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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report and the symposium on which it was based was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Coastal Ocean Program and National Ocean Service), the Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Minerals Management Service, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation.
Cover art was created by Ellen Hill-Godfrey. Ms. Hill-Godfrey received her Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Her paintings and prints have been exhibited in the Washington, D.C., area and throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southern regions of the United States. Ms. Hill-Godfrey has done illustrations for the University of Georgia Press and the University of North Carolina ’s Endeavors. She lives in Germantown, Maryland, and teaches at The Barnesville School.
Copies of this report are available from Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20418.
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON THE COASTAL OCEAN
DONALD F. BOESCH (Chairman),
University of Maryland, Cambridge
DAVID G. AUBREY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
KENNETH BRINK,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
BILIANA CICIN-SAIN,
University of Delaware, Newark
JOHN D. COSTLOW,
Duke University (ret.), Beaufort, North Carolina
MICHAEL DAGG,
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin
JOHN FARRINGTON,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
JUDITH P. GRASSLE,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
RICHARD HILDRETH,
University of Oregon, Eugene
CHARLES A. NITTROUER,
State University of New York, Stony Brook
SCOTT W. NIXON,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston
JAMES E. OVERLAND,
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
THOMAS M. POWELL,
University of California, Davis
JERRY SCHUBEL,
State University of New York, Stony Brook
DEBORAH L. SWACKHAMER,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
KARL K. TUREKIAN,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
CLINTON WINANT,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
Staff
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Study Director
LAVONCYÉ MALLORY, Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
WILLIAM MERRELL (Chairman),
Texas A&M University, Galveston
DONALD F. BOESCH,
University of Maryland, Cambridge
GERALD A. CANN,
Independent Consultant, Rockville, Maryland
ROBERT CANNON,
Stanford University, California
WILLIAM CURRY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ELLEN DRUFFEL,
University of California, Irvine
RANA FINE,
University of Miami, Florida
JOHN E. FLIPSE,
Consultant, Georgetown, South Carolina
MICHAEL FREILICH,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
GORDON GREVE,
Consultant, Houston, Texas
SUSAN HANNA,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
ROBERT KNOX,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
JOHN MAGNUSON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
ARTHUR NOWELL,
University of Washington, Seattle
BARRY RALEIGH,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
PETER RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
FRANK RICHTER,
University of Chicago, Illinois
BRIAN ROTHSCHILD,
University of Maryland, Solomons
THOMAS C. ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
SHARON SMITH,
University of Miami, Florida
PAUL STOFFA,
University of Texas, Austin
Staff
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Director
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Staff Officer
ROBIN PEUSER, Research Associate
ELIZABETH TURNER, Research Associate
MARY PECHACEK, Administrative Associate
ROBIN ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant
LAVONCYÉ MALLORY, Senior Secretary
CURTIS TAYLOR, Office Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN (Chairman),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EDITH BROWN WEISS,
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
W. BARCLAY KAMB,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, California
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS A. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
