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OCR for page R11
Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
PLANETARY PROTECTION POLICIES
3
History,
3
Protecting Mars,
3
References,
5
2
EUROPA
7
Europa Exploration Strategy,
8
Europa’s Radiation Environment,
9
References,
11
3
LIFE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
13
Extremophiles,
13
Extreme Environments,
14
References,
15
4
STERILIZATION AND CLEANING METHODS
17
Cleaning and Sterilization Standards,
17
Achieving the Standards,
17
References,
19
5
MICROBIAL DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION
20
References,
21
6
RECOMMEND PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGY FOR EUROPA
22
Planetary Protection Strategy for Europa,
22
Majority and Minority Viewpoints,
23
Conclusions,
24
References,
24
7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
25
APPENDIXES
27
A Calculating the Probability of Contamination, Pc,
29
B Glossary,
39
OCR for page R12
Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa
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