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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1988. Improving Indicators of the Quality of Science and Mathematics Education in Grades K-12. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/988.
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References Aiken, L. R., Jr. 1970 Attitude towards mathematics. Review of Educational Research 40:551-596. Alexander, Kern 1985 Costs of Precollege Mathematics and Science Programs: Analysis and Potential Use for Resource Allocation. Paper prepared for the Committee on Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics, National Research Council. American Association for the Advancement of Science 1985a Biology textbooks. Scicnec Books er Films 20~5~:245-286. 1985b Project 2061: Education for a Changing Future: Phase I. What understanding of science and technology will be important for everyone in tomorrow's world? Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1986a Chemistry textbooks. Science Books ~ Filnu 21~5~:249-293. 1986b Physics textbooks special. Scicr~cc Books ~ Filmy 22~1) :1-28. American Chemical Society 1984 Tomorrow: The Report of the Task Force for the Study of Chemistry Education in the United States. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. American Institute of Physics (AIP) 1983 Salaries. AIP pub. no. R-311.01. Manpower Statistics Division. New York: American Institute of Physics. 152

REFERENCES 153 Anderson, C. W. 1985 Science Testing Programs and the Improvement of Teaching. Pa- per presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Ill. Anderson, C. W., and Smith, E. L. 1983 Children's Conception of Light and Color: Developing the Con- cept of Unseen Rays. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal. Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., and Reiser, B. J. 1985 Angoff, W. H. 1984 , _ ., Intelligent tutoring systems. Science 228:450-462. Scales, Norms, and Equivalent Scores. Princeton, N.J.: Educa- tional Testing Service. Armor, David, et al. 1976 Ar~olysie of the School Preferred Reading Program in Selected Log Angela Minority Schools. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Assessment of Performance Unit 1974- Science Report for Teachers: 1-5. Department of Education and 1975 Science, Welsh Office; Department of Education for Northern Ireland. Distributed by Garden City Press Limited, Letchworth, Hertfordshire SG6 HIS, Great Britain. Ausubel, D. B. 1968 Education Psychology: A Cogrutioc View. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Barr, Rebecca 1985 A Sociological Analysis of the Influence of Class Conditions on Mathematics Instructions. Paper presented at the annual meet- ing of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Available from the National College of Education, Evanston, Ill. Barrows, H. S., Norman, G. R., Neufeld, V. R., and Feightner, J. W. 1982 The clinical reasoning of randomly selected physicians in general medical practice. Clinical and Ir~vc~tigatioc Medicine 5:49-55. Becker, Henry Jay 1986 Instructional uses of school computers. Reports from the 1985 National Survey 1:1-12. Available from Center for Social Organi- zation of Schools, Johns Hopkins University. Begle, Edward G. 1979 Critical Variables in Mathematics Education. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Bell, A. W., Costello, J., and Kuchemann, D. 1983 A Review of Research ire Mathematical Education. Windsor, Berks. United Kingdom: NFER-Nelson. Berliner, David C. 1978 Allocated Time, Engaged Time, and Academic Learning Time in Elementary Mathematics Instruction. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, San Diego, Calif.

154 REFERENCES Berman, Paul, and McLaughlin, Milbrey W. 1974- Federal Programs S~porting Educational Change. 8 Vols. Prepared 1975 for U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1976 Human Characteristics and School Learning. New York: McGraw Hill. The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group in struction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Research 13:4-16. Blumberg, Fran, Epstein, Marion, MacDonald, Walter, and Mullis, Ina 1986 A Pilot Study of Higher-Order Thinking Skills Assessment Tech- niques in Science and Mathematics: Final Report. Parts 1 and 2. ME~G-84-2006-P4. Princeton, N.J.: National Assessment of Educational Progress. Bransford, J., Sherwood, R., Vye, N., and Rieser, J. 1986 Teaching thinking and problem solving: Research foundations. American Psychologist 41:1078-1089. Brophy, Jere E. 1986 Teacher influences on student achievement. American F7~ychologi~t 41 :1069-1077. Brophy, Jere E., and Good, Thomas L. 1986 Teacher behavior and student achievement. In Third Handbook of Research on Teaching, edited by M. C. Wittrock, 328-375. New York: Macmillan. Brown, J. S., and Burton, R. R. 1978 Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cognitinc Scicnec 2:123-146. Brown, J. S., and VanLehn, K. 1980 Repair theory: A generative theory of bugs in procedural skills. Cognitive Scicnec 4:379-426. Brownell, William A. 1947 The place of meaning in the teaching of arithmetic. Elementary School Journal 47(January):256-265. Bruner, Jerome S. 1960 1984 1966 The Process of Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Towards a Theory of Instruction Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Bryk, Anthony S., Holland, Peter B., Lee, Valerie E., and Carriedo, Ruben A. 1984 Effcetivc Catholic School`: An Exploration. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Catholic Education Association. Burkhardt, Hugh 1986 The Languayc of Functions and Graphs. London: Joint Matriculation Board Shell Centre for Mathematical Education, University of Nottingham. Burton, Richard R., and Brown, John S. 1979 An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning ac- tivities. International Journal of Man-Machinc Stucco 11:5-24.

REFERENCES 155 Byrne, C. J. 1983 Teacher Knowledge and Teacher Effectiveness: A Literature Re view, Theoretical Analysis and Discussion of Research Strategy. Paper presented at the meeting of the Northwestern Educational Research Association, Ellenville, N.Y. Cain, G. C., and Watts, H. W. 1970 Problems in making inferences from the Coleman Report. Amer- ican Sociological Review 31:228-242. California Department of Education 1984 ScicnecFFamework Addendum. Sacramento: California Department of Education. Carey, Neil 1986 Instructional Indicators in an Educational Monitoring System: Alternatives and Recommendations. Working draft prepared for the National Science Foundation. WD-2919/4-NSF. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. Carley, M. 1981 Social Measurement and Social Indicators. London: George Allen and Unwin. Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy 1986 A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the Blat Century. Report of the Task Force on Teaching as a Profession. New York: Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy. Catterall, James S. 1986 Resource Indicators and Social Commitment to Education. Working draft prepared for the National Science Foundation. WD-2919/8-NSF. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. Cavana, G. R., and Leonard, W. H. 1985 Extending discretion in high school science curricula. Science Education 69~5~:593-603. Cavin, Edward S. 1986 A Review of Teacher Supply and Demand Projection by the U.S. Department of Education, Illinois, and New York. Paper prepared for the Panel on Statistics on Supply and Demand for Precollege Science and Mathematics Teachers, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Available from Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Princeton, N.J. Charters, W. W., Jr. 1970 Some factors affecting teacher survival in school districts. Amer- icar~ Educational Research Journal 7~1~:1-27. Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., and Glaser, R. 1981 Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cog nitioc Scicnec 5:121-152. Chipman, S. F., Brush, L. R., and Wilson, D. M., eds. 1985 Women and Mathematics: Balancing the Equation. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Clancey, W. J. 1979 Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue. International Journal of Man-Machinc Studies 11:25-49.

156 REFERENCES Cohn, E., and Riew, J. 1974 Cost functions in public schools. Journal of Human Resource (3~:422-434. Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobsen, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A., Weinfield, F. D., and York, R. T. 1966 Equality of Educational Oppo~un*y. Washington, D.C.: U.S. De- partment of Health, Education, and Welfare. Committee on Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education 1985 Mathematics, Science, and Tcchr~ology Education: A Research Ager~da. Available from the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Interdisciplinary Research in Mathematics, Scicr~cc, and Technology Education. Available from the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences 1983 The mathematical sciences curriculum K-12: What is still fun damental and what is not. In Educating Americana for the £Ist Century: Source Materials. National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. 1987 Confrey, Jere 1985 A Constructivist View of Mathematics Instruction: A Theoret ical Perspective. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Ill. Connecticut State Department of Education 1985 Teacher Supply and Demand in Conuccticut. April 4, 1985. Hartford: Connecticut State Department of Education. Connell, J. P. 1985 A new multidimensional measure of children's perceptions of control. Child Dcoclopmcnt 56:1018-1041. Connell, J. P., and Ryan, R. M. 1984 A development theory of motivation in the classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly 11~4) :64-77. Cooley, W., Bond, L., and Mao, B. J. 1981 Analyzing multi-level data. In Educational Evaluation Methodology, edited by R. Berk. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Council of Chief State School Officers 1984 Education Evaluation and Asscesmer~t in the United States. Position Paper and Recommendations for Action. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers. Cronbach, L. J., and Meehl, P. E. 1955 Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 52:281-302. Cronbach, L. J., and Snow, R. E. 1977 Aptitudes and Instructional Methods: A Handbook for Research on Interaction. New York: Irvington. Crosswhite, F. Joe 1972 Corrclatce of Attitudes Toward Mathematics. National Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Abilities Report No. 20. Pasadena, Calif.: A. C. Vroman.

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This book presents a carefully developed monitoring system to track the progress of mathematics and science education, particularly the effects of ongoing efforts to improve students' scientific knowledge and mathematics competency. It describes an improved series of indicators to assess student learning, curriculum quality, teaching effectiveness, student behavior, and financial and leadership support for mathematics and science education. Of special interest is a critical review of current testing methods and their use in probing higher-order skills and evaluating educational quality.

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