of, 160 349-350 and social capital, 163-165 Societal constraints on health, 260 Social factors affecting health, 14-15, 27, Society and health, 258-260 37-178 governmental and societal constraints intervention studies into modifying, on health, 260 16, 348 and health-related interventions, 14- occupational factors, 151-157 15, 241-273 religious belief, 165-166 Society-level interventions, 260-264 social inequalities, 157-165 addressing socioeconomic status and social networks and social support, health, 262-264 145-151 concurrent, 17, 348-349 and socioeconomic status, 139-145 health communication campaigns, Social inequalities, 157-165 261-262 in people and places, 157-161 health targets, 260-261 in race, and discrimination, 161-163 regulatory approaches, 262

376 INDEX Socioeconomic status (SES), 139-145, 332 general, versus disease specificity, 144 and alcohol consumption, 102-103 hostility associated with, 4 conceptualization and measurement of, vital exhaustion associated with, 4 143-145 Symptoms, varieties of, 22-23 and health, 262-264 Systems theory, 242 material conditions affecting, 141 and obesity, 95-96 psychosocial risk factors from, 142-143 T and smoking, 90-91 T cells, 57 Stages-of-Change Model, 188-190 Taxes, on tobacco, 343 Standard mortality ratio (SMR), 153-154 Technology Assessment Panel, 334 Stanford Five City Project (SFCP), 201- Telephone tracking, 218, 303 202 Tenderloin Senior Organizing Project Stanford Three Community Study, 201- (TSOP), 255-256 202 Theories of change, for community-level Stress factors, 31, 40-47, 57-61 interventions, 252-254 allostasis and allostatic load, 41-42 “Theory-based evaluation,” 254 and cardiovascular function, 61-63 Theory of Reasoned Action, 188 coping with, 58-60 Thresholds, changing diagnostic, 3 early development influence on long- Time dimension of health, 23 term effects of, 46-47 Tobacco Institute, 344 gender, 60 Tobacco taxes, 343 and immune system function, 55-57 Tobacco use, 87-92 and resilience, 57-58 benefits of smoking cessation, 92 social influences, 60-61 consequences of second-hand smoke, Stress in children, 68-70 90 Stress management, 197 major smoking-related diseases, 89-90 Stress mediators, protective and damaging measuring the public health burden of effects of, 42-46 cigarette-smoking, 88-89 Stress response, 40-41 national concern about public health and development of allostatic load, 43 consequences of, 20 Studies primary prevention of cigarette- boundaries of present, 31-33 smoking, 91-92 disseminating to community-based socioeconomic factors in, 90-91 groups, 306-307 Toxic physical environments, 141 generalizing current, 2 Transmission, sexual practices that affect, of health-related interventions, 274- 108-110 327 Transtheoretical Model, 188-190 large-scale, 201-203 Trends in obesity, 93-95 small-scale, 203-204 Trialability, of innovations, 306 Substance abuse, 31 TSOP. See Tenderloin Senior Organizing early data on, 19 Project Susceptibility to diseases Tuberculosis, multi-drug-resistant, 193 anger associated with, 4 Type A behavior, 64 depression associated with, 4

INDEX 377 U W Unemployment, 153-156 Weight and disease, 6, 97-102. See also biological and behavioral risk factors Obesity from, 155-156 cancer, 99-100 physical morbidity from, 155 cardiovascular disease, 98-99 U.S. Department of Health and Human musculoskeletal health, 100-102 Services, 205 Well-being U.S. Epidemiologic Catchment Area, 156 measures of, 22 U.S. National Longitudinal Mortality psychological, hope and optimism as Study, 154 components of, 5 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 113, WHO. See World Health Organization 115, 117-120, 304 WHP. See Working Healthy Project U.S. Public Health Service, 113, 346 Willpower, 27 Working Healthy Project (WHP), 206 Working Well trial, 205-206 V Worksite trials, 205-206 World Health Organization (WHO), 21, Village Health Workers (VHWs), 257 88, 261, 263 Vital exhaustion, 65-66 Worry, 67 associated with susceptibility to Writing about emotions, 60 diseases, 4 predictor of myocardial infarction, 65

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Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research—including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health.

The book covers three main areas:

  • What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of health—including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more.
  • What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations?
  • How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application?
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