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OCR for page 311
Index
A
Afghanistan invasion, U.S. embargo
following, 136, 145, 187
Agreements, see Bilateral agreements
Aircraft
technological leadership in, 64 Canada
volume of U.S. exports of, 232
Analytic equipment
changes in controls on, 247-249, 271
competitive disadvantages of U.S.
exporters of, 124-125, 247-249
delays in licensing for export, 114
diversion to Soviet Union, 43
U.S. revenue losses on, 11, 267, 270-271
volume of U.S. exports, 232
Arms Export Control Act of 1976,
requirements of, 37, 70, 80
Austria
export controls of, 100-101
handling of goods in transit, 190, 199
views on U.S. export control system,
198-199, 201
B
Belgium, views on U.S. export control
system, 193-194, 200
Bilateral agreements between U.S. and
311
non-CoCom Free World countries, 8,
14, 18, 24, 67, 71, 149, 157, 169-170,
199, 212-213
C
compliance with U.S. export/reexport
controls, 100
controls on West-West exports, 140
export control between U.S. and, 82, 90,
91, 117, 138, 230, 259
unilateral controls by, 100, 123
CoCom countries
applications for U.S. reexport licenses,
244-246
bulk licenses for West-West trade, 138
competition to U.S. high technology
from, 7, 59-65
competitive disadvantages to U.S.
exporters vis-a-vis, 123
differences in control of exports, 99-101,
138, 140
enforcement cooperation with U.S., 190
handling of goods in transit, 190-191
precautions against diversions, 18, 123,
138, 140, 158, 189-190
processing times for export licenses, 113
reporting of export of new, uncontrolled
OCR for page 312
312 INDEX
items, 171
technology transfer among, 19, 171-172
U.S. discrimination against nationals of,
185, 210
volume of trade to Soviet bloc, 171-173
see also Coordinating Committee on
Multilateral Export Controls; and
specific countries
CoCom International List
administration of controls on, 139
differences between U.S. List and, 8,
123
differences in interpretation of, 138, 142,
209
expedition of decision making on, 97
proscribed destinations, 99
removal of items from, 19, 24, 25, 159,
168, 170-172, 188
reviews of, 99, 141-142, 185-186
scope of coverage, 8, 24, 97-98, 139-141,
168, 170, 172, 209
U.S. license required for export of items
on, 83, 87, 109, 112, 148, 192
Computers/related equipment
control of equipment incorporating, 114,
124-125
distribution of U.S. foreign sales in, 269
diversion of, 43-44, 199
foreign-manufactured components in, 55
Korean production of, 203
Malaysian production of, 204-205
technological leadership in, 64
volume of U.S. exports in, 117, 232
Coordinating Committee on Multilateral
Export Controls (CoCom)
balanced representation in delegations
to, 19, 159-160
compliance with restrictions, 137, 207,
214
deficiencies in, 137-144
East Asian attitudes toward, 209-210, ._ _
216, 219 Diversion
establishment of, 72
European views on value of, 187-188,
196, 198
exceptions process, 142-143
foreign policy pressures on, 144-145
improvements in, 14, 136-137
members of, 101 n. 1, 137, 195
NATO relationship with, 194
obscurity of decision-making criteria, 19,
143-144, 159, 172, 188
policy toward PRC, 99, 109, 137, 210
procedures for control of exports, 98
recommendations for strengthening, 2,
19, 23-25, 159, 142-143, 168-173, 188,
209
surveillance of exports to third
countries, 139
technical data controls within, 171-172
unanimity rule, 141-142
see also CoCom listings
D
Decontrol
of analytic equipment, 247-249, 271
on basis of foreign availability, 13-14,
18, 27, 132, 156-157, 170, 175-176
Defense articles and service, definition and
export restrictions, 80
Detente, effect on U.S. export control
policies, 74-75
Distribution licenses (U.S.)
audits of, 289, 194, 196, 253
compliance costs, 246-247
coverage afforded by, 83, 109, 228
documentation for, 87
Europeans' objections to, 189
licensee size, 116, 234
loss of foreign consignees under,
125-126, 249-251
major categories of exports under,
231-232, 269
number of, 226
procedures for obtaining, using, and
keeping, 111-112
processing problems associated with,
116, 235
responsibilities of foreign consignees
under, 249
restrictiveness compared with foreign
licenses, 123
U.S. affiliate sales under, 229
valise of exports under. 228-229
of analytic equipment, 43
of computer equipment, 43-44, 199
definition, 4, 42
detection of, 42-44
effectiveness of U.S. Customs in
preventing, 44
examples of routes of, 43-44
through non-CoCom Free World
countries, 5, 148, 199, 207-209, 214,
217
prevention by CoCom countries, 18,
123, 138, 140, 158, 189-190
OCR for page 313
INDEX 3 ~ 3
through reexports, 41, 45
risks from U.S. perspective, 261-263
Soviet technology acquisition through,
41-44
U.S. investigative authority, 43
ways of reducing, 44, 99-100, 125
Dual use products/technologies
categories, 81-82, 123, 231-233
controls on, 80-92; see also National
security export controls
diversions of, 41-45, 199, 207-209, 214,
217
East Asian views on control of, 101,
211-212
evolution of export controls on, 71-75
market for, 6, 55-56
responsibility for deciding export control
issues for, 96
reverse engineering of, 5, 47
technological commodities, 18, 157, 170;
see also Foreign availability
U.S. export volume, 116
see also Technical data; and specific
products
EEnd-use certificates
countries requiring, 196, 199, 217
U.S. license requiring, 83, 148
Enforcement of export controls
cooperation with U. S . in, 190- 191
discrimination in, 108-109
end-use certificates, 196, 199, 217
evidence on effectiveness of controls
from, 106-107
impediments to, 139
improvements needed in, 51, 109
international import certificate/delivery
verification (IC/DV), 99-101, 138, 209,
215, 218
by non-CoCom Free World countries,
190-191, 198-199, 207-209, 214
Operation Exodus program, 93, 107, 226
on reexports, 108, 123, 139-141
responsibility for, 97
voluntary compliance by U.S.
companies, 22, 164
see also U.S. Customs
Espionage
definition, 42
deterrence value of national security
export controls, 45, 51
Soviet technology acquisition through, 4,
41-42
European Economic Community
elimination of trade barriers, 193, 195
views on U.S. export control policy, 195
European Parliament, objections to U.S.
reexport controls, 195
European Space Agency, views on U.S.
export control and technology transfer
policies, 197
Export controls, see Coordinating
Committee on Multilateral Export
Controls; Foreign policy export
controls; Multilateral export control
system; National security export
controls; and U.S. listings
Extraterritorial controls
see Reexport controls
F
Farewell documents, 5, 9, 41-42, 106, 184,
196
Federal Republic of Germany
controls on West-West exports, 140
employment of scientists/engineers, 60,
62
handling of goods in transit, 190, 198
R&D expenditures, 59-61
trade relationship with East Germany,
197
unilateral export controls of, 100, 123
views on U.S. export control system,
197-198, 201-202
Fiber optics, technological leadership in,
64
Foreign availability
of low-end technology, 18, 153, 206-207
recommended decontrol of items on
basis of, 13-14, 18, 27, 132, 156-157,
170, 175-176
Soviet acquisitions of dual use items
through, 44-45
U.S. failure to take account of, 13-14,
17, 132, 156-157, 175-176, 186,
200-201, 241
Foreign nationals
access to U.S. universities/professional
meetings, 163, 185, 210
definition, 90
employment in U.S. R&D, 17, 155-156
Foreign policy export controls
distinction between national security
export controls and, 19, 25, 158-159,
172-173
f
OCR for page 314
3 14 INDEX
European view of, 186-187
problems with, 14, 144-145
requirements for imposing, 130
France
controls on West-West exports, 140
employment of scientists/engineers, 60,
62
export control system, 196
R&D expenditures, 59-61
views on U.S. and CoCom export
control, 195-196, 201
G
Great Britain
Protection of Trading Interests Act, 147
see also United Kingdom
H
Hong Kong
adherence to CoCom requirements,
216-217
diversions of technology through,
207-208
enforcement of export control, 208-209
recommendations for improvements in
CoCom, 209
technological capabilities, 204-205
trade links with PRC, 204, 206, 207, 216
views on U.S. export control system,
216-217, 219-220
I
Individual validated licenses (U.S.)
actions and processing times by exporter
size, 244
categories of exports ranked, 232-233
data availability on, 105
delays and difficulties in obtaining, 210,
235
destinations for exports under, 230-231
expedition of processing, 87
number of, 107
processing times, 113, 123
structure of, 76-79
value of exports under, 116, 228-229
Information diffusion
control of, 55
see also Technical data; Technology
transfer
Intelligence community
evidence from, on export control
effectiveness, 106-107
role in national security export controls,
40, 43, 45, 52
International trade changes since WWII,
54-56
International Traffic in Arms Regulations
(ITAR), 8, 80
J
Japan
adherence to CoCom restrictions, 207,
214
diversions through, 207, 214
employment of scientists/engineers, 60,
62
enforcement of export controls, 207-209,
214
features of export control system, 215
objections to U.S. reexport controls,
210-211
pre-WWII benefits from U.S.
technology, 71-72, 101 n. 5
processing time for export licenses,
113-114
R&D expenditures, 59-61
recommendations for improvements in
CoCom, 209
segregation of military and commercial
technologies, 211-212
technical data transfers by, 215
technological capabilities, 32, 63-64, 203,
205
technology transfer between Korea and,
204
U.S. reliance on components from, 55
U.S. restrictions on filing of patents in,
91
views on U.S. and CoCom controls,
214-216, 219
K
Keystone equipment
export control recommendations, 47
importance to Soviet bloc, 5
Korea, see South Korea
L
Legal sales, Soviet technology acquisition
through, 4, 41, 44-45
Licenses/licensing, see U.S. export
licenses/licensing
OCR for page 315
INDEX 315
M
Malaysia
export control by, 209, 218
technological capabilities, 204-205, 218
Manhattan Project, 74
Mueller, Richard, 43-44
Multilateral export control system
assessment of, 135-149
need for, 51, 121
see also Coordinating Committee on
Multilateral Export Controls
Multinational firms
export licenses for exchange of technical
data within, 90-91
see also U.S. businesses
Munitions
national security export controls on, 80
see also U.S. Militarily Critical
Technologies List; U.S. Munitions
List
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 36, 74
National Science Foundation, 74
National security export controls
adequacy of data to evaluate impact of,
22, 164-165, 176
administrative costs to businesses,
245-247
advantages/benefits of, 8-9, 104, 110,
186, 261-263
adverse effects of, 11, 16, 103-104, 116,
122-126, 153, 157, 191, 247-251, 267,
270-272
assessment of, 103-133
categories bearing competitive costs to
U.S., 9, 255
company size differences in
administration of, 115-116, 153, 214,
226, 239-242, 244
competitive effects on U.S., 9-12, 19,
55-58, 65, 67, 116-126, 153, 157, 158,
160, 186, 211, 213-214, 222-227,
247-249, 255, 271
compliance with, 12, 100, 107-108,
163-164
cost-benefit assessment of, 9, 22, 104,
120-122, 130, 165, 250-251
country groups of significance, 82, 84-85,
102 n. 15, 189, 259
dimensions of, 70-101
distinction between foreign policy
controls and, 19, 25, 158-159, 172-173
East Asian views on, 219-220
economic impact on U.S., 6-7, 9, 30,
120-121, 130, 152, 252-277
electiveness, 15-16, 19-20, 106-110,
152-153, 160
espionage deterrence value of, 45, 51
European views on, 184-202
friction over, 9, 147; see also Reexport
controls
historical background, 71-75
impact on scientific communication, 19,
127, 159, 162-163, 185, 210
implications of intelligence evidence for,
51-52
Intelligence Community role on, 40, 43,
45, 52
laws mandating, 18, 43, 70, 80-81, 87,
129, 156, 173-174
list of, see CoCom International List;
U.S. Control List; U.S. Militarily
Critical Technologies List; U.S.
Munitions List
multilateral, see Coordinating Committee
on Multilateral Export Controls;
Multilateral export control system
on munitions, 80
need for and significance of, 51, 154
penalties for violation of, 92-93, 207-208
product composition of exports affected
by, 231-233
purpose, 15, 103, 150-151, 167
recommended thrust of U.S. decision
making on, 5, 26-27, 173-177
reduction of, 13, 21, 27, 144, 151,
168-173
scope, 70-101, 116-119, 152-153, 185-186
secrecy orders, 91-92, 127-128, 162
structure of, 75-79
U.S. employment losses due to, 275
U.S. firms affected by, 233-234
U.S. R&D spending losses associated
with, 9, 274
U.S. revenue losses from, 11, 267,
270-271
U.S. trade segment covered by, 227-234
U.S.-Soviet bloc trade loss attributable
to, 122-123
volume and structure of U.S. trade
affected by, 10, 221-222, 251, 257-261
Neutrality Acts of 1935-1939, export
restrictions of, 101 n. 4
Newly industrializing countries
OCR for page 316
316 INDEX
adherence to CoCom requirements,
216-217
adoption of CoCom-like controls, 7, 155
challenges to U.S. technological
dominance from, 66-68, 155
compliance with export control policies,
67
diversion of technology through, 5,
207-209, 214, 217
enforcement of export control, 208-209
policies for encouraging high-technology
development, 67
technological development of, 30, 32,
203-205
see also Non-CoCom Free World
countries; Pacific Rim countries; Third
countries; and specific countries
Non-CoCom Free World countries
adequacy of controls of, 148
automatic licensing of exports to, 87
bilateral export control agreements
between U.S. and, 8, 14, 18, 24, 67,
71, 149, 157, 169-170, 199, 212-213
challenges to U.S. technological
dominance from, 7, 65-66
competitive disadvantages to U.S.
exporters vis-a-vis, 123-124
diversion through, 148, 199, 207-208
export enforcement by, 190-191, 198-199
problems posed by, 191-192
Soviet technology acquisition through,
45, 52
see also Newly industrializing countries;
Pacific Rim countries; Third countries;
and specific countries
North Atlantic Assembly resolution to
block U.S. reexport controls, 147
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
DoD policy for cooperation with, 194
military strength of, 31-32
relationship with CoCom, 194
p
Pacific Rim countries
perceptions about PRC, 206
perceptions about Soviet Union, 205-206
role of foreign technology in, 205
technological capabilities, 203-205
see also Newly industrializing countries;
Non-CoCom Free World countries;
Third countries; and specific countries
Patents
export of technical data through, 91-92,
127-128
secrecy orders applied to, 91-92,
127-128, 162
U.S. restrictions on filing in Japan, 91
U.S., granted to foreign inventors, 61-63
Penalties
exemption from judicial review, 102 n. 7
for violations of export controls, 92-93,
207-208
People's Republic of China (PRC)
CoCom policy toward, 99, 109, 137, 188,
209-210
Japanese trade with, 206
licenses required for technical data
exports to, 90
Pacific rim countries' perceptions about,
206
trade links with Hong Kong,- 204, 206,
207, 216
U.S. export policy toward, 142, 144,
186, 194, 206, 259
volume of U.S. trade with, 230-231
Policy recommendations
on administration of export control
system, 131
balance between policy and technical
elements of DoD, 27, 175
control of technological commodities,
18, 157, 170
controls on exports to third countries,
23-24, 169
controls on unclassified technical data,
21, 162-163
direction and control of U.S. policy, 2,
22, 161-162, 177
distinction between foreign policy and
national security export controls, 19,
25, 172-173
elimination of reexport controls, 14, 25,
171
elimination of unilateral controls, 24,
170-171
high-level industry input into policy
formulation, 20, 21, 27, 164, 176
manufacturing equipment/essential
technologies, 47
need for licensing data to make, 105
reduction of controlled items, 13, 21, 27,
144, 151, 168-173
removal of controls on West-West trade,
144
strengthening of CoCom, 2, 19, 23-25,
142-143, 159, 168-173, 188, 209
technology transfer within CoCom, 19,
OCR for page 317
INDEX 3 17
171-172
thrust of U.S. decision making, 5, 26-27,
173-177
see also U.S. export control policy
R
Reexport controls
countries affected by, 92
on defense articles and service, 80
de minimus requirements for, 189, 210
effectiveness, 158, 252
enforcement by CoCom countries.
123, 139-141
initiation of, 73
lost sales due to, 11, 158, 271
opposition to, 9, 12, 16, 18, 99, 125,
144-147, 149, 154, 158, 186, 187, 192,
194, 195, 199, 210-211, 245
of other Western nations, 99
products affected by, 92
purpose of, 139, 145
recommendation on elimination of, 14,
25, 171
requirements for foreign compliance
with, 94-95
tolerance of, 196, 197, 199-200, 212
Reexports
CoCom country applications for, 244-246
diversion of technology through, 41, 45
U.S. licenses, 83, 92, 105, 107, 112, 117,
196, 243-246
volume of U.S. trade approved for, 117
Reverse engineering, efficacy of, 5, 47
,, 108,
S
Scientific measuring equipment, see
Analytic equipment
Secrecy orders, as national security export
controls, 91-92, 127-128, 162
Semiconductors
Malaysian exports of, 205, 218
technological lead in, 63
U.S. exports to Soviet Union, 75
Siberian pipeline embargo, 96, 102 n. 19,
137, 144, 187, 193, 195
Singapore
bilateral agreement between U.S. and,
212-213
diversions of technology through, 208,
209
export control by, 209, 217-218
technological capabilities, 204
U.S. export control cyst-em,
views on
220
Smuggling, see Diversion
South Korea
diversion of technology by, 207-208
export control by, 100, 101, 212, 216
technological capabilities, 66, 203-204,
205
technology transfer between Japan and,
204
trade with PRC, 206
views on U.S. export control system,
211-212, 216, 219
Soviet military development
civilian scientists involved in, 50
contributions of Western technology to,
45-49
U.S. development compared with, 48
Soviet technology acquisition
administrative structure for, 42
channels, 4, 41-45
cost savings from, 46, 110
expenditures, 9, 106
funding and human resources for, 50
intelligence evidence on, 4-5, 40-42, 46
proportion of items subject to national
security controls, 42
recommended use of intelligence on, 177
reports of, 46; see also Farewell
documents
success of, 4, 9, 16-17, 154-155
through non-CoCom Free World
countries, 45, 52
U.S. concerns about, 52
see also Diversion; Espionage
Soviet Union
Pacific rim countries' perceptions about,
205-206
relaxation of U.S. controls on exports
to, 75
state of science and technology in, 49-51
and U.S. technological development
compared, 5-6, 47-49
U.S. trade loss with, 122-123
Space, technological leadership in, 64
Strategic Defense Initiative, information
sharing and coproduction, 146, 185,
198
Sweden
export control policies, 199-200
handling of goods in transit, 190, 199
views on U.S. export control system,
199-200, 202
Switzerland, compliance with reexport
-requirements, 107
OCR for page 318
3~3 INDEX
T
Technical data
adequacy of controls on, 20-21, 162
control within CoCom, 171 - 172
controls, 126-129, 189
definition, 87
East Asian objections to controls on,
211
exchange within multinational firms,
90-91
exemption from disclosure through U.S.
Freedom of Information Act, 127
exports through patent applications,
91-92, 127-128
licenses for exporting, 87-92, 117
regulations governing exports, 81, 87-92
restrictions on communication through
professional society meetings and
publications, 19, 127, 159, 162-163,
185, 210
sensitive but unclassified, restrictions
on, 21, 25, 126-127, 162-163
transfers by Japan, 215
Technology transfer
between Japan and South Korea, 204
criticism of U.S. limits on, 185, 195-197,
210-211
military, to NATO by U.S., 73, 194
scope of problems with, 4-7, 40-52
U.S., pre-WWII to Japan, 71-72, 101
n. 5
within CoCom, recommendations for,
19, 171-172
Third countries
adequacy of controls of, 148
bilateral agreements between U.S. and,
8, 14, 18, 24, 67, 71, 149, 157, 169-170,
199, 212-213
CoCom surveillance of exports to, 139
European views on export control for,
186, 198
recommended restrictions on exports to,
23-24, 109, 169
see also Newly industrializing countries;
Non-CoCom Free World countries;
Pacific Rim countries; and specific
countries
Trade barriers, proposed EEC elimination
of, 193, 195
Transit trade
Hong Kong treatment of, 208, 217
importance in Europe, 190, 198-199
U
United Kingdom
controls on West-West exports, 140
employment of scientists/engineers, 60,
62
views on U.S. export control system,
192-193, 200
see also Great Britain
United States
bilateral export control agreements
between non-CoCom Free World
countries and, 8, 14, 18, 24, 67, 71,
148-149, 157, 169-170, 199, 212-213
challenges to high-technology leadership
of, 7, 59-68, 155, 203-204, 205
competitive effects of controls on, 9-12,
19, 55-58, 65, 67, 116-126, 153, 157,
158, 160, 186, 211, 213-214, 222-227,
247-249, 255, 271
computer exports, 114, 117, 124-125,
232, 269
controls on West-West exports, 140
defense expenditures to counter Soviet
acquisitions, 110
destinations of high-technology exports
from, 230-231
disparities between commercial and
military technological development, 56
distribution of foreign sales, 269
economic impact of national security
controls, 6-7, 9, 30, 120-121, 130, 152,
252-277
economic importance of exports of,
57-58
employment losses due to national
security controls, 275
employment of foreign nationals in
R&D, 17, 155-156
employment of scientists/engineers, 60,
62
export control between Canada and, 82,
90,91, 117, 138,230,259
extraterritorial jurisdiction, see Reexport
controls
global economic interaction of, 56-59
imports of manufactured goods, 57
R&D expenditures, 9, 59-61, 274
reliance on Japanese components, 55
restrictions on filing patents in Japan, 91
revenue losses for West-East exports,
272-274
revenue losses for West-West exports,
266-272
OCR for page 319
INDEX 3 19
role of science and technology in
postwar defense, 74
and Soviet technological development
compared, 5-6, 47-49
trade losses with Soviet bloc, 122-123
trade volume approved for reexports,
117
weapons system development costs, 56
U.S. allies
objections of, to U.S. assertion of
extraterritorial jurisdiction, 9, 12, 16,
18, 99, 125, 144-147, 149, 154, 158,
186, 187, 192, 194, 195, 199, 211, 245
technological progress of, 64-65
U.S. sanctions against, 96-97
U.S. businesses
administrative costs of export controls,
245-247, 264, 266
affected by export controls, 233-234
concerns about handling of license
applications, 234-235
export control views and practices,
213-214
high-level input into export policy
formulation, 20, 21, 27, 164, 176
voluntary compliance in enforcement of
controls, 22, 164
U.S. Control List
categories, 81, 231-232
commodity classification descriptions,
81-82
criteria for compiling, 16, 153-154
differences between CoCom List and, 8,
123
integration of MCTL with, 21, 27,
128-129, 163, 176
recommended limits on, 13, 21, 27, 144,
151, 168-173
responsibility for compiling, 72
U.S. Customs Service
effectiveness in preventing diversion, 44
export control responsibilities, 8, 43, 93,
96, 131
see also Enforcement of export controls
U.S. Department of Commerce
export control responsibilities of, 8, 13,
91, 93, 96, 130-131, 133
ineffectiveness of foreign availability
program, 132, 156
recommended role in export control
process, 26, 174
U.S. Department of Defense
controls on unclassified technical data,
21, 126-127, 162-163
Defense Technology Security
Administration, functions of, 96, 132
delay in review of foreign availability
claims, 14, 132, 156-157, 175-176, 200
export control responsibilities of, 8, 13,
80, 93, 96, 112, 131, 161-162, 175
15-country list, 189, 259
policy for cooperation with NATO, 194
recommended balance between policy
and technical elements, 27, 175
U.S. Department of State
export control responsibilities of, 80, 93,
130-133
lack of leadership within CoCom
delegation, 160
recommended role in export control
process, 26, 174
U.S. Export Administration Act of 1979,
as amended
recommended implementation of,
173-174
scope of export control provisions, 37,
70, 80-81, 129, 175
U.S. Export Administration Amendments
Act of 1985
automatic licensing procedure, 87
diversion investigation authority, 43
mandate for decontrol on basis of
foreign availability, 18, 156
U.S. Export Administration Regulations
complexity of, 8, 21, 111, 113, 163-164
penalties for violations of, 92-93
responsibilities of foreign consignees
under, 249
for technical data, 81, 87-92
U.S. Export Control Act of 1949,
background and principles, 72
U.S. export control, administration of
concerns of U.S. firms about, 234-235
costs to U.S. businesses of, 245-247,
264, 266
company size and, 115-116, 153, 214,
226, 239-242, 244
deficiencies in, 20-22, 160-165, 252
efficiency of, 12-13, 111-116
improvements in, 252
recommendations for improving, 131
regulations governing, 81
responsibility for, 8, 13, 20-21, 70, 80,
91, 93, 96-97, 112, 130-133, 161-162,
175
U.S. export control policy
conflicts over direction and control of, 2,
22, 161-162, 177
OCR for page 320
320 INDEX
considerations influencing, 15-16,
151-152
East Asian views on, 210-212
effect of detente on, 74-75
European views on, 184-202
extraterritorial controls, 145-146; see
also Reexport controls
foreign policy pressures on CoCom,
144-145
general recommendations for, 4, 22
international cooperation with, 144-148
high-level industry input into, 20, 21, 27,
164, 176
political costs, 146-148
responsibility for formulating, 96-97,
173-174
test of, 147
toward PRC, 142, 144, 186, 194, 206, 259
see also Policy recommendations
U.S. export control regime
contrasted with foreign control systems,
222
East Asian views on, 210-212, 219-220
efficiency of, 111-116, 191
European views on, 192-197, 200-202
executive branch authority over, 72-73,
93
historical background on, 71-75
improvements in, 132-133
personnel deficiencies, 112, 113, 189
structure of, 7-8, 86-87
see also National security export
controls
U.S. export licenses/licensing
automatic procedure for, 87
availability of data on, 105, 222
certified end user (G-CEU), 83, 148
chronology of lengthy application
processing, 114
for CoCom International List exports,
83, 87, 109, 112, 148, 192
for CoCom member nations (G-COM),
83, 87, 109, 112, 148, 192, 233
comprehensive operations license
(COL), 90-91
computerization of, 115
delays, 114, 153, 201-202, 210, 213, 235
denials, 242-243, 274
discrimination in, 12, 21, 108-109,
115-116, 214
distribution of, by destination for level
of technology, 268; see also
Distribution licenses (U.S.)
Europeans' concerns about, 189, 191
for exchange of data with multinational
firms, 90-91
firm size differences in, 12, 115-116, 153,
214, 226, 239, 242, 244, 252
foreign sales covered by, 257-261
G-DEST, 82, 270
general, 82-83, 87-90, 92
government review of, 78-79
ITADA and ITADR, 25, 87-90, 117, 126,
128, 171
improvements in, 87, 109
individual validated, see Individual
validated licenses (U.S.)
for militarily sensitive items, 90, 128,
232-233
number of applications, 107, 117
operation and effects of, 221-253
procedures for obtaining, using, and
keeping, 111-112
processing times, 12-13, 87, 109, 113,
114, 116, 123, 235-242, 244, 252
project, 83, 229
for reexports, 83, 92, 105, 107, 112, 117,
196, 243-246
returned without action, 241-243
service supply, 83, 229
structure of, 76-79
suspension or revocation of, 92-93
for technical data, 87-92, 117
unnecessary applications, 112-113
U.S. firms' concerns about handling of,
234-235
U.S. Freedom of Information Act,
exemption of unclassified data from
disclosure through, 127
U.S. Militarily Critical Technologies List
(MCTL)
export licensing for items on, 90, 128,
232-233
improvements needed in, 13, 129
integration into U.S. Control List, 21,
27, 128-129, 163, 176
use for control of technical data, 127-129
U.S. Munitions List, responsibility for
determining, 80
U.S. National Security Council,
recommendations for implementing
export control policy, 26, 173-174
U.S. Office of Foreign Availability, results
of investigations of, 132
U.S. Office of Munitions Control, export
control responsibilities of, 80
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
export control functions of, 91
OCR for page 321
INDEX 321
see also Patents
U.S. Senior Interagency Group on Foreign
Policy, 96
U.S. Senior Interagency Group on
International Economic Policy, 96-97
U.S. Senior Interagency Group on
Transfer of Strategic Technology, 97,
102 n. 20, 131
U.S. Table of Denial Orders, 93
W
Walker espionage case, 42
West Germany, see Federal Republic of
Germany
West-East trade
by CoCo-m countries, volume of, 171-173
U.S. revenue losses for, 122-123,
272-274
West-West trade
CoCom bulk licenses for, 138
European views of U.S. restrictions on,
184-185
non-U.S. controls on, 140
removal of controls on, 144
U.S. revenue losses for, 266-272
see also Reexport controls; and specific
countries
Representative terms from entire chapter:
export controls
