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Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
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Appendix D
Conference Participants

Nell Ahl, Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Nicole Ballenger, Market and Trade Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Rebecca Bech, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland

Beth Burrows, The Edmonds Institute, Edmonds, Washington, D.C.

Lawrence Busch, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing

Jean Buzby, Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Faith Campbell, American Lands Association, Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×

Patrick Clerkin, Codex Office, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Marsha Echols, Howard University School of Law, Washington, D.C.

Daniel Fieselmann, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina

Richard Fite, Risk Analysis Systems, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland

Ken Forsythe, Veterinary Services Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado

William Friedland, Community Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz

Elise Golan, President's Council of Economic Advisors, Washington, D.C.

Carol Goodloe, Office of Chief Economist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Mike Guidicipetro, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, California

Michael Hanemann, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley

Daniel Hilburn, Department of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Salem

Thomas Hofacker, State and Private Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

Neal Hooker, Center for Food Safety, Texas A & M University, College Station

Linda Horton, International Policy, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland

Stan Kaplan, Bayesian Systems Inc., Rancho Palos Verdes, California

Carol Kramer-LeBlanc, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Marsha Kreith, Agricultural Issues Center, University of California, Davis

Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×

Mary Lisa Madell, Trade Support Team, International Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Sally McCammon, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Susan Offutt, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Craig Regelbrugge, American Nursery and Landscape Association, Washington, D.C.

Scott Schlarbaum, Department Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Steven Shafer, Office of Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Katherine R. Smith, Market and Trade Economics, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

Jan Staman, Nature Management and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, the Hague, the Netherlands

Daniel Sumner, Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis

Sue Tolin, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg

Trang Vo, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland

David Wood, Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley

Dorothea Zadig, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento

Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×
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Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"D: Conference Participants." National Research Council. 2000. Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9868.
×
Page 276
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The rapid expansion of international trade has brought to the fore issues of conflicting national regulations in the area of plant, animal, and human health. These problems include the concern that regulations designed to protect health can also be used for protection of domestic producers against international competition. At a time when progressive tariff reform has opened up markets and facilitated trade, in part responding to consumer demands for access to a wide choice of products and services at reasonable prices, closer scrutiny of regulatory measures has become increasingly important. At the same time, there are clear differences among countries and cultures as to the types of risk citizens are willing to accept. The activities of this conference were based on the premise that risk analyses (i.e., risk assessment, management, and communication) are not exclusively the domain of the biological and natural sciences; the social sciences play a prominent role in describing how people in different contexts perceive and respond to risks. Any effort to manage sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) issues in international trade must integrate all the sciences to develop practices for risk assessment, management, and communication that recognize international diversity in culture, experience, and institutions.

Uniform international standards can help, but no such norms are likely to be acceptable to all countries. Political and administrative structures also differ, causing differences in approaches and outcomes even when basic aims are compatible. Clearly there is considerable room for confusion and mistrust. The issue is how to balance the individual regulatory needs and approaches of countries with the goal of promoting freer trade. This issue arises not only for SPS standards but also in regard to regulations that affect other areas such as environmental quality, working conditions, and the exercise of intellectual property rights.

This conference focused on these issues in the specific area of SPS measures. This area includes provisions to protect plant and animal health and life and, more generally, the environment, and regulations that protect humans from foodborne risks. The Society for Risk Analysis defines a risk as the potential for realization of unwanted, adverse consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment; estimation of risk is usually based on the expected value of the conditional probability of the event occurring times the consequence of the event given that it has occurred.

The task of this conference and of this report was to elucidate the place of science, culture, politics, and economics in the design and implementation of SPS measures and in their international management. The goal was to explore the critical roles and the limitations of the biological and natural sciences and the social sciences, such as economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and political science in the management of SPS issues and in judging whether particular SPS measures create unacceptable barriers to international trade. The conference's objective also was to consider the elements that would compose a multidisciplinary analytical framework for SPS decision making and needs for future research.

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