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APPENDIX D
Forum Member and Staff Biographies
FORUM MEMBERS
JOSHUA LEDERBERG, Ph.D., is Professor emeritus of Molecular Genetics
and Informatics and Sackler Foundation Scholar at The Rockefeller University,
New York, N.Y. His lifelong research, for which he received the Nobel Prize in
1958, has been in genetic structure and function in microorganisms. He has a
keen interest in international health and was co-chair of a previous Institute of
Medicine Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health (1990-1992~. He
has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1957 and is a
charter member of the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Lederberg is the chair of the
Forum on Emerging Infections.
VINCENT AHONKHAI, M.D., is Vice President and Director at SmithKline
Beecham Pharmaceuticals and is responsible for Clinical R&D and Medical
Affairs in Anti-Infectives and Biologicals, North America. He has held this po-
sition since 1995, overseeing a product portfolio that includes antibiotics, antivi-
rals, and vaccines. After completing medical school and internships in Nigeria,
Dr. Ahonkhai obtained additional training in pediatric residency, followed by a
fellowship in infectious diseases in adults and pediatrics at the State University
of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y., from 1975 to 1980.
He then joined the faculty as Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics. In
1982, Dr. Ahonkhai started his pharmaceutical industry career as Associate Di-
rector, Infectious Diseases, at Merck, where he rose to director level. Subse-
quently, he moved to the Robert Wood Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Insti-
tute, where he served first as Head of Infectious Diseases and later as Executive
97
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
Director, Dermatology and Wound Healing. Dr. Ahonkhai is board-certified in
pediatrics and is a long-standing member and fellow of several professional or-
ganizations including the American Medical Association, National Medical As-
sociation, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of
America (fellow), Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and American Acad-
emy of Pharmaceutical Physicians (Vice President, Membership Development
Committee, and board member).
STEVEN J. BRICKNER, Ph.D., is Manager of Medicinal Chemistry at Pfizer
Central Research, where he leads a team of medicinal chemists that is focused
on the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents designed to meet
the growing problems with resistance. He has more than 15 years of pharma-
ceutical industrial research experience, all directed at the discovery of novel
antibiotics. Before joining Pfizer, he led a team that discovered and developed
linezolid, the first oxazolidinone to undergo phase III clinical evaluation. Dr.
Brickner is recognized as a world expert on this new class of antibacterial
agents.
GAIL H. CASSELL, Ph.D., is Vice President, Infectious Diseases Research,
Drug Discovery Research, and Clinical Investigation at Eli Lilly & Company.
Previously, she was the Charles H. McCauley Professor and (since 1987) Chair,
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Schools of Medicine and
Dentistry at Birmingham, a department which ranked first in research funding
from the National Institutes of Health since 1989 under her leadership. She is a
member of the Director's Advisory Committee of the national Centers for Dis-
ease Control and Prevention. Dr. Cassell is past president of the American Soci-
ety for Microbiology, a former member of the National Institutes of Health Di-
rector's Advisory Committee, and a former member of the Advisory Council of
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. She also has served as
an adviser on infectious diseases and indirect costs of research to the White
House Office on Science and Technology and was previously chair of the Board
of Scientific Councilors of the National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers
for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dr. Cassell served 8 years on
the Bacteriology-Mycology-II Study Section and served as its chair for 3 years.
She serves on the editorial boards of several prestigious scientific journals and
has authored over 250 articles and book chapters. She has been intimately in-
volved in the establishment of science policy and legislation related to biomedical
research and public health. Dr. Cassell has received several national and interna-
tional awards and an honorary degree for her research on infectious diseases.
GARY CHRISTOPHERSON is Senior Advisor for Force Health Protection at
the U.S. Department of Defense, Reserve Affairs. Previously, as Principal Dep-
uty Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, he managed policy, the
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APPENDIX D
99
Defense Health Program budget and performance for the Military Health Sys-
tem, including the $16 billion TRICARE health care system and force health
protection. In that role, he also launched the Department of State's infectious
disease surveillance and response system and served as co-chair on the White
House's infectious disease surveillance and response subcommittee. He has also
been a key figure in the Department's force health protection initiative against
anthrax. In early 1998, he also served as the Acting Assistant Secretary of De-
fense for Health Affairs. Joining the Department of Defense in 1994, he has
served as Health Affairs' Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and Sen-
ior Advisor where he provided advice on a wide range of health issues and man-
aged the relationships with the White House and other federal agencies. Previ-
ously, he served 2 years (1992-1994) with the Office of Presidential Personnel at
the White House and the Presidential Transition Office. As Associate Director,
he managed the President's appointments (PAS/PA/SES level) to the Depart-
ments of Health and Human Services and Defense as well as 10 other Depart-
ments. Prior to that, he served in a number of senior health positions with the
(Congress and with nublic and private public health agencies.
~ ~~ War A^_ i-
GORDON DeFRIESE, Ph.D., is Professor of Social Medicine, Epidemiology,
and Health Policy and Administration and Director of the Cecil G. Sheps Center
for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky College of Medicine.
Some of his research interests are in the areas of health promotion and disease
prevention, medical sociology, primary health care, rural health care, cost-
benefit analysis, and cost-effectiveness. He is a member of the Global Advisory
Group on Health Systems Research of the World Health Organization in Ge-
neva, past president of the Association for Health Services Research and the
Foundation for Health Services Research, and a fellow of the New York Acad-
emy of Medicine. He is founder of the Partnership for Prevention, a coalition of
private-sector business and industry organizations, voluntary health organiza-
tions, and state and federal public health agencies based in Washington, D.C.,
that have joined together to work toward the elevation of disease prevention
among the nation's health policy priorities.
CEDRIC E. DUMONT, M.D., is Medical Director for the Office of Medical
Services (MED) at the U.S. Depa~l~ent of State. Dr. Dumont graduated from
Columbia University with a B.A. in 1975 and obtained his medical degree from
Tufts University School of Medicine in 1980. Dr. Dumont is a board-certified
internist with subspecialty training in infectious diseases. He completed his in-
ternal medicine residency in 1983 and infectious diseases fellowship in 1988 at
Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. Dr. Dumont has been a
medical practitioner for over 19 years, 2 of which included service in the Peace
Corps. Since joining the Department of State in 1990, he has had substantial
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
experience overseas in Dakar, Bamako, Kinshasa and Brazzaville. For the past 3
years, as the Medical Director for the Department of State, Dr. Dumont has
promoted the health of all United States Government employees serving over-
seas by encouraging their participation in a comprehensive health maintenance
program and by facilitating their access to high-quality medical care. Dr.
Dumont is a very strong supporter of the professionalal development and ad-
vancement of MED's highly qualified profession staff. In addition, he has sup-
ported and encouraged the use of an electronic medical record, which will be
able to monitor the health of all its beneficiaries, not only during a specific as-
signment but also throughout their career in the Foreign Service.
NANCY CARTER-FOSTER, M.S.T.M., is Director of the U.S. Depar~nent of
State's Emerging Infectious Diseases Program and is responsible for heading the
department's policy coordination on infectious diseases and human immunodefi-
ciency virus-AIDS issues and integrating international health issues with eco-
nomic and national security implications into U.S. foreign policy. She coordinates
with Unted States embassies, missions, and agencies to address global infectious
disease priorities and to effect a unified United States' government response. Ms.
Carter-Foster has been a foreign affairs advisor to the former Majority Whip of the
U.S. House of Representatives, Congressman William H. Gray, and was the U.S.
Chief Negotiator on international population issues, and the roles and status of
women and international health issues which led to the United Nation's (1~)
World Conference on Population and Development, the UN Conference on Envi-
ronment and Development (UNCED), and in a myriad of other bilateral and mul-
tilateral fore. She also has a background in environmental systems management,
ocean affairs, law of the sea, and coastal zone development.
JESSE GOODMAN, M.D., M.P.H., was Professor of Medicine and Chief of
Infectious Diseases at the University of Minnesota, and is now serving as Dep-
uty Medical Director for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Cen-
ter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, where he is active in a broad range of
policy issues. After joining the FDA Commissioner's Office, he has worked
closely with several centers and helped coordinate FDA's response to the anti-
microbial resistance problem. He is also co-chair of a recently formed federal
interagency task force to develop a national action plan on antimicrobial resis-
tance. He graduated from Harvard College and attended the Albert Einstein
College of Medicine followed by internal medicine, hematology, oncology, and
infectious diseases training at the University of Pennsylvania and University of
California Los Angeles, where he was also Chief Medical Resident. He received
his master's of public health from the University of Minnesota. In recent years,
his laboratory's research has focused on the molecular pathogenesis of tickborne
diseases. His laboratory isolated the etiological intracellular agent of the
emerging tickborne infection, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and has recently
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APPENDIX D
101
identified its leukocyte receptor. He has also been an active clinician and teacher
and has directed or participated in major multi-center clinical studies. He has
been active in community public health activities, including an environmental
health partnership in St. Paul, Minnesota. Among several honors, he has been
elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation.
RENU GUPTA, M.D., is Vice President, Medical, Safety and Therapeutics of
Covance. As an infectious disease specialist, Dr. Gupta is active in a number of
professional societies, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America and
the American Society for Microbiology, where she is a member of the commit-
tee on education. She is a frequent presenter at the Interscience Conference on
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and other major infectious disease
congresses, and has been published in leading infectious disease periodicals
such as the Journal of Virology, the Journal of Infectious Diseases, and Antimi-
crobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Dr. Gupta received her M.B., Ch.B. from the
University of Zambia. Subsequently, she served as Chief Resident in Pediatrics
at the Albert Einstein Medical Center and as a Fellow in Infectious Diseases at
the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. She was also Postdoctoral Fellow in
Microbiology at the University of Pennsylvania and the Wistar Institute of
Anatomy and Biology, where she conducted research on the pathogenesis of
infectious diseases. From 1989 to mid-1998, Dr. Gupta was with Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, where she directed clinical research as well as strategic plan-
ning for the Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division. For the past several
years, her work has focused on a better understanding of the problem of emerg-
ing infections. Dr. Gupta currently chairs the steering committee for the
SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program.
MARGARET A. HAMBURG, M.D., is the Assistant Secretary for Planning
and Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Previ-
ously she was the Health Commissioner for the City of New York. She holds
appointments as Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Cornell Univer-
sity Medical Center and Assistant Professor of Public Health at the Columbia
University School of Public Health. In her previous position as special assistant
to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony Fauci,
M.D., she played a major role in research administration and policy develop-
ment in the area of infectious diseases. She serves on the Board of Scientific
Counselors of the Center for Infectious Diseases at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. She received her M.D. from Harvard Medical School
and completed her internship and residency in internal medicine at New York
Hospital/Cornell Medical Center and is board-certified in internal medicine. Dr.
Hamburg is the author of many scientific articles and is the recipient of numer-
ous awards for distinguished public service.
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
CAROLE A. HEILMAN, Ph.D., is Director of the Division of Microbiology
and Infectious Diseases (DMID) of the National Institute of Allergy and Infec-
tious Diseases (NIAID). Dr. Heilman received her bachelor's degree in biology
from Boston University in 1972, and earned her master's degree and doctorate
in microbiology from Rutgers University in 1976 and 1979. Dr. Heilman began
her career at the National Institutes of Health as a postdoctoral research associ-
ate with the National Cancer Institute where she carried out research on the
regulation of gene expression during cancer development. In 1986, she came to
NIAID as the influenza and viral respiratory diseases program officer in DMID
and, in 1988, she was appointed chief of the respiratory diseases branch where
she coordinated the development of acellular pertussis vaccines. She joined the
Division of AIDS as deputy director in 1997 and was responsible for developing
the Innovation Grant Program for Approaches in human immunodeficiency virus
vaccine research. She is the recipient of several notable awards for outstanding
achievement. Throughout her extramural career, Dr. Heilman has contributed
articles on vaccine design and development to many scientific journals and has
served as a consultant to the World Bank and the World Health Organization in
this area. She is also a member of several professional societies, including the
Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Society for Microbiology,
and the American Society of Virology.
DIETER HINZEN, Ph.D., Biographical data not available.
JA1\IES ~I. HUGHES, M.D., is Assistant Surgeon General and Director of the
National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID) at the Centers for Disease Con-
trol and Prevention (CDC). He was named Deputy Director of NCID in 1988
and became Director of the Center in 1992. He joined CDC as an Epidemic In-
telligence Service Officer in 1973, during which time he focused on the epide-
miology of foodborne, waterborne, and other diarrhea! diseases. Dr. Hughes
received his M.D. in 1971 from Stanford University. He is board-certified in
internal medicine, infectious diseases, and preventive medicine. He is a Fellow
of the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of
America.
J. STANLEY HULL is Vice President of Marketing for Gastrointestinal and
Anti-Infectives Research at Glaxo Wellcome. He is responsible for developing
revenue forecasts and expense budgets and for reviewing marketing plans for
these therapeutic areas. More of his attention is given to pipeline products to en-
sure that these products are developed to meet customer needs. Before taking his
current position, he served as Vice President of Marketing for Glaxo Pharmaceu-
ticals, where he was involved in the commercial development of products in the
gastrointestinal, antibacterial, anesthesia, and antiviral therapeutic areas. He has
served in various sales and marketing positions in the pharmaceutical industry
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APPENDIX D
103
since he began his career in 1978. He holds a B.S. degree in business administra-
tion and economics from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
SAMUEL L. KATZ, M.D., is Chairman of the Board of the Burroughs Well-
come Fund and Wilburt C. Davison Professor and Chairman emeritus of pediat-
rics at Duke University Medical Center. He has concentrated his research on
infectious diseases, focusing primarily on vaccine research and development,
having developed the attenuated measles virus vaccine with Nobel Laureate
John F. Enders. He is a past chair and a member of the Public Policy Council of
the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Dr. Katz has served on a number of
scientific advisory committees and is the recipient of many prestigious awards
and honorary fellowships in international organizations. Dr. Katz attained his
M.D. from Harvard Medical School. After his medical internship at Beth Israel
Hospital, he completed his pediatrics residency training at the Massachusetts
General Hospital and the Boston Children's Hospital. Then he became a staff
member at Children's Hospital, working with Nobel Laureate John F. Enders,
during which time they developed the attenuated measles virus vaccine now
used throughout the world. He has chaired the Committee on Infectious Diseases
of the American Academy of Pediatrics (the Redbook Committee), the Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, the Vaccine Priorities Study of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and
several World Health Organization (WHO) and Children's Vaccine Initiative
panels on vaccines and human immunodeficiency virus infections. He is a mem-
ber of many scientific advisory committees and boards including those of the
National Institutes of Health, IOM, and WHO. Dr. Katz's published studies in-
clude more than 100 original scientific articles, 60 chapters in textbooks, and
many abstracts, editorials, and reviews. He is the coeditor of a textbook on pedi-
atric infectious diseases and has given more than 70 named lectures in the
United States and abroad.
KENNETH W. KIZER, M.D., M.P.H., is President and Chief Executive Offi-
cer of the National Quality Forum. Formerly, he served as the Under Secretary
for Health at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Admini-
stration. As the Under Secretary for Health, he was the highest ranking physi-
cian in the federal government and the chief executive officer of the health care
system in the United States. His professional experience before joining the U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs included serving on the boards of Health Sys-
tems International, Inc., and The California Wellness Foundation. He is board-
certified in five medical specialties and has authored over 300 articles, book
chapters, and other reports in the medical literature. Dr. Kizer has held senior
academic positions at the University of California, Davis, and continues as an
Adjunct Professor of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. He
is a fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians, the American
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the Royal Society of
Health, and the Royal Society of Medicine. Dr. Kizer is an honors graduate of
Stanford University and the University of California, Los Angeles.
WILLIAM KOHLBRENNER, Ph.D., is Director of Antiviral Research in the
Pharmaceutical Products Division at Abbott Laboratories in North Chicago, Ill.
He received his Ph.D. from the State University of New York and completed
postdoctoral training at the Molecular Biology Institute at the University of Cali-
fornia, Los Angeles. Dr. Kohlbrenner has contributed to a number of industrial
research programs focused on the discovery of novel antibacterial and antiviral
agents. He has coauthored many articles on the fundamental aspects of various
microbial therapeutic targets and the molecular basis of drug action. He has a
strong interest in the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents and in
devising appropriate therapeutic strategies for effectively dealing with drug re-
sistance problems.
JOHN R. LaMONTAGNE, Ph.D., is Deputy Director of the National Institute
of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health.
Previously, Dr. LaMontagne was Director of the Division of Microbiology and
Infectious Diseases at NIAID. Within NIAID, he has also served as Director of
the AIDS Program and Influenza Program Officer. Dr. LaMontagne received his
Ph.D. in microbiology from Tulane University and did a postdoctoral fellowship
in the laboratory of Julius Youngner at the University of Pittsburgh. There he
devoted his efforts to the characterization of viral products produced by cells
persistently infected with Newcastle disease virus. His interests are in vaccine
research and development.
MARCELLE LAYTON, M.D., is the Assistant Commissioner for the Bureau
of Communicable Diseases at the New York City Department of Health. This
Bureau is responsible for the surveillance and control of 51 infectious diseases
and conditions reportable under the New York City Health Code. Current areas
of concern include antibiotic resistance; foodborne, waterborne, and tickborne
diseases; hepatitis C and biological disaster planning for the potential threats of
bioterrorism and pandemic influenza. Dr. Layton received her medical degree
from Duke University. She completed an internal medicine residency at the
University Health Science Center in Syracuse, N.Y., and an infectious disease
fellowship at Yale University. In addition, Dr. Layton spent 2 years with the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a fellow in the Epidemic Intelli-
gence Service, where she was assigned to the New York City Department of
Health. In the past, she has volunteered or worked with the Indian Health Serv-
ice, the Alaskan Native Health Service, and clinics in northwestern Thailand-and
central Nepal.
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APPENDIX D
105
CARLOS LOPEZ, Ph.D., is Research Fellow, Research Acquisitions, Eli Lilly
Research Laboratories. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota
in 1970. Dr. Lopez was awarded the NTRDA postdoctoral fellowship. After his
fellowship he was appointed Assistant Professor of Pathology at the University
of Minnesota, where he did his research on cytomegalovirus infections in renal
transplant recipients and the consequences of those infections. He was also ap-
pointed assistant member and head of the Laboratory of Herpesvirus Infections
at the Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, where his research focused
on herpesvirus infections and the mechanisms involved. Dr. Lopez's laboratory
contributed to the immunological analysis of the earliest AIDS patients at the
beginning of the AIDS epidemic in New York. He is coauthor of one of the
seminal publications on this disease, as well as many scientific papers and co-
editor of six books. Dr. Lopez has held consultantcies with numerous agencies
and organizations including the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Depart-
ment of Veterans Affairs, and the American Cancer Society.
STEPHEN S. MORSE, Ph.D., is a Program Manager in the Defense Sciences
Office at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Dr.
Morse is also Assistant Professor of Virology at The Rockefeller University,
where he has been since 1985. In July 1996, he joined the faculty of Columbia
University School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology. Dr. Morse is a
virologist and immunologist with research interests in viral effects on T-
lymphocyte development and function, viral zoonoses, and methods for studying
viral evolution. He was principal organizer and Chair of the 1989 Conference on
Emerging Viruses at the National Institutes of Health, and is a member of the
Institute of Medicine Committee on Emerging Infections (1990-1992), a current
member of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Xenograft Transplantation,
and Chair of the Microbiology Section of the New York Academy of Sciences.
He is Chair of ProMed (Program for Monitoring Emerging Infections), formed
in January 1993, to encourage development of initiatives for anticipating and
responding to worldwide emerging infections.
SOLOMON MOWSHOWITZ, Ph.D., is President of Diligen, a New York
City biotech consultancy. Diligen performs due diligence in biotechnology, as
well as technical consulting, grant writing, technology transfer, and opportunity
assessment. Dr. Mowshowitz received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the Albert
Einstein College of Medicine in 1970, and is licensed to practice before the
United States Patent and Trademark Office. He taught microbiology and infec-
tious diseases at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York from 1970 to
1984. Beginning in 1985, he held senior positions at a series of commercial
biotechnology firms, most recently serving as Vice President, Research and De-
velopment at AMBI, Inc. until 1998. Dr. Mowshowitz's primary expertise is in
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
the areas of infectious diseases, cancer therapeutics, DNA-based diagnostics
(including forensics), and patent law.
STUART L. NIGHTINGALE, M.D., is Associate Commissioner for Health
Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Hu-
man Services. Dr. Nightingale earned his M.D. degree from New York University
School of Medicine and then served as intern (mixed medicine) at Montef~ore
Hospital and Medical Center in New York, as a resident in internal medicine (in-
cluding 1 year as a fellow in adolescent medicine) at Montefiore Hospital and
Medical Center, and as a resident in anatomical pathology at New York University
School of Medicine. He is board-certified in internal medicine, a fellow of the
American College of Physicians, and a member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation and the American Public Health Association. Dr. Nightingale heads the
Office of Health Affairs of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after
prior appointments at several universities, the National Institute of Drug Abuse,
and the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Dr. Nightingale has
published numerous articles on the impact of federal and state legislation and
regulations on medical practice, health fraud, protection of human subjects of re-
search, policy formulation and drug regulation, safety and efficacy determinations
and the health effects of FDA-regulated products, and drug abuse prevention. He
has received the Award for Distinguished Service, Special Action Office for Drug
Abuse Prevention, Executive Office of the President, the Public Health Service
Superior Service Award, and FDA's Award of Merit on three occasions. He re-
ceived the Achievement Award from the American Association of Physicians for
Human Rights and received the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rack Award.
MICHAEL T. OSTERHOLM, Ph.D., M.P.H., is the Chairman and Chief Ex-
ecutive Officer of Infection Control Advisory Network, Minnesota. Previously,
Dr. Osterholm was the State Epidemiologist and Chief of the Acute Disease
Epidemiology Section for the Minnesota Department of Health. He is also an
Adjunct Professor of the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, at
the University of Minnesota. He has received numerous research awards from
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He serves as Principal Investigator for
the CDC-sponsored Emerging Infections Program in Minnesota. He has pub-
lished more than 140 articles on various emerging infectious disease problems.
He is past President of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and
chairs its Committee on Public Health, and is a member of the Board of Scien-
tific Counselors, National Centers for Infectious Diseases, CDC, and a member
of the National Advisory Committee on Microbial Criteria for Foods, U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture. He recently served as a member of the Committee on
the Department of Defense Persian Gulf War Syndrome Comprehensive Clinical
Evaluation Program of the Institute of Medicine.
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APPENDIX D
107
MARC RUBIN, M.D., joined Glaxo Inc in 1990 as Director of Anti-Infectives.
From 1991-1995 he was Director of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research,
and from 1995-1997 was International Director and Vice President of Infectious
Diseases and Rheumatology. In 1997, he became Vice President of U.S. Clinical
Research and in 1998 became Vice President, Infectious Diseases and Hepatitis,
Therapeutic Development and Product Strategy, Glaxo Medical, Regulatory and
Product Strategy. He received his B.A. in biology from Cornell University and
his medical degree from Cornell University Medical School. Dr. Rubin com-
pleted his internship and residency at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department
of Internal Medicine and his fellowship and postdoctoral work at the National
Cancer Institute. He is board-certified in internal medicine, oncology, and infec-
tious diseases.
DAVID M. SHLAES, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice President for Infectious Diseases
Research at Wyeth-Ayerst Research. Before joining Wyeth-Ayerst, Dr. Shlaes
was Professor of Medicine at the Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine and Chief of the Infectious Diseases Section and the Clinical Microbi-
ology Unit at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. He has
served a grant reviewer for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Infectious
Diseases Merit Review Board and the National Institutes of Health Special
Study Section on Biology of Mycobacteria. He has published widely in peer-
reviewed journals, and his interest is in antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
and antibiotic resistance.
JANET SHOEMAKER is Director of the American Society for Microbiol-
ogy's Public Affairs Office, a position she has held since 1989. She is responsi-
ble for managing the legislative and regulatory affairs of this 42,000-member
organization, the largest single biological science society in the world. She has
served as Principal Investigator for a project funded by the National Science
Foundation (NSF) to collect and disseminate data on the job market for recent
doctorates in microbiology and has played a key role in American Society for
Microbiology (ASM) projects, including the production of the ASM Employ-
ment Outlook in the Microbiological Sciences and The Impact of Managed Care
and Health System Change on Clinical Microbiology. Previously, she held posi-
tions as Assistant Director of Public Affairs for ASM, as ASM coordinator of
the U.S./USSR Exchange Program in Microbiology, a program sponsored and
coordinated by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of
State, and as a freelance editor and writer. She received her baccalaureate, cum
laude, from the University of Massachusetts, and is a graduate of the George
Washington University programs in public policy and in editing and publica-
tions. She has served as commissioner to the Commission on Professionals in
Science and Technology, and as the ASM representative to the ad hoc Group for
Medical Research Funding, and is a member of Women in Government Rela-
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PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
lions, the Association of Society Executives, and the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. She has co-authored published articles on research
funding, biotechnology, biological weapons control, and public policy issues
related to microbiology.
JOHN D. SIEGFRIED, M.D., is Associate Vice President for Medical, Regu-
latory and Scientific Affairs at Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of
America. Dr. Siegfried is a pediatrician with 25 years in clinical practice and for
the past decade has been involved with pharmaceutical research and develop-
ment in the medical and regulatory affairs section of the R.W. Johnson Pharma-
ceutical Research Institute. He began his career with the U.S. Public Health
Service as Medical Officer on the Rosebud and the Redlake Indian Reservations,
and completed his active pediatric practice as Chief of Pediatrics and Chief of
the Medical Staff at the Al Hada Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in Taif,
Saudi Arabia. As a volunteer physician, Dr. Siegfried regularly staffs the Whit-
man-Walker AIDS Clinic in the District of Columbia as well as its clinic for
sexually transmitted diseases.
P. FREDERICK SPARLING, M.D., is a J. Herbert Bate Professor of Medi-
cine, Microbiology and Immunology at the University of North Carolina (UNC)
at Chapel Hill and is Director of the North Carolina Sexually Transmitted Infec-
tions Research Center. Previously he served as Chair of the Department of
Medicine and Chair of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at
UNC. He was president of the Infectious Disease Society of American in 1996-
1997. He was also a member of the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Mi-
crobial Threats to Health (1991-1992~. Dr. Sparling's laboratory research is in
the molecular biology of bacterial outer membrane proteins involved in patho-
genesis, with a major emphasis on gonococci and meningococci. His current
studies focus on the biochemistry and genetics of iron-scavenging mechanisms
used by gonococci and meningococci and the structure and function of the
gonococcal prion proteins. He is pursuing the goal of a vaccine for gonorrhea.
C. DOUGLAS WEBB, JR., Ph.D., received his bachelor's degree in Biology
from Emory University and his master's and doctoral degrees in Microbiology
from the University of Georgia. He served in the public health service at the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as both a research microbi-
ologist and supervisory microbiologist. After the CDC, Dr. Webb went to Pfizer
Pharmaceuticals and was involved in the development of ampicillin-sulbactam,
carbenicillin, cefoperazone, fluconazole, azithromycin, and trovafloxacin. Dr.
Webb is Senior Medical Director in Infectious Diseases Global Marketing at
Bristol-Myers Squibb, working on the strategy and development for the anti-
infective portfolio including human immunodeficiency virus products.
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APPENDIX D
109
CATHERINE E. WOTEKI, Ph.D., is Undersecretary for Food Safety for the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Prior to receiving Senate confirmation to her
present position on July 31, 1997, she served as Acting Undersecretary for Re-
search, Education, and Economics. From 1994 to 1995, she was Deputy to the
Associate Director of Science of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
From 1990 to 1994, she was Director of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute
of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. A biology and chemistry major at
Mary Washington College in Fredericksburg, Virginia, she pursued graduate
studies in human nutrition at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia, and received a Ph.D. in human nutrition. She is a regis-
tered dietitian. For 2 years, she performed clinical research in the Department of
Medicine of the University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio. She was
appointed assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at
Drexel University in Philadelphia in 1975. In July 1977, she joined the congres-
sional Office of Technology Assessment as Nutrition Project Director. From
1980 to 1983, she worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in two capaci-
ties: as leader of the Food and Diet Appraisal Research Group in the Consumer
Nutrition Center, and as Acting Associate Administrator of the Human Nutrition
Information Service. Dr. Woteki was Deputy Director of the Division of Health
Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, from 1983 to 1990. Dr. Woteki has published 48
articles and numerous technical reports and books on food and nutrition policy
and nutrition monitoring. She is the co-editor of Eat for Life: The Food and Nu-
trition Board 's Guide to Reducing Your Risk of Chronic Disease. Dr. Woteki is
a member of the Institute of Medicine of The National Academies.
STUDY STAFF
JONATHAN R. DAVIS, Ph.D., is a Senior Program Officer at the Institute of
Medicine (IOM). His primary charge is as the Study Director of IOM's Forum
on Emerging Infections and the Roundtable on Research and Development of
Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices. Dr. Davis was formerly the Science
Officer for the Emerging Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS Program in the
U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental
and Scientific Affairs. Prior to his work at the State Department, Dr. Davis was
an Assistant Professor of Medicine and Head of the Malaria Laboratory at the
University of Maryland School of Medicine where he was the principle and co-
principle investigator on grants investigating the fundamental biology of malaria
transmission, and on the development and testing of candidate malaria vaccines
in human volunteers. Dr. Davis has a M.S. in Medical Entomology from Clem-
son University, and a Ph.D. in Immunology and Infectious Diseases from The
Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health. Dr. Davis is an
ad hoc reviewer for several professional scientific journals, and currently holds
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110
PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
adjunct faculty appointments at The Johns Hopkins University School of Hy-
giene and Public Health, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and
the Unified Services University School of the Health Sciences.
VIVIAN P. NOLAN, M.A., is the Research Associate for the Forum on
Emerging Infections and for the Roundtable on Research and Development of
Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices. Before joining the Institute of Medicine
(IOM), Ms. Nolan was a Science Assistant in the Division of Environmental
Biology at the National Science Foundation (NSF) where she worked on grants
administration, research projects, and policy analyses on environmental and
conservation biology issues. Ms. Nolan is a recipient of a NSF Directors Award
for the policy-oriented, interdisciplinary Water and Watersheds collaborative
NSF-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency grants program. Ms. Nolan is pur-
suing her doctorate degree in environmental science and public policy from
George Mason University. Her graduate work has included research and policy
analysis on issues including environmental, biodiversity conservation, sustain-
able development, human health, and emerging and reemerging infectious dis-
eases. In August 1998, she participated in an educational program in Kenya that
studied the relationship between ecological degradation and emerging infectious
diseases. Ms. Nolan was awarded an M.A. in science, technology and public
policy in 1994 from the George Washington University, and in 1987 she simul-
taneously earned two bachelor's degrees in international studies and Latin
American studies.
NICOLE AMADO was the Project Assistant for the Institute of Medicine's
(IOM) Forum on Emerging Infections and for the IOM Roundtable on Research
and Development of Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices. Ms. Amado was
formerly a Project Coordinator for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Prior to her
work at the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, she was a Panel Assistant with the
Chemical Manufacturers Association. Ms. Amado has considerable experience
in project organization, research and analysis, and administrative problem solv-
ing. Ms. Amado earned a bachelor's degree in biology from the University of
Louisville in 1994.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
emerging infections
