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Biodiversity (1988)

Chapter: Index

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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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INDEX

A

Aardvark (Oryceteropus afer), 151

Acacias (Acacia spp.), 161, 374

Acadia National Park (Maine), 183

Acid rain, 22, 25, 75

Adaptive radiation, 150, 182

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), 243

Afforestation, 60

Africa

biogeographic setting, 249

conservation approaches, 248–259

deforestation projections, 64–65

dry tropical regions, 130

endemism centers, 249–252

extinction rates, 64–65

fragility and vulnerability of ecosystems, 258

grasslands, 176, 177

Great Lakes, 252

heathland shrubs, 251

introduced species, 251, 252

monitoring of ecosystems, 257–259

protected areas, 11, 254–257, 259

rain forest replacement by savannas, 56

Sahelian area, 177

Serengeti, 176

species diversity, 31, 64–65, 249–252

see also East Africa;

West Africa;

and specific countries

African eggplants (Solanum spp.), 244

African invader (ant), 251

African tilapia (Tilapia spp.), 347

African Wildlife Foundation, 147

Afrotropical realm, 249–251, 254

Agency for International Development, U.S.

conservation strategy, 16, 410, 414, 416

developmental assistance in conservation, 405, 413–414

Panama natural resources project, 415

Agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), 356, 375

Agriculture

conversions of grasslands, 176–177, 179

desert-farming module, 346–351

developing world, 79–80, 406

exchange economy growth, 206–210

intensification of productivity, 394, 406

peasant, 79–80, 114, 363–366

slash-and-burn, 141, 151, 327–328, 371, 413

tropical forest plant contribution, 107

see also Crops;

Cultivation

Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), 84

Agroecology, 134, 136, 207, 208, 346–352, 357–358, 361–369

Agroforestry, 373–374, 395–396, 406

Alder (Alnus spp.), 171

Algae, red (Digenea simplex), 86

Allelic diversity, see Genetic diversity

Allelochemicals, 111

Alligators (Alligator spp.), 201, 203, 264, 266

Alpacas (Lama pacos), 100

Altieri, Miguel A., 361–370

Amazonia

Brazilian, 29, 114, 120, 124, 126–127, 138–142, 329, 406

conservation of tropical forests, 32, 406

deep ecology, 8

deforestation projections, 120

Ecuadorian, 79

forest fires, 67, 326–327

history, 124–125

human disturbances, 327–328

hunting, 139, 146

Indians, see Amerindians

natural disturbances, 326–327

natural pesticides, 111

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

new crops, 109–110

Peruvian, 5, 31, 124

projected species losses, 11, 31–32

restoration of degraded lands, 326–332

species richness, 39, 106

swamps, 110

valuation of plants, 106

Amberjack (Seriola dumerili), 45

American kestrel (Falco sparverius), 280

Amerindians

Aztecs, 109, 279

Brazilian Amazonia, 114, 138–143

deforestation effects, 114, 142–143

Gavioes, 142

Kutchin, 279

Kayapo, 140, 141

management of forest resources, 79–80, 114, 138–143

Mayans, 80, 358

poison use, 87, 111

productivity, 142

Ramkokamekra Canela, 142

Yanomami, 138–142

see also specific Indian groups

Ammonites, longevity, 7–8

Amphibians, 5, 131, 167, 170, 266;

see also specific species

Andes mountains

agroecological practices, 367

conservation value, 133

deforestation, 120

habitat destruction, 229

uplifts, 124–125

wild tomato, 99, 110

Andropogon spp. (grasses), 186, 314

Angkor rain forest, 9

Angola

birds, 252

Giant Sable Integral Nature Reserve, 254

lowland forests, 254–255

Mount Moco, 252

primates, 149–150

Animals, 81, 290, 296, 313, 356–357;

see also Birds;

Fishes;

Insects;

Mammals;

Primates;

Reptiles;

Vertebrates;

and specific species

Antarctica, 39

Antelope, pronghorn (Antilocarpa americana), 71

Ants, 6, 7, 9, 111, 132, 251, 329, 330, 357;

see also specific species

Aquaculture, 44, 347–352

Aquatic food webs, 40–41

Aquifers, 72, 341, 387

Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), 265, 286, 290

Argentina, 176;

see also South America

Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), 81, 297

Arrow root (Maranta arundinacea), 374

Arthropods, pharmacologic interest, 93, 94

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus), 85, 107

Aru, 12

Ashton, Peter S., 9, 269–275

Asia

agricultural productivity intensification, 394–395

closed tropical forest status, 393–394

conservation policies, 396–398

deforestation rates, 64–65, 120, 393

development agencies, 398

extinction rates, 64–65

protected forests, 11

solutions to deforestation, 394–396

species diversity, 31, 64–65

wildlands of concern, 438–439

see also Southeast Asia;

and specific countries

Asimov, Isaac, 129

Aspen (Populus spp.), 167

Auk, Great (Penguinus impennis), 45

Australia

avian reintroductions, 281

biological invasions, 163, 182

dry tropical regions, 130

grasslands, 176

mapping vegetation, 228

Queensland, 228

Southwest, 269

woody plant diversity, 159

Austria, 75

Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), 146, 150, 264

Avocado (Persea americana), 111

Azalea, yellow (Rhododendron molle), 88

Azores, 161

Aztec Indians, 109, 279;

see also Amerindians

B

Babassú palm (Orbignya spp.), 113

Bacabá (Oenocarpus bacaba), 113

Bacteria, 7, 15, 22, 93

Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), 201, 222, 264–265, 280–282

Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), 187

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), 84

Barley, cross-breeding, 110

Barro Colorado Island (Panama), 12, 375

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Bay checkerspot (Euphydryas editha bayensis) butterflies, 22

Beans, 87, 111, 243, 244;

see also specific species

Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus), 356

Bears (Ursus spp.), 71, 75

Beech (Fagus sylvatica), 451

Beetles, 123, 127–128, 215;

see also specific species

Belding’s Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi), 319, 323

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna), 84

Bering Sea, 46

Betel-nut palm (Areca catechu), 84

Beza-Mahafaly project, 152

Biodiversity

aquatic, 171–172

benefits of, 21, 73, 81–82, 103, 296;

see also Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived

burning effects, 80, 177–178

causes and consequences of losses, 14, 21–26, 59, 63, 72–73, 131, 197, 231, 263–264, 280–281, 446;

see also Deforestation;

Habitats destruction

characteristic, 42, 44, 45

Christian view, 481–485

classification, see Taxonomy

coevolution, 203, 207–210

communicating the importance of, 82, 465–469

costs of research, 102

crises in geologic past, 51–57;

see also Extinctions

current state, 3–18

in dance, song, story, and poetry, 470–480

definition, 3, 36, 71

diversification, 160, 209–210, 275

economic considerations, 14–16, 79–82, 114–115, 206–210, 212–213, 415, 441, 443;

see also Resource economics

endemic, see Endemism

estimating losses, 10–14, 22, 26, 44, 58–69

ethical considerations, 16, 80–81

extinction, see Extinction;

Extinction rates

formation, 209

gene pool reductions, 7, 11–12, 22, 32, 81

global role, 3, 10–12, 21–35, 48, 409

human dependence, 3, 21, 58, 81–82, 99

industrial uses, 112

information management, 231–238

interdependence among species, 203, 275

log factor, 169–171

medicinal uses, see Drugs and pharmaceuticals;

Medicine;

Traditional medicine

Mediterranean-climate region, 160–162

megadiversity countries, 145, 152–153

monitoring, 227–230, 231–239, 257–259

moral value, 201–202, 215–216

patterns, 422–423

prevention of losses, 13–17, 22, 25–26;

see also Conservation;

Preservation

productivity correlation, 42, 44

research goals, needs, and challenges, 14, 38–40, 46

serendipity and exploration, 98–105

species numbers and richness, 3–7, 14, 42, 64–65, 68, 131, 200, 232

structural dynamics, 160, 169–171

taxonomy, see Taxonomy

tropical compared to temperate regions, 158–160

urban area, 71–76

valuation, 47, 98–105, 193–222;

see also Resource economics

Vavilovian centers, 242–243

see also Genetic diversity

Biogeography

island, 6, 11, 12–13, 29–32, 42, 100, 269–270, 275

marine, 37–38, 41–43

shallow-time data use in, 52

Biological engineering, 377–389

Biomass production, 23, 61, 359, 377–386

Biophilia, 16–17, 99

BioSciences Information Service (BIOSIS), 246

Birch (Betula spp.), 167, 451

Bird’s beak, salt marsh (Cordylanthus maritimus), 317, 322

Birds

African, 251–252

as analogs of filter feeders, 39

artificial insemination, 281, 303

breeding success, 186, 280–282

diurnal raptors, 280–282

diversity, 5, 9, 39, 131, 150, 250, 266

ecology, 22

extinction, 11, 12, 45, 63, 66, 71, 74, 151, 181, 183, 279–288, 317–319

forest habitats, 170

grassland species, 178

ground-nesting, 186

habitat size, 178

human-imprinted, 281

Madagascar, 150

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

North American, overwintering, 22, 135

reintroductions, 282–284

resilience of species, 66

rookeries, offshore, 75

Santa Rosa National Park species, 131

urban losses, 71, 74

see also specific species

Birthwort (Corydalis ambigua), 89

Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus), 90

Bison (Bison spp.), 7, 71, 264, 282

Black-footed cat (Felis nigripes), 300

Black Forest (Federal Republic of Germany), 75

Black mustard (Brassica nigra), 84

Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), 88, 313

Bluestem, big (Andropogon gerardi), 314

Blue whale (Sibbaldus musculus), 213

Boars, wild (Sus scrofa), 188

Boggle unit of ignorance, 204–205

Bolivia, 148, 149–150, 367

Borneo, 9, 31, 67

Botanical gardens

conservation methods, 271–273

genetic consequences of conservation, 273–275

role, 114, 276–277

see also specific botanical gardens and museums

Botanochemicals, 112

Brady, Nyle C., 409–418

Brazil

Acre State rubber tappers, 139

Amerindians, 114, 138–144

Atlantic coastal forest, 10, 29–30, 72, 145, 147–149

colonization program, 143

conservation programs, 405–406

extinction of birds, 13

Manaus, 124, 126

new crops, 111–113

Para State, 142

primates, 146, 149–150

Rondonia project, 15, 29, 126

São Paulo, 72, 148

tropical forest area, 147–148

Tucurui Dam construction, 15

Brazil nuts, 142

Brazilian Shield, 125

Brome grass (Bromus tectorum), 162

Bronx Zoo (New York City), 282

Brookfield Zoo (Chicago), 147

Broom, Scotch (Cytisus scoparius), 89

Brown, Lester R., 446–449

Buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa), 109–110, 114

Burley, F.William, 227–230; 403–408

Burma, 29, 148, 397, 400

Burning

effects on biodiversity, 80, 177–178

forests, 79, 130

prescribed, 173

see also Fires

Butterflies, 22, 72, 75, 131, 238;

see also specific species

C

Caa-hê-hê (Stevia rebaudiana), 89

Caboclos (forest-dwellers), 139

Cacti, 100

Cade, Tom J., 279–288

Caffeine, as a natural insecticide, 112

Cairns, John, Jr., 333–343

Calabar beans (Physostigma benenosum), 87, 111

California

barley, 110

Berkeley, 75

exotic species invasion, 161, 163

floristic diversity, 159, 161, 163–164

grasslands, 161

loss of diversity, 71, 73, 75, 161

parks and reserves, 161

San Francisco Bay Area, 71, 73, 75

wetlands restoration, 317–325

California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), 45, 201, 215, 222, 280, 282, 284, 288

California least tern (Sterna albifrons browni), 317, 322, 323

Calvaria major (tree), 357

Cameroon, 29, 148

Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), 85

Canary Islands, 161, 163

Cancer treatment, 85–90, 92, 94;

see also Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived

Cape Floristic Kingdom (Africa), 251

Captive breeding, see Preservation;

Zoological parks;

and specific zoos and parks

Carabid beetle (Agra arrow), 128

Caribbean islands, 10, 65–67;

see also specific islands

Carp, Chinese, 347

Caryodaphnopsis theobromifolia (tree), 111

Cassava (Manihot spp.), cross-breeding, 110

Cat, black-footed (Felis nigripes), 300

Catastrophes, natural, 65, 67, 169

Catfish, North American (Ictalurus spp.), 347

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.), 171

Cedar (Thuia spp.), 456

Cenozoic era, 8, 51

Central African Republic, 148–150

Central America

deep ecology, 79

deforestation rates, 120

new crops, 109

rain forest species diversity, 9

see also Latin America;

and specific countries

Cerrado, 140

Challinor, David, 493–496

Channel Islands National Park (California), 182–183

Chaparral, inland, 75

Chargaff, Erwin, 216

Charismatic megavertebrates, 145, 258, 293

Cheetahs (Acinoynx jubatus), 286

Chestnut, American, 215

Chestnut, horse (Aesculus hippocastanum), 84

Chile, 159, 164, 367

Chimpanzees (Pan spp.), 145–146, 264;

see also specific species

China, see People’s Republic of China

Chinampas (kitchen gardens), 336

Chinese carp, 347

Chinese maiden hair tree (Ginko biloba), 66–67

Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii), 90

Chipmunks, 71

Chmielewski, Tadeusz, 101

Choco forest (Colombia), threat to, 31

Chordates, pharmaceutical interest, 93, 94

Cichlidae, 252

Cinnamon, yellow (Ocotea glaziovii), 86

Cinquefoil (Potentilla fragarioides), 85

Citrus (Citrus spp.), 86, 89, 244

Classification systems

biogeographic, 229

biotic, in Africa, 253–254

habitat, 42–43

Holdridge Life Zone, 61

mapping centers of endemism, 253–254

Climate

ecological responses, 451–459

effects, 24, 25, 32, 56, 65, 73, 209, 451–459

human-induced, 22

Pleistocene epoch, 52

projected, 451–452

rainfall correlated with tree species richness, 62

species range shift in response, 453

see also Greenhouse effect

Club of Earth, 448–449

Coastal zones

characteristics and extent, 37, 42

classification, 42–43

ecological diversity, 36–49

forests, 37

human population, 45, 48, 75

marshlands, 75

productivity, 37

research needs, 48–49

see also Marine environments

Cobb, John B., Jr., 481–485

Coca (Erythroxylum coca), 85

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), 89

Coevolution, 203, 207–210

Coffee (Coffea spp.), 66, 110

Coiba (Panama), 12

Cold water spirit, 476–480

Coleoptera, see Beetles

Coles (Brassica spp.), 244

Colombia

Choco forest, 31

new crops, 109, 113

primates, 149–150

Commodities, see Crops;

Drugs and pharmaceuticals;

Fats;

Oils

Comoros Islands, 150

Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum), 314

Competition, interspecies, 184, 275;

see also Exotic species

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus), 45, 201, 215, 222, 280, 282, 284, 288

Coneflower, yellow (Ratibida pinnata), 314

Congo, closed tropical forest area, 148

Conifers, 167–169, 174, 378

Conservation

acquisition of land, 135

aesthetic reasons, 73

African examples, 248–259

benefits, 194–222, 267–268

costs, 267

debt forgiveness/economic assistance, 15

economic and political considerations, 74, 80, 121, 193–199, 213–214, 429–432

economic development, 14–16;

see also Resource economics

environmental impact analysis, 237

ethical issues, 80–81, 194

ethnobotanist role, 114

European policies, 75

focus, 106

forest, 396–398;

see also Reforestation

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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funding, 45, 145, 258, 406–407, 425, 441–442

impediments, 14, 68, 73, 197–198, 424–426

in situ, 105, 246, 253, 269, 293, 361–368;

see also Ecological Reserves;

Preserves

land administration, 236

Latin American perspectives, 428–436

major areas worldwide, 411

motivation, 467–469

movements and organizations, 74, 79–82

planning for climate change, 457–459

prioritization, 44–49, 80, 227–230, 236, 248–249, 269, 416–417

secondary forest role, 60, 62

size of populations and ecosystems, 228–229, 271, 412

stewardship, 172–173, 231, 236

strategies, 68, 82, 149, 169, 171, 253, 263–268, 270–273, 289–294, 396–398, 411–412, 434–436

systematic, 411–412

Third World responsibility-sharing with developed nations, 434–436

urban area, 73, 74

utilitarian reasons, 80–82, 198

wetlands, 256

worthiness of species/habitats, 131–134, 221, 269

see also Ex situ conservation;

Preservation

Conservation Data Centers, 229, 414

Contingent valuation, 201, 218–220, 222

Contour hedgerows, 387–389

Conway, William, 263–268

Cook Islands, biological invasions, 185

Coral reefs

exploration, 5

productivity, 44

Scleractinia dominance, 55

threat, 8, 24, 33

see also Deep sea;

Marine environments

Cordgrass (Spartina foliosa), 320, 323

Corn, 110, 202–203, 222;

see also Maize;

Teosinte

Costa Rica, 131, 158–159, 338, 346, 357, 415

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), 86

Cotton-top tamarin (Sageunus oedipus), 146, 296

Cougars (Felis concolor), 71

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), 243

Coyotes (Canis latrans), 132

Crab, horseshoe (Limulus spp.), 40

Cranes, 222, 255–256, 264, 266, 285, 286;

see also specific species

Crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis), 280

Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), 87

Cretaceous-Tertiary Period, 52, 54–55, 121

Crocus (Colchicum autumnale), 85

Crops

Amerindian, 138

cross-breeding, 101–102, 110–111, 241, 244, 274

disease resistance, 110, 242, 361

fuelwood, 395

genetic diversity, 15, 81, 208

genetic resource activities, 242

germplasm, 242–244, 363–365

inefficient use, 23, 108

landraces, 241–243, 246, 276, 362, 365

loss of potential species, 81, 365

new, 107–110

origins, 15, 81, 99–100, 107–108, 110–111, 132, 207, 242–244, 273–274, 362–363

resources for genetic conservation, 244–245

tree, 394–395

Vavilovian centers, 242–243

yields, 25, 241

Cross-breeding

characteristics controlled, 241

crops, 101–102, 110–111, 241, 244, 274

embryo rescue techniques, 244

potatoes, 102, 110

primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools, 244

tomatoes, 101–102, 110

Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus spp.), role and value, 423

Cryopreservation

embryos, 292, 302–303

seed, 272

semen, 303–304

Cubé root (Lonchocarpus nicou), 88

Cultivation

acid latosols, 395

alley-cropping, 395

broad-scale, 30, 271

effects on oceanic islands, 181

habitat conversion, 75

medicinal plants, 95

plantation, 271, 378–386, 394

shifting, 29, 138, 140–142

small-scale, 29

strip-cropping, 363

Curare (Chondrodendron tomentosum), 90, 111

Curcurbits, 244

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Curtis, John, 312

Cushion plants, 100

Cypress (Chamaecyparis spp.), 456

D

Daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerarialfolium), 111

Darwin, Charles, 10

DDT, 280, 282

Deep ecology movement, 79–82

Deep sea, 5, 38;

see also Coral reefs;

Marine environments

Deer, 71, 132, 264, 346, 455;

see also specific species

Deforestation

alternatives, 370–375

causes, 10, 120, 124, 394

climatic effects, 32

closed and open forests, 60–61

costs to remedy, 16

effects generally, 24, 103, 120–121

effects on Amerindians, 114, 142–143

extinctions, 31, 60, 62–64, 120, 121

rates, 8, 11, 29, 60–65, 119–122, 124, 148, 393–394

remote-sensing surveys, 29

solutions, 15–16, 394–396;

see also Conservation;

Forests;

Rain forests;

Reforestation;

Temperate forests;

and specific forests

Desert-farming module, 346–351

Desmodium ovalifolium (vine), 374

Developing countries, see Third World

Development assistance, see Agency for International Development;

World Bank

Diamond, Jared, 12

Diego Garcia Island, 183

Dinosaurs, 55, 200, 249

Diversification, see under Biodiversity

DNA

flux theory, 245

libraries, 272, 292

structure in house mouse, 7

Dodo (Raphus cuculatus), 357

Doolittle, Ford, 487

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga spp.), 75, 167–168, 453

Dresser, Betsy L., 296–307

Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived

abortifacient, 90

adrenergic blocker, 90

amebicides, 86

analeptic, 88

analgesic, 85, 87–89

anesthetic, 85, 111

anthelmintic, 84, 88

anti-gout, 85

antiarrhythmic, 88

antibiotic, 84, 86–87, 93

anticholinergic, 84, 86

anticholinesterase, 87

antidepressant, 86

antidysentery, 84

antiemetic, 89

antifungal, 89

antihemorrhagic, 86, 89

antihepatotoxic, 89

antihypertensive, 85, 88–89

antiinflammatory, 84–85

antimalarial, 88

antiparkinsonism, 86

antipyretics, 85–88

antitumor, 85–87, 89–90, 92, 94

antitussive, 84–88

aphrodisiac, 90

ascaricide, 86, 89

astringent, 86

bronchoconstrictor, 89

bronchodilator, 87–88

cardiotonic, 84–87, 89

chemical information, 93–94

choleretic, 85

cholinesterase inhibitors, 86

contraceptive, 86

costs of development, 83, 91, 95

dental plaque inhibitor, 89

detoxicant, 87

discovery programs, 83, 94–96

diuretic, 89

emetics, 86

escharotic, 88

expectorant, 88

folkloric claims, 84–90, 93, 95

hemostatic, 85, 86

herbal, 91–92

importance globally, 83–92, 97

laxative, 85, 89

mucolytic, 85, 87

muscle relaxant, 84, 87, 90

ocular tension reducer, 89

oxytocic, 87, 89–90

parasympathomimetic, 88

pharmacological information, 93–94

proteolytic, 86, 87

rubefacient, 84–85, 87

screening, 92–95

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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sedative, 88–90

stimulants, 84–85, 87, 89–90

sympathomimetic, 86

testing on animals, 81

tranquilizer, 85, 87–88

vasodilator, 89

Dumoga Bone National Park (Indonesia), 397, 405, 440

Dushen (wood grass product), 359, 379–386

E

Eagle owl (Bubo bubo), 282

Eagles, 201, 222, 264–265, 280–282;

see also specific species

Earth as a living organism, 486–489

Earth First! movement, 79

East Africa, 31, 438;

see also Africa;

and specific countries

Echinoderms, 8;

see also Marine environments

Eckholm, Erik, 81

Ecological reserves

Asian region, 396

butterfly survival, 72

climate change effects, 451–459

edge effects, 269

effectiveness, 174

management, 457–459

most favorable sites, 269

protection strategies, 120–121

size factor in success, 313, 451

studies, 339–340

see also specific reserves

Ecological restoration, see Restoration of species

Ecology, deep, 79–82

Economics, see Biodiversity, economic considerations;

Global exchange economy;

Resource economics

Ecosystems

alteration, 186–187

coevolution, 203, 207–210

gnotobiotic, 340–341

restoration, see Restoration of species

Ecuador

closed tropical forest area, 148

deep ecology, 79

deforestation, 11, 29–30

new crops, 109

timber trees, 111

urban areas, 79

woody plant diversity, 159

Eggplants, African (Solanum spp.), 244

Ehrenfeld, David, 212–216

Ehrlich, Paul R., 21–27

Elephant birds (Aepyornis spp.), 151

Elephants, 21, 258

Eli Lilly Company, 94, 95

Elk, 71, 75, 264, 290

Embryo transfer, 298–302, 264, 266, 298–302

Endangered species

data base, 234

foster ecosystems, 62, 66

importance, 21, 106

loss of internal diversity, 7

number, 22

Endangered Species Act, 74, 289

Endemism

African centers, 249–252

Brazilian Atlantic coastal forests, 72

exotic species and, 68, 160, 162–163, 181–188

Mediterranean-climate regions, 160–163

North American grasslands, 179

primates, 148–150

South American tropical forests, 29–31, 148–149

Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni)., 24, 455, 456

England, see Great Britain

Equatorial Guinea, 149–150

Erosion, 73, 344–345, 447–448

Erwin, Terry L., 5, 123–129

Ethics

conservation, 16, 80–81, 200–205, 212–216, 217–223, 294

economic valuation of biodiversity, 217–218

Ethiopia, 100, 110

Ethnobotany, 95, 114, 358, 363–367

Europe, see specific countries

Everglades National Park (Florida), 182–183, 203

Evolution

description of processes, 32–33

extinction effects, 32–34, 51, 54–55

geographic speciation, 6

geologic record, 51–57

Homo sapiens, 55

islands, 182

rates, 182

successional, 125

see also specific geological periods

Ex situ conservation

animals, 289–304

application of techniques and species, 264–265, 271–273

costs, 267

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

crop genetic resources, 246

genetic consequences, 273–275

high technology, 289–294

hybridization, 274

plants, 265, 270–277

value, 312

see also Botanical gardens;

Conservation;

Restoration of species;

Zoological parks;

and specific botanical gardens and

zoological parks

Exotic species

control, 185, 187

development of reproductive technology, 305

establishment and maintenance, 73

importance, 65–67

invasion by South African fynbos, 160

invasion of high-endemic areas, 68, 160, 162–163, 181–188

invasion of grasslands, 178

invasion of islands, 181–188

naturalized, in California, 161

pests, 67, 72

urban areas, 73, 74

Extinction

biological proneness, 33, 74–75

causes, 3, 28, 29, 54, 59–60, 134, 181, 184, 196, 273, 454

climate changes, 209

deforestation-induced, 8, 60, 62–64, 181

dinosaur, 55, 121

disease factor, 184

episodic, 8, 52

evolutionary consequences, 32–34, 51, 54–55

habitat destruction, 3, 54, 59, 184

human population expansion, 59

geologic records, 26, 33, 51–57

grazing-induced, 184

insularization, 13, 74

invertebrate, 8, 72

islands, 181

Madagascar, 151

mass, 6, 8, 12, 26, 28, 33, 51–57, 63, 68, 134, 136

plants, 11, 12, 29, 33, 52, 63

predator factor, 66, 72, 184, 186

probability calculations, 7–8

rates, see Extinction rates

recovery time, 54

research priorities, 13, 52, 54, 57

secondary events, 74

spasms, 28, 30, 32, 33, 52–53, 467

stepwise, 52

technological amelioration, 26

urban area, 71

Extinction rates

animals, 29–30

area-species relationship, 6, 11, 12, 63

background, 28, 51, 52

current, 10, 13, 28, 29, 59, 63

deep-time, 54, 57

deforestation-related, 8, 62–65

estimation approaches, 10, 13, 29–32, 54, 59–60, 62–65

fossil lineages, 8, 13, 51, 54

future, 11, 30–32, 59–60, 63, 127, 289

islands, 181

Latin America, 64–65

marine, 7–8, 45

plants, 11, 12, 29, 33, 52, 63

primates, 120, 121

phytogeographical relationship, 62

shallow-time, 56

tropical forests, 10–13, 58–69, 121

Z factor, 63

F

Faba bean (Vicia faba), 243

Falcons, peregrine (Falco peregrinus), 264, 280–288, 293

Fallow deer (Cervinae dama), 346

Famine, from climate change, 24, 25

Farnsworth, Norman R., 83–97

Faroe Islands, 163

Fats, vegetable, industry uses and new sources, 112–113

Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, 147

Feral pigs and cats, 186, 187

Ferrets, black-footed (Mustela nigripes), 22, 290, 293

Fescue, Arizona (Fescue montana arizonica), 335

Fevillea spp. (vine), 113

Field stations, 103, 334–337;

see also specific field stations

Filter feeders, 39, 41

Fir, Douglas (Pseudotsuga spp.), 75, 167–168, 453

Fire tree (Myrica faya), 186

Fires

Andropogon grasses, 186

forest clearance, 67, 130, 134

forest recovery, 326–327

Volkswagen ranch, 141

see also Burning

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Fish berry (Anamirta cocculus), 88

Fishes

African, 252

anadromous, 171

diversity, 40–41, 71, 171–172, 222, 266

ecology, 22, 39

exotic species in California, 162

exploitation, 24

extinction rates, 7–8

habitat requirements, 22

plants poisonous to, 88, 111

restoration, 222, 286, 346–347

value, 222

see also specific species

Flagship species, 103, 145, 149

Flora, see Flowering plants;

Plants

Florida, 182, 203

Flowering plants

Cenozoic, longevity, 8

cultivation for food, 121

determinants of genetic patterns, 271

number of genes, 7

tropical region, 121, 158

see also Crops;

Plants

Food and Agriculture Organization, 398, 404

Food

chains, 40–41, 240–246

plants, 240–246, 358;

see also Crops;

Plants, edible

production, 44, 81, 99

resources, 23

Foreign Assistance Act, conservation amendments, 15–16

Forest-dwellers (caboclos), 139

Forests

acidification, 75

apete (patches), 140

boreal, 157

burning, 79, 130

closed, 60–61

development assistance, 404–406

coastal, 10, 29–30, 72

fallow, 61

formation, 125

gallery, 140

gardening, 373–374

logged, 60–61, 167

mature, 66

monsoon, 31

montane, 31

open, 60–61

patch dynamics, 75, 174

recovery, 60

remnant primeval, 169

research needs, 68

resilience, 61

secondary, 60–64, 66, 68, 141, 167;

see also Temperate forests

types, 61–62

see also Deforestation;

Rain forests;

Temperate forests;

Tropical dry forests;

Tropical forests;

and specific forests

Fossil records

climate change, 456–457

extinction rates, 8, 13, 51, 54

gaps, 55

rain forests, 56

Foxglove (Digitalis spp.), 84–87

Frankfurt Zoological Society (Federal Republic of Germany), 147

Franklin, Jerry F., 166–175

Freezing, see Cryopreservation

Freshwater habitats, see Rivers;

Wetlands

Fuelwood, 358, 403, 413

Fungi, 7, 93, 94, 214, 357, 374

Furbish lousewort, 127, 201

Fynbos, 159–161, 255

G

Gabon, 148, 149–150

Gaia, 37, 48, 469, 486–489

Galapagos Islands, 183, 187

Game management, 374–376

Gatun Lake (Panama), 12

Gavio Indians, 142;

see also Amerindians

Genetic diversity

allelic, 7

captive breeding populations, 290, 291

conservation, 240–241, 244–246, 270, 273–275, 361–368

crops, 81, 207–208, 240–246, 361–368

gene banks, 276, 361–362, 414

hamlet fishes, 40–41

importance, 24–25, 82, 388

islands, 184

monitoring, 240

old-growth forests, 167

population biology and molecular genetics, 291

reduction, 7, 11–12, 22, 32, 81, 179, 208, 378

research problem areas, 245–246

wild gene pools, 82

within species, 25

see also Biodiversity

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Genetic engineering, 110, 122, 134, 213

Geological records, 26, 33, 51–57

Geological time, 51–52, 54, 56–57;

see also specific geological periods

Germany, Federal Republic of, 75, 92

Germplasm, sources, 363–365;

see also Crops;

Genetic diversity;

Restoration of species

Giant Sable Integral Nature Reserve (Angola), 254

Gibson, R., 111

Ginger, wild (Asarum canadense), 313

Ginseng products, 91

Glaciation, 33, 56, 249

Global 2000 Report, 60, 63, 296

Global exchange economy

agricultural transformation, 206

biodiversity losses, 206–210

comparative advantage, 208

neoclassical model, 208, 210

see also Biodiversity, economic considerations;

Resource economics

Gnotobiotic ecosystems, 340–341

Goats (Capra hircus), 183

God, 215–216, 469, 483–485

Golden Gate National Recreation Area (San Francisco), 73

Golden Gate Park (San Francisco), 73

Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), 146, 149, 264, 286

Golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis), 86

Goldthread (Coptis japonica), 87

Goodland, Robert A., 437–445

Goosefish (Lophius americanus), 39, 40

Gorilla, mountain (Gorilla gorilla), 146, 222

Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), 282

Grasses, 134, 178, 202–203, 222;

see also Grasslands;

Grazing;

and specific species

Grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus sarannanum), 178

Grasslands

agriculture conversions, 176–177, 179

annual, 75

characteristics, 176–177

dambos, 255–256

diversity, 22, 176–179

endemism levels, 179

grazing, 176–179

Highveld, 255

importance, 157

invertebrates, 179

management, 177

origin, 179

pampas, 176

patch dynamics, 75

perennial, 161

preservation, 75, 177

puna, 100

shifting cultivation, 141

species invasions, 162, 178

steppes, 176, 177

subtle impacts, 177–179

see also Grasses;

Grazing;

Prairies

Grassle, J.F., 38

Grazing

benefits, 179

grasslands, 176–179

oceanic islands, effects, 181, 186

plants adapted to withstand, 100

Great auk (Penguinus impennis), 45

Great Britain, 72

Great Lakes (Africa), 252

Great Lakes (North America), 252

Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina-Tennessee), 159, 183, 188

Great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), 48

Greenhouse effect, 32, 450–452;

see also Climate

Green iguana (Iguana iguana), 356, 371–372, 435

Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), 282

Ground water, pattern changes, 72

Guanabana (Annona muricata), 109

Guanacaste National Park (Costa Rica), 159, 338

Guans, crested, 103

Guaraná (Paullinia cupana), 111–112

Guatemala, 29

Guava (Psidium spp.), 183, 187

Guppy, Nicholas, 15

Guyana 29, 148

H

Habitats

conversion to less-productive systems, 23, 25, 73–76

definition, 42

destruction, 10, 21–24, 25, 28, 30, 54, 56, 66, 73–75, 80, 187, 296, 317, 355, 410–411

disruption, 72, 74

diversity, 40–45, 75

forest structures, 170–171

fragmentation, 74, 338

Holdridge Life Zone Classification System, 61

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

insularization, 13, 74

loss of area, 56, 61, 74

management, 133

micro, 74, 126

mountainous, 71

ocean vents, 45

restoration, 122, 134–135

Haldane, J.B.S., 215

Haleakala National Park (Hawaii), 183

Hamlet fish (Hypoplectrus spp.), 40–41

Hamster, South African (Mystromys albicaudatus), 296

Hanemann, W.Michael, 193–199

Harlow’s rhesus monkey, 468–469

Harris’ hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), 282

Harvard Botanical Museum, 114

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 183, 187

Hawaiian Islands

avian reintroduction, 281

biodiversity losses, 157, 181

biological invasions, 163, 182–183, 184–185

deforestation, 187

endangered species, 181, 183

endemism, 181–183

extinctions, 183

forest dynamics, 184

human colonization, 182–183

Hawks, 281, 282;

see also specific species

Heath, woody plant diversity, 159

Hedgerows, 386–389

Heinroth, Oskar, 281

Hellebore, false (Veratrum album), 88

Hemlock (Tsuga spp.), 167, 453, 456

Hemp (Cannabis saliva), 89

Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), 86

Henslow’s sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), 178

Herbal Pharmacology Delegation, 92

Herbalism, see Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived;

Traditional medicine

Himalayan foothills, monsoon forests, 31

Hippopotamus, pygmy, 151

Holdren, John, 24

Holdridge Life Zones, 61

Holland, H.D., 487

Homo sapiens, evolution, 55

Honduras, 29

Hong Kong, 161

Hopkins bioclimatic law, 456

Horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), 178

Horned poppy (Glaucium flavum), 86

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), 84

Horseshoe crab (Limulus spp.), 40

House mouse (Mus musculus), 7

Huntley, Brian J., 248–260

Hurricanes, effects on species diversity, 65, 67;

see also Climate

Hybridization

ex situ conservation, 274

somatic, 244

tomatoes, 101–102

see also Cross-breeding

Hymenaea courbaril (tree), 357

I

Ice Age

climatic changes, 249, 457

tropical forest depletions, 33, 55

Iguana, green (Iguana iguana), 356, 371–372, 435

Iltis, Hugh H., 98–105

Inbreeding, gene loss, 296–297;

see also Genetic diversity

India

agroforestry program, 396–397

closed tropical forest area, 148

deforestation rates, 29

plant drug screening, 92

World Bank forestry/agricultural projects, 401

Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica), 84

Indian snakeroot (Rauvolfia serpentina), 84, 85, 88

Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata), 87

Indians, see Amerindians

Indonesia

deforestation rates, 29, 276

Dumoga Bone National Park, 397, 405, 440

National Botanical Garden of, 276

primates, 149–150

reforestation and conservation programs, 395, 397, 405

transmigration program, 395

tropical forest area, 147–148

wildlands of concern, 438

World Bank forestry/agricultural projects, 399

Indri (Indri indri), 146, 150–151

Information management, 231–238

Insecticides, see Pesticides

Insects

diversity, 3–5, 123, 126, 131

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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effects of destruction of, 24

global description, 232

host specificity, 123, 124–129

potential uses, 15

sap-sucking, 179

speciation, 56

see also specific species

Insularization, biodiversity losses, 13, 74

Inter-American Development Bank, 80

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 240–247, 361–362

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 60

International Legume Database Information Service, 246

International Rice Research Institute, 276

International Species Inventory System (ISIS), 266, 292–293, 297–298

International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)

biogeographic classification, 229

Conservation Monitoring Center, 292

Global Strategy for Primate Conservation, 146–147, 152

protected areas data base, 255

Red Data Books, 127, 257–259, 289

Species Survival Commission, 147

International Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens, 292

Introduced species, see Exotic species

Invasions, see Exotic species

Invertebrates

diversity, 3–5, 265–266

exploitation, 24

extinctions, 8, 72

grassland, 179

marine, 39

see also specific species

Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha), 86

Islands

adaptive radiation, 182

biogeography theory, 6, 11–12, 29–32, 42, 62, 100, 162–163, 181–189, 269–270, 275

deforestation, 62

exotic species invasions, 68

fragility, 65–66

remnant secondary forest, 67

South Pacific, threat to, 31

survivorship patterns of species, 8

see also Caribbean islands;

Oceanic islands;

West Indies;

and specific islands

Israel, 158–159

Ivory Coast (Africa), 31, 120, 438

J

Jaborandi (Pilocarpus jaborandi), 88

Jaguars (Felis onca), 103, 132

Japan, 12, 91–92

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), 284

Jenkins, Robert E., Jr., 231–239

Jordan, William R., III, 311–316

Junipers (Juniperus spp.), 171

K

Kampo, traditional medicine in Japan, 91–92

Kangaroo, tree (Dendrolagus spp.), 356

Karr, J.R., 12

Kartesz, John, 238

Karyat (Andrographis paniculata), 84, 87

Kava (Piper methysticum), 87

Kayapo Indians, 140, 141;

see also Amerindians

Kermadec Islands, 185

Kestrels, 280, 282, 382;

see also specific species

“Kingdom of the Apes,” 426

Kirtland’s warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii), 457

Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis), 108

Krill, 42, 47

Kruger National Park (South Africa), 258

Kudzu vine (Pueraria phaseoloides), 372

Kutchin Indians, 279;

see also Amerindians

L

Labrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius), 45

Lakes

freshwater, 75

geologically ancient, 8

oxbow, formation, 125

Land bridges, 6, 7, 12

Land management

agencies, 74

development planning aid, 237

strategies, 68–69

Landraces, 241–243, 246, 276, 362

Langurs, 297

Lark, horned (Eremophila alpestris), 178

Las Joyas field station (Mexico), 103

Latin America

Biogeography Project, 234–235

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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burning of forests for farmland, 79

Centres de Datos para la Conservacion, 233

conservation perspectives, 428–436

deep ecology, 79–80

deforestation projections, 64–65

extinction rates, 64–65

protected areas, 11, 428

species diversity, 31, 64–65

wildlands of concern, 439

see also Central America;

South America;

and specific countries

Lazarus effect, 55

Leafcutter ants (Atta spp.), 111, 329–330, 357

Lemurs, 145, 150, 151;

see also specific species

Leopards, 21, 472–473;

see also specific species

Leopold, Aldo, 279, 312

Lichens

Lobaria oregana, 167

pharmaceutical products, 93, 94

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 86

Light-footed clapper rail (Rallus longirostris levipes), 317, 322, 323

Lily, resurrection or magic (Lycoris squamigera), 86

Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis), 85

Lions, Asiatic, 291

Littlebird, Larry, 476–480

Lizard

leopard, 222

story, 478–480

Llamas, 100

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 336

Log factor in biodiversity, 169–171

Lonchocarpus spp. (vine), 111

London Zoo, 304

Lorcifera phylum, 46

Lorenz, Konrad, 281

Lovejoy, Thomas, 15, 421–427

Lovelock, James E., 37, 44, 48, 486–489

Lowlands, wet tropical, 158

Lugo, Ariel E., 58–70

Lulo (Solanum quitoense), 109

Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), 367

Luquillo Experimental Forest Biosphere Reserve (Puerto Rico), 67, 68

Luó guō di (Hemsleya amabilis), 86

Lynx, 71

M

Ma-huang (Ephedra sinica), 86, 88

Mackey, Dale, 296

Madagascar

biological invasion effects, 182

closed tropical forest area, 148

Coffea spp., 110

deforestation rates, 29–30

extinctions, 29–30, 151

forest cover, 10

habitat destruction, 187

palms, 150

primates, 145, 147–151

Madeira, floristic diversity, 161

Magnolia (Magnolia spp.), 103, 456

Maize (Zea diploperennis; Z. mays), 103–105, 121;

see also Corn;

Teosinte

Malabar nuts (Adhatoda vasica), 90

Malaysia

closed tropical forest area, 148

domestication of oil plants, 113

forest conservation policies, 396–397

forest productivity intensification, 374, 395

Jengka Triangle, 394, 397

wildlands of concern, 438

World Bank forestry/agriculture projects, 399

Mammals

artificial insemination, 303–304

diversity, 5, 71, 131, 250, 266

dynamics of large populations, 258

exchange via Panamanian land bridges, 6–7

extinctions, 184–186, 204, 357

game management, 374–376

herbivores, 185–186

introduced on islands, 184–186

word pictures and poems, 470–475

see also specific species

Manatees (Trichechus spp.), 453

Manioc (Manihot esculentia), 373

Manu Park Preserve (Peru), 120

Margarita, 12

Margulis, Lynn, 487

Marijuana (Cannabis saliva), 89

Marine environments

assimilative capacity, 49

classification, 42–43

ecological diversity, 36–49

extinctions, 52

farming, 37

food resources, 23–24

medical products, 93–94

net primary production, 24

pollution, 24

pelagic, 75

productivity, 42, 46

recovery from mass extinctions, 33, 54

research needs, 38–39, 48–49

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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stability, 42

temperate communities, 42

threatened, 24, 33

tropical reefs, 42

wave energy, 46

see also Coral reefs;

Deep sea

Marshlands

bay, 37, 75

restoration, 316–325, 341–342

Mather, Cotton, 99

Mauritius, 357

Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus), 280, 282, 382

May apple (Podophyllum peltatum), 86, 88–89

Mayan Indians, 80, 358;

see also Amerindians

McClure, Michael, 470–475

Meadowlark, eastern (Sturnella magna), 178

Medicine, see also Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived;

Traditional medicine

Mediterranean basin, transformation from native state, 161–162

Mediterranean-climate regions

biological richness, 158–160

floristic diversity, 160–162

human impact on biodiversity, 160, 162

introduction of exotic species, 162–164

Megamouth sharks (Megachasma pelagios), 46

Memphis Zoo, 304

Mencken, H.L., 265

Merrick, Laura C., 361–369

Mesoamerican dry forest, 134

Mesozoic era, 8, 11–13, 51

Mexico

closed tropical forest area, 148

conservation awareness, 429

crop germplasm resources, 363–364

deforestation rates, 120

environmental protection capabilities, 435–436

Jalisco, 103

kitchen gardens (chinampas), 366

maize, 103–104

Mayan farming, 80, 358

peasant agriculture, 363–364, 366

political environment, 431–432

Sierra de Manantlán, 103

socioeconomic environment, 429–431

Mice, 7, 71, 302;

see also specific species

Miocene age, 6

Misol, 12

Missouri

Babler State Park, 159

tall-grass prairie, 178

TROPICOS system, 246

woody plant diversity, 158–159

Missouri Botanical Garden, 114, 152

Mittermeier, Russell A., 145–154

Modeling

climatic effects on biodiversity, 52

predictive, 52, 237

refugium, 56

Monitoring techniques, 227–230, 231–239

Monkeys, see specific species

Mooney, Harold A., 157–165

Moonseed (Menispermum spp.), 456

Moose, 71, 264

Morocco, 346, 349

Morton, Eugene, 39

Mount Ranier National Park (Washington), 183

Mount Roraima (Venezuela), 98

Mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), 146, 222

Mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.), 335

Mouse lemur (Microcebus mirinus), 145, 150

Mozambique, 254–255

Muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), 145, 149

Murphy, Dennis D., 71–76

Mustard, black (Brassica nigra), 84

Myers, Norman, 10, 28–35

N

Nanaloricus mysticus (sediment organism), 46

NAPRALERT data base, 93

Naranjilla (Solanum quitoese), 109

Nasturtium (Rorrippa indica), 88

National Botanical Garden of Indonesia, 276

National Cancer Institute, plant screening for drugs, 92, 95

National Conservation Strategy Conference, 152

National Geographic Society, 114

National Heritage Data Centers

applications of data, 235–237

contributors, 238

distribution geographically, 233

functions, 232–234, 237–238

networking and central data bases, 229, 234–235

National Museum of Natural History, 234

National Parks, see Parks and recreation areas;

and specific parks

National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 15

Nations, James, D., 79–82

Natural selection, simulation ex situ, 274

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Nature Conservancy, 229, 232–238, 339, 414;

see also National Heritage Data Centers

Neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi), 22

Nepal

contour hedgerow project; 386–387

forest conservation policies, 397

World Bank forestry/agricultural projects, 401

Net primary production, 23–24, 26, 333

New Caledonia, 31

New Guinea

closed tropical forest area, 148

food plants, 395

land bridges, 12

Papua, 29, 148, 374

New York City

Botanical Garden, 114

Central Park, 73

Gateway National Recreation Area, 73

Zoological Society, 147

New Zealand

avian reintroductions, 281

biological invaders, 163, 183

Niche formation, 205;

see also Adaptive radiation;

Speciation

Nigeria, 29, 149–150

Nile perch (Lates nilotica), 252

Nimuendaju, Curt, 142

Norgaard, Richard B., 206–211

North America, exchange of land mammals between South America and, 6–7

North Atlantic, coastal and marine environments, classification, 43

Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), 167, 169

Norton, Bryan, 200–205

Nuts, 90, 142;

see also specific species

O

Oats (Avena spp.), 162, 243

Ocana, Gilberto, 370–376

Oceanic islands

atolls, 182

critical habitats, 187

ecological research, 187–188

ecosystem-level effects, 186–187

endemism, 182

evolution and speciation rates, 182

exotic species invasions, 181–188

extinction, 181–182

feral pigs and cats, 186–187

founder effects, 184

grazing, 181–182

habitat destruction, 182, 187

herbivorous mammals, 184–186

human colonization, 181–182

management and protection, 185

predators, 181–182, 184–186

rats, 186

susceptibility to invading species, 184–185

see also specific islands

Ocelots (Felis pardalis), 103

Office of Endangered Species, 75, 236

Office of Technology Assessment, 14

Óhiá (Metrosideros polymorpha), 184

Oils, industry uses and new sources, 112–113

Oops unit of loss, 204–205

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), 85, 87

Opler, Paul, 238

Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), 291

Orchids, 150, 133, 314;

see also specific species

Oregon, 159, 170

Organization of Timber-Exporting Countries, 15, 404

Orinoco basin, 11

Oryx, Arabian (Oryx leucoryx), 265, 286, 290

Osage oranges (Maclura spp.), 453

Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), 282

Owls, 167, 169, 282;

see also specific species

P

Pacas (Cuniculus paca), 356, 372–373, 375

Pagoda tree (Sophora pachycarpa), 87

Paleozoic era, 8, 11–13

Palms, 84, 109–110, 113, 114, 374;

see also specific species

Panama

AID natural resources project, 415

alternatives to deforestation, 370–375

beetle species, 123

captive breeding of pacas, 372–373

forest gardening, 373–374

land bridge, 6

management of game animals, 374–375

management of green iguana, 371–372

woody plant diversity, 158

Panama Canal Zone, 12, 159

Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), 45, 106, 470

Papaya (Carica papaya), 85, 87

Paradise tree (Simaruba glauca), 86

Parks and recreation areas

alien plants, 183

Central Park (New York City), 73

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Fairmont Park (Philadelphia), 73

Gateway National Recreation Area (New York City), 73

Golden Gate National Recreation Area (San Francisco), 73

Golden Gate Park (San Francisco), 73

Rock Creek Park (Washington, D.C.), 73

understory foliage removal, 75

value, 73

see also Zoological parks;

and specific parks

Parrot, Puerto Rican (Amazonia vittata), 286

Parrots, 39, 103, 286;

see also specific species

Parsley, prairie (Polytaenia nuttallii), 314

Patauá palm (Jessenia bataua), 113

Pawpaws (Asimina spp.), 453

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), 109, 374

Peccaries (Tayassu spp.), 135, 375, 453

Pelicans, California brown (Pelicanus occidentalis), 322

Penguins, 42, 47

Pennywort, Indian (Centella asiatica), 84

People’s Republic of China

crops, 108, 379

deforestation, 379

Dushen production, 384–386

forestry projects, 406

ginko tree preservation, 66–67

plant screening for drugs, 92

population, 92

traditional medicine, 91, 92

Peppermint (Mentha spp.), 87

Perch, Nile (Lates nilotica), 252

Peregrine Fund, 283, 285;

see also Falcons

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus; Vinca minor), 90

Permian Period, 33, 52, 54

Persea spp. (trees), 111

Peru

Amazonian rain forest, 5, 31

Andes, 100

Central Selva Resource Management Project, 414

closed tropical forest area, 148

contrasted with Brazilian forest, 126–127

crops, 364

Cuczo, 100

Curahuasi, 101

deforestation rates, 29

fiber-producing plants, 114

gap analysis, 228, 229

Manu Park, 120

Napo center of Amazonia, 31

Palcazu valley project, 414

primates, 149–150

puna (grassland), 100

species richness, 100

Tambopata Reserve, 9, 124

tomato discovery, 99–100

Pesticides

caffeine, 112

DDT, 280, 282

ecosystem disruption, 72

methyl carbamate insecticides, 111

natural, from plants, 87, 107, 110–112, 357

pyrethrum insecticides, 111

rotenone, 88, 111

Peters, Robert L., II, 450–461

Petroleum substitutes, botanochemicals as, 112

Phanerozoic time, extinction data, 51–54, 57

Pharmaceuticals, see Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived

Pheasant’s eye (Adonis vernalis), 84

Philippines, 31, 397, 400, 438

Phlox, smooth (Phlox glaberrima), 314

Photosynthesis, 23

Phyla, marine and terrestrial, 38–39

Pickleweed (Salicornia bigelovii), 320, 323

Pigs

bearded (Sus barbatus), 356

feral, 186, 187, 356

Pike’s Peak Research Station (Colorado), 336

Pineapple (Ananas comosus), 85

Pine trees (Pinus spp.), 75, 167, 335

Pinyin (Daphne genkwa), 90

Piquiá (Caryocar spp.), 111

Plankton, 39, 41, 46, 47

Plant Conservation, Center for, 238

Plant Genetic Resources, International Board for, 241–246

Plants

Afrotropical realm species, 250–251

agricultural, 106, 112;

see also Crops

cellulose uses, 113

cultivation programs for new drugs, 95

defenses, 186

edible, 15, 107;

see also Crops

effects of climate change, 452

ex situ preservation, 265, 270–277

extinctions, 11, 12, 29, 33, 52, 63, 97

fats and oils, 112–113

fibers, 113–114

genetic resources, 97, 414;

see also Genetic diversity

human dependence, 106

in situ preservation, 105

industrial uses, 106, 112–114

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

interactions with animals, 186–187

lysine-containing, 109

medicinal, see Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived;

Traditional medicine

number of species, 3–5, 265

pesticides, 87, 107, 110–112

pigmenting agent, 90

poisons, 87–88

population management, 270

potential applications, 15, 106–115

projected extinction rate, 11, 12

propagation, 270

screening for medicines, 81, 83–97

seed banks, 271–272, 275;

see also Germplasm

species-specific natural selection, 275

sweeteners, 86, 87, 89

terrestrial compared to marine, 39

tissue cultures, 272

toxins, 87, 88, 111

tropical

urban usefulness, 73

see also Crops;

Flowering plants;

Grasses;

Grasslands;

Trees;

Weeds;

Woodlands;

and specific species

Pleistocene Epoch, 33, 52, 56, 57

Plotkin, Mark J., 106–116

Poisons, 87–88, 111

Polar regions, 39, 42, 46

Pollution

air, 25, 72

biological, 67, 72;

see also Exotic species

marine, 24

selective pressure, 206, 423

water, 72

Polychlorinated biphenyls, 72

Polymorphism, genetic, 7

Polynesia, 10

Pondicherry vulture (Sarcogyps calvus), 280

Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron spp.), 456

Poppy, 85, 86, 87;

see also specific species

Population growth (human)

coastal zones, 48, 75

conservation and, 425

effect on biodiversity, 21, 22, 25–27, 59, 63, 206

food supply and, 99

projected, 23, 63, 75

rare species response, 423–424

San Francisco Bay Area, 75

small-scale cultivators, 29

threat to rain forests, 10, 59, 80

Potatoes, 99–100, 110–111, 364;

see also specific species

Prairie chicken, greater (Tympanucus cupido), 178

Prairie parsley (Polytaenia nuttallii), 314

Prairies

ferret dependence, 22

fires, 177–178

restoration, 312–314

tallgrass, 177–178, 312–314

see also Grasslands

Predators/predation

as extinction factor, 66, 72, 185, 186

control programs, misdirected, 72

marine, 39, 40, 41

seed, 330–331

Preservation of species

animal marking and monitoring, 290, 375

artificial incubation, 264

artificial insemination, 264, 281, 303–304

artificial rearing, 264, 266

artificial selection controls, 274

breeding programs, 280–282, 290–291, 371–373, 396

captive management, 284–287, 289–293;

see also Zoological parks

cryogenic storage of seed, 272

disease management, 290

DNA libraries, 272

embryo cryopreservation, 302–303

embryo transfer, 264, 266, 298–302

fostering, cross-fostering, 264, 266, 283

gene banks, 276, 361–362, 414

germplasm, 242–244

hacking, 283

high-technology role, 263–268, 289–294

information management, 231–238, 291–293

limitations, 267–268, 363

long-term propagation, 264

primate, 146–148

relocation, 264

restraint and capture of animals, 289–290

role in conservation, 311

seed banks, 271–272, 275, 276, 363

short-term propagation and reintroduction, 264, 279–280

sperm and embryo banks, 297, 302–303, 304–305

sperm cryopreservation, 304–305

tissue cultures, 272, 274, 275

transplantation, 264

see also Conservation;

Cross-breeding

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Preserves

adequacy to prevent biodiversity losses, 22, 25

design, 232, 236

development, 74

grassland, 75

land administration, 236

oak woodlands, 75

selection, 232, 236

site management, 237

size considerations, 74, 75, 311

see also Ecological reserves;

and specific preserves and reserves

Primates

Beza-Mahafaly project, 152

Brazilian, 146–150

Central African Republic, 148–150

Colombia, 149–150

conservation strategies, 146–147

diversity, 145–146, 149

embryo collections and transfers, 298–299, 301

endangered status, 146, 152

endemism, 148–150

extinctions, 120, 121, 151

geographic distribution, 149

hunting, 120, 146, 151

IUCN efforts, 146–147

live trapping, 146

Madagascar, 145–152

medical uses, 81, 146

orangutans, 291

Peru, 149–150

population decline, 147

protection, organizations supporting, 146–147, 152

threatened, 145–146

value, 146

World Wildlife Fund efforts, 146

see also specific species

Pronghorn antelope (Antilocarpia americana), 71

Protists, 39

Protozoa, 93, 94

Public interest/awareness

effect on resource allocation, 58

extinction issues, 65

increasing, 26, 404, 446–448

Puerto Rico, 63, 66, 67, 68

Puna (Peruvian grassland), 100

Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes), 109

Pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), 145

Purple milk vetch (Astragalus dasyglottis), 335

Q

Quail, Japanese (Coturnix coturnix), 284

Quinine, wild (Parthenium integrifolium), 314

R

Raccoon (Procyon lotor), 71

Rail, light-footed clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes), 317, 322, 323

Rain forests

Amerindian management, 138–143

climate change effects, 209

conservation programs, 15–16, 135

definition and characteristics, 8–9

deforestation, 8–11, 28–29

ecology, 9

extent, 8

fossil record, 56

geographic distribution, 61

human population pressures, 80

logistic problems in studying, 126

lumbering, 15

New World tropical mainland, 11

Peruvian Amazon, 5;

see also Amazonia

refugia, 56

regeneration, 9, 60, 329;

see also Reforestation

soil, 9

species kills, 56

species richness, 3, 5, 8–10

threatened, 3, 9–10, 15, 16, 130;

see also Deforestation

value, 213

see also Tropical forests

Ramkokamekra Canela Indians, 142;

see also Amerindians

Ramos, Mario A., 428–436

Randall, Alan, 217–223

Rangoon creeper (Quisqualis indica), 88

Rats, 186, 375;

see also specific species

Rattans (Demoncus spp.), 114, 406

Rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), 87

Raup, David M., 51–57

Raven, Peter H., 119–122

Ray, C.Carleton, 36–50

Red Data Books, 127, 257–259, 289

Redwood forests, 75

Reforestation, 60, 140, 330–332, 378–379, 395–396

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Refugia

maps, 56

Pleistocene, in Afrotropical realm, 251

rain forests, 56

secondary forests, 65, 66

tropical dry forests, 131

Reproduction

artificial insemination, 264, 281, 303–304

breeding programs, 280–282, 290–291, 371–373, 396

breeding success of birds, 186, 280–282

cryopreservation, 272, 292, 302–305

embryo rescue techniques, 244

embryo transfer, 264, 266, 298–302

gene banks, 276, 361–362, 414

germplasm, 242–244

nonhuman primate, 298–299, 301

seed banks, 271–272, 275, 276, 363

sperm and embryo banks, 297, 302–303, 304–305

technological development, for exotic species, 305

tissue cultures, 272, 274, 275

see also Cross-breeding

Reptiles

diversity, 5, 131, 266

economic utilization, 356, 371–372

forest habitats, 170

see also specific species

Reserva Biosfera de la Sierra de Manantlán (Mexico), 103

Reserves, see Ecological reserves;

and specific reserves and preserves

Resource economics

anthropocentric, 21, 47, 217–218

contingent valuation, 202, 218–220, 222

cost-benefit analysis, 198, 221

decision-making criteria, 193–199

divide-and-conquer method, 201–205

empirical valuation techniques, 220–221

implicit pricing, 220

instrumentalist, 217–218

irreversibility problem, 195, 202–203

risk factor, 195, 219

safe minimum standard, 221

species aggregation level, 197, 214

utilitarian, 198, 217–219, 222–223

welfare change measurement approach, 194, 217–218

see also Biodiversity, economic considerations;

Global exchange economy

Resource management

agencies, 74

decisionmaking, 194

economic factors, see Resource economics

obstacles, 68, 197–198, 339

strategies, 68–69

Restoration ecology, see Restoration of species

Restoration of species

alternative ecosystems, 333

Amazonia, 326–332

effectiveness of projects, 314–316, 334–337

genetic consequences, 273–275

goal, 135, 344–345

Guanacaste National Park, 338–339

obstacles, 133–134, 328–330, 337–338

predictive modeling, 237

prospects, 341–342

socioeconomic factors, 314–316

strategies, 122, 134–135, 330–332, 344–352

technical, ecological feasibility, 313–314

tropical dry forests, 122, 133–135

University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum project, 312–314, 344

wetlands projects, 317–325

see also Preservation of species

Rhinoceros, 21, 264

Rice, 107, 110, 121, 364

Rick, Charles, 101, 103

Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), 150

Rio Palenque Biological Station (Ecuador), 11

Risser, Paul G., 176–180

Rivers

conservation needs in Africa, 256–257

diversity losses, 171

Robinson, Michael H., 355–360

Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Gothic, Colorado), 335, 336

Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado), 159, 183, 334, 339

Rodents, 356–357;

see also specific species

Rondonia (Brazil), 15, 29

Rodrigues Islands, 183;

see also Islands

Rubinoff, Ira, 370–376

Rye (Secale cereale), 243

S

Sage (Salvia oppositifolia), 75, 100

Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), 171

St. Helena, 183

St. Mary’s milk (Silybum marianum), 89

Salamanders, 7, 167, 339

Salmon (Salmo salar), 71, 286

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Salt marsh bird’s beak (Cordylanthus maritimus), 317, 322

San Francisco Bay Area, 71, 73, 75

San Juan Mountains (Colorado), 172

Sandpiper, upland (Bartramia longicanda), 178

Santa Catalina Mountains (Arizona), 159

Santa Rosa National Park (Costa Rica), 131

Savannas, 5, 56, 171, 255;

see also Grasslands;

Prairies

Scleractinia order, 55;

see also Coral reefs

Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), 89

Sea-blite (Suaeda esteroa), 320

Sea poppy (Glaucium flavum), 86

Sea turtle, Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), 286, 304

Seal, golden (Hydrastis canadensis), 86

Seal, Ulysses S., 289–295, 297

Seals, 42, 47, 86;

see also specific species

Seas, see Deep sea;

Marine environments

Seed

predation, 331–332

preservation, 240–247, 271–272, 276–277, 362

Senna (Cassia spp.), 85

Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park (California), 183

Seychelles, plant invaders, 163

Sharks, 46, 48;

see also specific species

Shen, Sinyan, 377–389

Shenandoah National Park (Virginia), 183

Shiner, striped, 222

Shrubland, 159, 171, 177;

see also Grasslands

Sierra de Manantlán (Mexico), 103

Sifakas (Propithecus spp.), 151

Sillen, Lars, 487

Silurian graptolites, 8

Siskiyou Mountains (Oregon), 159

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 370–376

Smooth phlox (Phlox glaberrima), 314

Smythe, Nicholas, 370–376

Snail darters, 127, 201, 222

Snakeroot, Indian (Rauvolfia serpentina), 84, 85, 88

Snow leopard (Felis undo), 472–473

Soil

erosion, 73, 344–345, 386–387, 447–448

fertility loss, 24

organisms, extinction, 24

Solanum spp., 109–111, 244;

see also specific species

Soulé, Michael E., 465–469

Soursop (Annona muricata), 109

South Africa

Cape Province, 269

fynbos, 159–161, 255

Karoo, 255

Kruger National Park, 258

plant species, 251, 269

South African hamster (Mystromys albicaudatus), 296

South America

dry tropical regions, 130

exchange of land mammals with North America, 6–7

new crops, 109

projected plant extinction, 11

rain forests, replacement by savannas, 56

rain forests, species diversity, 9

river conservation needs, 256

see also Latin America

Southeast Asia, 130, 145;

see also Asia;

and specific countries

Southern Ocean, key species, 42, 47

Soya bean (Glycine spp.), 244

Sparrows, 178, 319, 323;

see also specific species

Spearmint (Mentha spp.), 87

Spears, John, 393–402

Speciation, 32, 100, 182, 208, 275

Species

abundance, 63, 421–424

amenity value, 201

commodity value, 201

definition, 5–6, 39

diversity, see Biodiversity

flagship, 103, 145, 149

geographically restricted, 56

indicator, 42, 44

interdependence, 203

introduced, see Exotic species

keystone, 42, 44, 47, 203, 265

kills, 52–53, 56

levels, 39

longevity, 7–8, 52

multiplication, see Speciation

numbers, globally, 3–6, 60, 200, 232

rare, response to stresses, 422–423

relationship to area, 11, 12, 63

replacement, 55

resilience, 51, 54, 58

restoration, 122, 133–135, 279–287

survival, obstacles, 263

value, 68, 79, 81, 201–202, 210, 215–216

Species Survival Plan, 266, 290, 293

Spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus), 375

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

Spider monkeys, 132, 146, 264

Spotted leopard (Felis pardus), 21

Spruce, Engelmann (Picea engelmanni), 24, 455, 456

Squill (Urginea maritima), 89

Sri Lanka, 31, 37, 397, 402

Stanford Center for Conservation Biology, 238

Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), 45

Stewardship in conservation, 172–173, 231, 236, 352

Striped shiner, 222

Strychnos nux-vomica (tree), 89

Succession, floristic, 167–169, 327, 328

Sugarcane, cross-breeding, 110

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), 243

Suriname, 148

Svoboda, Gordon H., 94

Sweetgum tree (Liquidambar spp.), 456

Systematic Collections, Association of, 238

Systematics, 14, 424

T

Tai Forest (Ivory Coast, Africa), 31, 120, 438

Tamarins, 146, 149, 264, 286, 296;

see also specific species

Tambopata Reserved Zone (Peru)

ant species, 9

beetle species, 124, 127

location and characteristics, 124–125

number of insect species, 128

Tapirs (Tapirus spp.), 135, 453

Tarsiers (Tarsius spp.), 145

Tarutao National Park (Thailand), 415

Taxonomy and taxonomists, 13, 14, 38–40, 98, 99, 101, 243, 246

Taylor, Kenneth I., 138–144

Tea (Camellia sinensis), 85, 89

Temperate forests

aquatic ecosystems, 170

maintaining structural and functional diversity, 169–171

management, 171, 173–174

Nature Conservancy and, 171

old-growth, 167–169

preservation, 167–168

protecting aquatic diversity, 171–172

restoration potential, 166, 334–337

stewardship programs, 172–173

successional states, 167–169

young, 167–168

see also Forests

Temperate Zone, 159

Teosinte (maize), 103, 104

Terborgh, John, 12

Tern, California least (Sterna albifrons browni), 317, 322, 323

Thailand, 364, 394–395, 396, 410, 415

Third World

causes of and alternatives to destruction, 355–356

deforestation rates, 410

economic assistance linked to conservation, 15, 198–199

indigenous plant drugs, 95

in situ conservation of native crop diversity, 361–368

landrace use in agriculture, 243

level of conservation information, 230

population pressures, 10, 75–76

traditional medicine, 91

see also specific Third World countries

Thistle, holy (Silybum marianum), 89

Tigers (Felis tigris), 292

Tilapia, African (Tilapia spp.), 347

Timber, 111, 157, 169

Timber-Exporting Countries, Organization of, 15

Tobacco, Indian (Lobelia inflata; Nicotiana tobacum), 87

Tobago, 12

Todd, John, 344–352

Tomatillo (Lycopersicon peruvianum), 101

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon spp.), 99–101, 110

Toothpick plant (Ammi visnaga), 87

Torre, Ruiz de la, 162

Townsville clover (Stylosanthes guianensis), 374

Traditional medicine, 84–90, 91, 92;

see also Drugs and pharmaceuticals, plant-derived

Trees, 9, 61, 62, 66, 74, 161, 186, 395;

see also Plants;

and specific species

Trinidad, 12, 374

Tristan da Cunha, 183

Triticeae (grasses), 244

Trophic relationships, 40–41

Tropical dry forests

conditions and characteristics, 61–62, 130–131, 136

conserved wildland, 132

diversity, 131–133

endangered status, 130

fires, 130

future prospects, 136–137

hardiness, 136

location, 61, 130, 131

refugia, 131

restoration, 133–135

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
×

seasonal changes, 130–131

species activities and interactions, 131–132, 159

threatened, 133–136

value, 132

see also Tropical forests

Tropical Forestry Action Plan, 404–405, 406

Tropical forests

Asian region, 393–402

canopy, 61, 66, 123–129

cataloging, 119, 120, 121

classification, 61–62

climate change, 32, 65

closed, 60–61, 148

conservation programs, 68–69, 396–398

deforestation, 8–11, 28–34, 60–64, 119–122, 393–394, 403

dry, 61–62;

see also Tropical dry forests

edible oils, 113

evapotranspiration, 62

extinction rates, 10–13, 58–69, 121

fires, 67

gardening, 373–374

human population pressures, 120

Ice Age depletions, 33, 56

insect diversity, 123–129

land conversion pathways, 61

land surface globally, 28–29, 60–61

moist, 61–62, 66–67, 159;

see also Rain forests

natural catastrophes affecting, 67

open, 60–61

patch dynamics, 67

productivity, 45, 61, 393, 395–396

rates of change, 60–61

recovery, 60, 61, 63

reductions in area, 62, 63, 66

regeneration, 60, 62, 67, 134–137, 404–408

solutions to deforestation, 394–396

species extinction rates, 10–13, 58–69, 121

species volume, 38, 59, 61, 63

tree species diversity, 61–62

types, 61–62

understory, 61

Trout (Salvelinus spp.), 22, 347

Trumpet flower (Mutisia), 100

Tucúm palm (Astrocaryum tucuma), 114

Tugela Basin (Natal), 256

Tumbleweed (Anabasis aphylla), 84

Tumeric (Curcuma longa), 85

Tundras, Andran, 100

Turtle, sea, Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), 286, 304

Twisted flower (Strophanthus gratus), 87

U

Uganda, 146, 149–150

Ugent, Don, 99

Uhl, Christopher, 326–332

UNESCO Man in the Biosphere program, 103

United Nations Development Programme, 398

United States

Bureau of Land Management, 74

Central Plains, 176, 177

edible plants, 107

Fish and Wildlife Service, 238

food crop production, 107, 110

Forest Service, 74

grasslands, 177–179

National Park Service, 238, 412

national parks, alien plants, 183

Peace Corps, 412, 415, 417

plant drug screening, 92, 93, 95–96

remnant secondary forest islands, 67

species diversity, 101

sugarcane industry, 110

see also specific states and locations

University of California Natural Reserve System, 337

University of Michigan Biological Station (near Pellston), 334, 335, 336

University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum, 311–316

Upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicanda), 178

Urban areas/habitats

acidification, 75

aesthetics, 73

aquifer overdrafting, 72

biodiversity benefits, 73

biodiversity losses, 71–76

conversion, 73–75

development and conservation, 73, 75

ecological destabilization, 72

exotic species introduction, 73

natural, 73

pollutants, 72, 75

wetland destruction, 72

V

Vavilovian centers, 242–243

Velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), 86

Venezuela

Boca de Uchire, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Calabozo, 159

closed tropical forest area, 148

woody plant diversity, 159

Vertebrates, 3, 5, 266;

see also specific species

Vetch, purple milk (Astragalus dasyglottis), 335

Vicunas (Lama vicugna), 100

Vinca alkaloids, 94–95

Vines, 88, 111–112, 113, 374;

see also specific species

Vitousek, Peter M., 181–189

von Humboldt, Alexander, 98

Vultures, 280, 282;

see also specific species

W

Walruses, 39, 46

Warblers, 71, 457;

see also specific species

Washington, D.C., 71, 73

Watersheds, Pacific Northwest, 168

Watershield (Brasenia), 456

Wattled crane (Grus carunculata), 255–256, 266

Weeds

introduction on oceanic islands, 181

threat to African heathland shrubs, 251

value, 134, 141

Werner, Dagmar, 370–376

West Africa, 111, 438;

see also Africa;

and specific countries

West Indies, 12, 63, 65–68, 120;

see also specific islands

Wetlands

coastal, threat to, 8, 33

conservation, 256

dambos, 255–256

destruction, 72

draining, 74

prospects, 324–325

restoration projects, 317–325, 333, 341–342

Whales, 21, 24, 42, 47, 213;

see also specific species

Wheat, importance, 107, 121, 244

Wheatgrass, crested (Agropyron cristatum), 178

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus spp.), 71

White-fringed orchid (Habenaria leucophaea), 314

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 375

White-tailed hawk (Buteo albicaudatus), 281

White-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), 282

Whooping cranes (Grus americana), 222, 264, 286

Wildlife Preservation Trust International, 147

Wild quinine (Parthenium interfolium), 314

Williams, J.Trevor, 240–247

Willis, E.O., 12

Willow, white (Salix alba), 89

Wilson, E.O., 3–18, 26

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), 395

Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), 87

Wisconsin, 71, 312–314

Wolverine (Gulo luscus), 71

Wood grass (Sorghastrum nutans), 359, 379–386

Woodchuck (Marmoto monax), 297

Woodlands

grazed, 159

preserves, 75

species extinctions in urban areas, 71

Wooly monkeys (Lagothrix spp.), 146, 264

World Bank

Asian forestry/agricultural projects, 397, 399–402

conservation role, 16

wildlands policy, 405, 413, 437–445

World Conservation Strategy, 83, 248, 253

World Health Organization, 60, 83

World Resources Institute, 60

World Wildlife Fund

biogeographic classification, 229

documentation of ethnobotanical lore, 114

expenditures for conservation, 407

Primate Program, 147–148, 152

Wormseed (Artemisia maritima), 89

X

Xerces blue butterflies, 75

Y

Yam, tuber-bearing (Dioscorea bulbifera), 374

Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus), 374

Yanomami Indians, 138–142;

see also Amerindians

Yapen, 12

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron spp.), 456

Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming-Montana-Idaho), 183

Yuán huā (Daphne genkwa), 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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Z

Z factor, 63

Zaire basin

closed tropical forest area, 148

deforestation rates, 29

primate species, 146, 149–150

Zàng qiè (Anisodus tanguticus), 84

Zedler, Joy B., 317–325

Zimbabwe, Sengua Wildlife Research Area, 258

Zoological parks

animal restraint and capture, 290–291

biomedical resources, 290

breeding programs, 266–267, 290–291

criteria for propagation programs, 266

funding, 267

inbreeding problems, 296–297

management problems, 289, 292

nutrition, 290

population control, 291

role in preservation, 266

spaces for animals, 266

see also International Species Inventory System;

and specific zoological parks

Zoological Parks and Aquariums, American Association of, 266

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Sciences. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/989.
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This important book for scientists and nonscientists alike calls attention to a most urgent global problem: the rapidly accelerating loss of plant and animal species to increasing human population pressure and the demands of economic development. Based on a major conference sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution, Biodiversity creates a systematic framework for analyzing the problem and searching for possible solutions.

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