NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C.20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by Contract No. DSWA01-98-C-0075 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
National Research Council
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is ad-ministered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE FOR OVERSIGHT AND ASSESSMENT OF BLAST EFFECTS AND RELATED RESEARCH
METE A. SOZEN, chair,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
STEPHEN W. ATTAWAY,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
ERIK AUF DER HEIDE,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia
W. GENE CORLEY,
Construction Technology Laboratories, Skokie, Illinois
EVE HINMAN,
Hinman Consulting Engineers, Inc., San Francisco, California
ROBERT P. KENNEDY,
RPK Structural Mechanics Consulting, Escondido, California
SAM A. KIGER,
University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia
STUART L. KNOOP,
Oudens and Knoop, Architects, PC, Chevy Chase, Maryland
JOHANNA LAPIERRE,
RTKL Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C.
MARK LOIZEAUX,
Controlled Demolition Inc., Phoenix, Maryland
J. L. MERRITT, J.L. Merritt Consulting Engineer,
Yucaipa, California
DAVID J. PELGRIM,
E. K. Fox & Associates, Ltd., Fairfax, Virginia
EUGENE SEVIN, consultant,
Lyndhurst, Ohio
CHARLES H. THORNTON,
Thornton/Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York
Staff
RICHARD G. LITTLE, director,
Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
LORI JACKSON, administrative associate
BOARD ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTED ENVIRONMENT
RICHARD N. WRIGHT, chair,
National Institutes of Standards and Technology (retired), Gaithersburg, Maryland
GREGORY BAECHER,
University of Maryland, College Park
JONATHAN BARNETT, urban planner,
Washington, D.C.
MAX BOND,
Davis, Brody, Bond, LLP, New York, New York
JACK E. BUFFINGTON,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
MARY COMERIO,
University of California, Berkeley
CLAIRE FELBINGER,
American University, Washington, D.C.
PAUL GILBERT,
Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade, and Douglas, Seattle, Washington
AMY GLASMEIER,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
CHRISTOPHER M. GORDON,
Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston
NEIL GRIGG,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
JEREMY ISENBERG,
Weidlinger Associates, New York, New York
MARTHA A. ROZELLE,
The Rozelle Group, Ltd., Phoenix, Arizona
DAVID SKIVEN,
General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan
SARAH SLAUGHTER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
ERIC TEICHOLZ,
Graphic Systems, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
RAE ZIMMERMAN,
New York University, New York, New York
Staff
RICHARD G. LITTLE, director,
Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment
LYNDA L. STANLEY, executive director,
Federal Facilities Council
JOHN A. WALEWSKI, project officer
LORI JACKSON, administrative associate
GAIL KELLEY, research assistant
Acknowledgments
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and knowledge of the subject matter, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the NRC in making this report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Chester A. Canada, U.S. Department of Defense
David R. Dibner, Bernard Johnson, Inc. (retired)
William J. Hall, University of Illinois
Theodor Krauthammer, Pennsylvania State University
Joseph Penzien, International Civil Engineering Consultants
Robin M. Wagner, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Richard M. Wright, National Institutes of Standards and Technology (retired)
While these individuals provided constructive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final content of the report rests with the authoring committee and the NRC.
Acronyms
ACI
American Concrete Institute
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
ATC
Applied Technology Council
BFRL
Building and Fire Research Laboratory
BMAG
Blast Mitigation Action Group
BMSP
Blast Mitigation for Structures Program
BSSC
Building Seismic Safety Council
COTS
commercial-off-the-shelf
CTS-1
Controlled Test Structure-1
DoD
U.S. Department of Defense
DTRA
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
EERI
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
ERDC
Engineering Research and Development Center (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FY
fiscal year
LBTF
large blast and thermal simulator
NEHRP
National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NRC
National Research Council
NSF
National Science Foundation
SEAOC
Structural Engineers Association of California
TSWG
Technical Support Working Group
V&V
verification and validation (of computational codes)