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OCR for page 76
4 . BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE S
with the inception of a modest program of individual
fellowship -support in ~ 948, the National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH) began the task of strengthening the behavioral
science research eff ort in the United States though a
program of awards designed to train individuals in the
method s o f ~ he behaviora ~ sci ence s ~ Schneider, ~ 97 4) . While
the fellowship was the preferred mechanism for research
training in "he early years of the institute' s training
ef fort, the inst ~ tutional training grant, introduced in
~ 9 57, soon surpassed the fellowship program in the total
number of awards made. Even today, as Table 1. ~
illustra~ es, the traineeship dominates the behavioral
science research trains ng ef f ort in ADAMHA at a ratio of
about f ive trainee ships to one fe llowship.
Chile many ~ ndividuals consider behavioral sciences
research training to relate exclusively to the programs of
AD-AMHA, a recent study reports Chat over the years more than
3,000 awards have been made for research training in the
behavioral sciences through the various Institutes of the
NIH (NRC, 1976b). Mos' of this research training support
has been provided through the programs of the National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD} and
the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGHS}.
However, a notable number of awards have also beer made by
such Institutes as the National Heart, Lung and Blood
Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute for Dental
Research (NIDR).
Federal support for research training in the behavioral
sciences has therefore expanded beyond the traditional
research probe ems of mental health to embrace a broad range
of physical as wail as mental health questions as advances
in our understanding of behavior have made contributions to
these research efforts.
In its 1976 report, the committee concluded that current
market trends in the behavioral sciences suggested an
"orderly tapering down of predoctoral support 'I at this time.
Market information suggested that the age distribution of
the Ph.D. behavioral scientists is rather young, with
relatively few individuals retiring from the labor force in
the next several years. coupled with data that suggest the
stabilization of undergraduate and graduate "nroliments at
this time, traditional modes of employment for the
76
OCR for page 77
behavioral scientist emerging with doctoral training at this
tine are not forthcoming.
In an attempt to confirm the employment expert ences of
emerging behavioral scientists, the Committee sought
information through a survey of recent graduates. In the
for lowing sections the results of this survey, together with
data describing anticipated employment condi' ions, are
provided.
CURRENT MARKET SITUATION FOR RECENT GRADUATES
As noted in the Commi~tee's 1976 re Fort (Chapter 3), the
available forecasts t of the employment market for
psychologists and other behavioral scientists projected a
substantial oversupply of doctoral personnel by 1980.
During the past year the committee has examined findings
from a survey of 1971-75 graduates to determine the current
ma'Re' situation in these fields. Responses were received
from 4,538 (70 percents of the 6,495 behavioral graduates
surveyed, 2 and no important bias in response was found
{Appendix C). In its analyses of survey data the Committee
specifically examined: ( 1 ) percentage with full employment;
(2) types of positions hey d; (3) mob lity among training and
employment fields; arid (4) overall utilization of research
training. Particular attend on has been given to
differences among graduates in five ma jor fields within the
behaviors 1 s cienc~s-- anthropology, clini Cal psychology,
(nonclinical) psychol ogy, sociology, and other behavioral
feed ds. Since federal research training money has been
d~ rected to only a subset of behavioral scientists in f ~ elds
relevant to heal' h research, separate consideration has been
giver to ~ hose doctorate recipients who had received
predoctoral support f rom NIH, ADAMHA, or HRA.
Findings from -=he survey indicated: that most of the
behavioral science Ph. D. ' s have been employed in full -time
post tions. Data summarized in Table 4. ~ reveals:
.
· At the time of the survey snore than 88
percent of these graduates he1 d full-
- ~ ime positions and 3 percent held
postdoctoral appointments; s lightly
more than 2 percent were seeking
employee nt .
An average of more than ~ 3 percent of
the ~ 971-75 Ph. D. recipients ' tote]
time (in months} since graduation was
spent in regular full-time positions,
and another 6 percent on postdoctoral
appo~ ntments; only 2 percent of their
77
OCR for page 78
TABLE 4.1 Employment Status of 1971-75 Behavioral Ph. D. Recipients
Fiscal Year of Doctorate
Trainees
Total Fellows
1971 1972 1973 1974 197S
Employment status
(as of October 1976
)
TOTAL % 100. 0 (100. 0) 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0
Postdoctoral appointment % 2 . 9 (4.1) I.4 0. 9 1. 6 3 .2 6.3
Full-time employment % 88. 2 ( 86. 5) 87 . 6 92 . 0 89. 7 87 . 6 85. 0
Part-time employment % 5.4 (6.5) 7.8 4.6 5.2 5.9 3.9
Seeking employment % 2.4 (1.9) 1.9 1.4 2.8 2.3 3.4
Other statusC % 1. 1 ( 1. o) 1. 3 1. 2 0. 8 1.1 1. 4
Survey item responses N 3892 ( 1404) 606 608 679 762 1237
Estimated total Ph.D. 's N 159~6 (4698) 2817 2920 3059 3523 3607
Average time since receipt
of doctorate spent in:
TOTAL 96 100. 0 ( 100. 0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Postdoctoral appointment 9~ 6. 5 ( 8 .1) 6. 2 5 . 0 5.8 6.1 9. 0
Full-time employment % 83. 5 ( 81. 7) 83.7 88.1 85. 0 82. 2 79. 4
Part-time employment % 5. 9 ( 6 ~ 7) 6. 7 3 . 0 5. 7 8.1 5 . 4
Seeking employment 96 2.0 (1.~ 1.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 3.4
Other statusC % 2.1 (1.9) 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.8
Survey item responses N 3844 (1389) 593 600 674 752 122S
Estimated total Ph.D. 's N 15926 (4698) 2817 2920 3059 3523 3607
_
resee Appendixes El.1 and E2~1 for comparable data in each of the behavioral fields specified in
the survey taxonomy.
Includes all behavioral science Ph.D. recipients who received predoctoral training grant or fellowship Support
from ADAmIA, NIH, or HEA. See Appendixes E1.2 and E2e2 for comparable data in each of the
behavioral fields specified in the survey taxonomy.
Includes students and others who were unemployed and not seeking employment.
SOURCE : NRC , Survey of Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists , Washington , D. C., 1976.
78
OCR for page 79
ime was spent unemployed and seek ing
a job.
Simi Tar re suits were f ound for the
subpopulation of behavicra ~ science
Ph. D. recipients who had received
pr~doctora ~ suppor ~ f rorr
N]:H/ADAMHA/HPA.
Although a higher rate of unemployment was observed f or ~ 975
graduates than f or ~ 9 7 ~ - 74 degree reck pients, the dif f erence
wa s quite small and doe s not clearly signi f y any change in
labor market conditions. Recent behavioral science Ph.D. 's
might be expected to encounter more cliff iculty in finding
suitable positions in the initial stages of their careers
than their biomedical counterparts, as there has been little
support avail able for postdoctoral study in the behavioral
scar ences.
As shown in Tables 4. 2a and 4. 2b, a ma jollity of the
~ 971-75 graduates in anthropology, psychology (excluding
clinical), and sociology were employed in four-year colleges
and univers it ies and devoted most of their time to teaching
and research activities. On the other hand, about two-
thirds of the clinical psychologists held positions outside
the academic sector and were much more likely to provide
professional services, as might be expected. Although
behavioral science graduates on the average spent less time
in research than their biomedical science counterparts, more
than 90 percent of the anthropologists and sociologists and
more than ~ O per cent o f the noncl in ice ~ AS ycho lo gi sts
indicated that they devoted at least some time to research
act i vi ~ i e s . About one - thi rd of th e se inve s ~ iga ~ or s r e c eider
federal support, and many (between 25 and 37 percent)
cons dered their research interest to be directly related to
health (Table 4. 3) . The subpopulation of predc~ctoral
trainees and fellows have had an even greater involvement in
health-relet ed research. This group was concentrated more
heavily in the academic sector, devoted greater time to
research activites directly related to health, and was more
likely to receive federal research support.
In contrast to biomedical scientists, only a small
fraction (about ~ 0 percent) of the total behavioral research
ef fort of ~ 97 1- 75 graduates in the academic sector was
carried out by persons holding postdoctoral appointments
{Table 4. 4) . This is not surprising and is consistent with
the fact that an average of only ~ 2 percent of these
graduates in all behavioral f ields have Pursued postdoctoral
study within a year after graduation. The percentage is
somewhat hi gher f o r tho se who had rece ived pre do ctora ~
support from NIH/ADAMHA/HEP tray Ding programs. While this
percentage did not increase during the 1971-75 period, 3 the
overall number of behavioral Ph.9. recipients actually on
postdoctoral appointments grew from an estimated 466
79
OCR for page 80
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individuals in ~ 972 to 750 ~ n ~ 975. 4 Nevertheless, the 750
postdoctoral appointees in ~ 975 represented a negligible
portion of the total available suppl y of doctoral scientists
in behavioral fields. Federal training gran' s and
fed lowships have been a primary source of support for 70
percent of these appointments {Appendix E] ~ ~ and undoubtedly
have had an important impact on the rate of growth of
postdoctorals.
Survey results reported in Table 4.5 indicated that
there has been considerable mobility between behavioral
training and employment fields:
More than 3 2 percent of al ~ ~ 9 7 1- 7 5
behavioral gradua tes were working in
fields outside their doctoral
specialties .
Three-fourth of the graduates felt
that their Ph. D. fields were closely
red a ted to their employment f ields ~
The Committee noted some important differences in the field-
swi~ ching patterns of graduates trained in each of the four
ma Jo r beha~riora ~ f ields:
More than 9 0 percent of the clinical
psycho logi st s con s ide red their
doctoral training and employment
f ields to be closely related..
In contrast, only 6 6 percent of the
sociologists, 68 percent of the
psychologists, and 79 percent of the
anthropologists felt that their Ph. D.
specialties were closely related to
their empl oyment fields.
Most of the f ield-switching has been to other specialties
within the b~haviora ~ science s. Only ~ percent of the ~ 97 ~ -
75 graduates were employed outside the behavioral area, and
less than 3 percent considered their training and employment
f ields to be unrelated.
Despot te the substantial mobility that has occurred among
behavioral f ields, most of the recent graduates were
currently employed in positions appropriate to their
training. Survey results summarized in Table 4.6
specifically indicated:
· Of those employed in ful 1-time
positions (excluding postdoctoral
appointments}, more than 83 percent
considered their doctorates essential
in attaining their present positions,
84
OCR for page 85
3ZA8LE 4.5 Relevance of Current Employment Field to Doctorate Field of 1971-75 Ph.D. 's
Field of Doctorate
Clinical
Total Anthro. Psych.
Psych. Sociology Other
Empl owed in:
TOTAL % 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0
Ph. D. Specialty % 67. 5 80.4 89. 5 53. 5 60. 2 76. 5
Other behavioral field % 24.6 12.7 7.9 36.3 31.9 9.1
Other field % 7.9 6.9 2.7 10.3 7.8 14.4
Ph. D. fiel d and empl oyment
fiel d were considered:
TOTAL % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Closely related % 75.~. 80.S 90.2 68.7 65.8 82.0
Somewhat related % 21.7 21.7 9.7 27.9 31.1 13.4
Not at all related % 2.5 2.6 0.1 3.4 3.2 4.6
Survey item responses N 3638 321 600 2059 349 309
Estimated total employed N 15362 1255 4119 6957 2094 937
See Aunendix E14. 1 for cc~anuarable data in each of the behavioral fields:
specified in the survey taxonomy.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists, Washington, D.C., 1976.
~5
OCR for page 86
TABLE 4.6 Relevance of Doctoral Degree, Try ning, and Research Experience to Present
Employment Situation of 1971-75 Behavioral Ph.D.'sa
Field of Doctorate
Clinical
Total Anthro. Psych.
In attaining present position,
doctorate was considered:
Psych. Sociology Other
TOTAL % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Essential ~ 83.2 86.0 89.0 79.9 81.1 84.3
Helpful % 13.5 10.7 9.9 15.6 15.9 12.0
Unimportant % 2.8 2.2 1.1 4.1 2.2 3.1
Uncertain % 0.5 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.7
Survey item responses N 3367 299 567 1867 341 293
Estimated total full-time
employed ~ 14048 1153 3694 6323 2005 873
Necessary training reared
to fulfill present job
TOTAL % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Postdoctoral % 4.9 2.1 7.1 5.9 1.2 0.7
M.D./Ph.D. % 77.7 85.5 81.1 73.1 79.5 82.1
M.S./M.A. % 14.7 9.1 10.8 17.5 16.3 15.0
B.S./B.A. ~ 1.5 2.0 0.3 2.0 1.6 1.6
Other training % 1.2 I.3 0.8 1.5 1.5 0.6
Survey item responses
Estimated total full-t~me
employed
Predoctoral research
experience considered:
N .3349
N 14048
296
1153
565
3694
1854
6323
340
2005
294
873
TOTAL % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Essential % 47.8 73.4 25.2 53.9 54.~. so.i
Helpful % 43.7 21.2 58.8 39.1 42.7 46.1
Not needed % 6.9 3.4 14.5 5.2 2.3 2.2
Uncertain % 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.0 1.3
Survey item responses
Estimated toner full-time
employed
N 3320
N 14048
297
554
3694
1846
6323
336
2005
287
873
. . . .
aces A,openaixes E6.l, E7.1, and E8.1 for comparable data in each of the beh~io~l
fields specified in the survey taxonomy..
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates, Washington, D.C., 1969-76.
86
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Either behavioral science Ph.D. production would have to
drop JO about half its current level, or the fraction of
each Ph.D. cohort that would find academic employment under
these circumstances would be much smaller than it has been
in the past, perhaps as small as 35 percent.
AS in the biomedical sciences section, these comparisons
are based on past employment patterns of Ph.D.'s on college
faculties. Of course, not all faculty positions are held by
individuals with doctorate degrees. The process by which
Ph.D.'s acquire a larger share of the academic labor market
has been characterized as enrichment by the NSF (1975c).
There is no indication that enrichment has been
occurring in the behavioral science fields. For example, in
1971 there were 16,800 psychologists employed in colleges
and universities, of which 10,600 (63 percent) were Ph D.'s.
In 1975, an identical proportion of psychologists employed
by colleges and universities held Ph.D.'s (13,600 out of
21~700, or 63 percent; NSF. 1975a). However' there is a
potential enrichment factor here of about 100 positions per
year for Ph.D.'s in psychology if the 8,100 nondoctorates
are replaced (at Ca~tter's estimated death and retirement
rate of 1.3 percent annually) by psychology Ph.~.'s.
Comparable data for the other behavioral fields of sociology
and anthropology are not available.
In contrast to the biomedical sciences, there are signs
of a movement away from academic employment in the
behavioral fields. In 1975, the proportion of the
behavioral science Ph.D. labor force employed in academia
was 61.5 percen'_, down from 64.8 percent in 1972. Somewhat
greater proportions are now found in private industry (11.0
percent up from 8.9 percent in 1972) and other sectors,
including hospitals, clinics, and nonprofit organizations
(18.5 percent up from 16.9 percent in 19721.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Because data suggest a general decline in college
enrollments in the next decade, and little change in the
faculty/~tudent ratio (F,Sl, the Committee has concluded
that the academic sector cannot continue to absorb new
Ph.D.'s at the same rate as in the past given current rates
of production and current employment conditions. Hence, the
Committee recognizes the need to provide a reduced but
effective program of predoctoral research training support,
which would continue to train individuals in traditional
fields important to the national mental health effort, in
fields that depend on predoctoral funds for research
experience in the natural setting (i.e.. nonlaboratory field
work), and in promising areas of behavioral investigation.
The Committee continues to view a shift to pcstdoctoral
support as an appropriate means to promote the emergence of
1-01
OCR for page 102
specialized investigators in the area of behavior and
health. In making its recommendations for a continued shift
to postdoctoral training, the Committee again stresses the
importance of minimizing institutional dislocation as a
result of this program change. It is the hope of the
Committee that the gradual shift to postdoctoral training
will result in a w=~-planned training effort sensitive to
the impact of new postdoctoral training opportunities on the
care er paste rns of behaviors ~ scientists .
Postdoctoral training represents a departure from the
typical career pattern for the behavioral scientist today,
in contra st ~ o the pattern f or the biomedical re search
scientist. Only a small fraction of the total behavioral
research effort is carried out by persons holding
postdoctoral appointments at this time (Appendix E12. 1) ~ The
Comanit-ee considers the NRSA's a means to propel talented
Ph.D. ingress igators into the mainstream of productive
empl oyme nt i n th e ar e a o f behavi ore ~ a nd he a ~ th a s a re su it
of intensive postdoctoral re search training experience
Thus, who le the Committee is aware that this shift to
postdoctoral ~ raining Will contribute to the expansion of
the- postdoctora ~ populati on, which is growing even today,
the Corn item considers such training essential to assure
the avai labi lity of inve stiga tars in f ie 1d s f or which
Poe ~ on o ra ~ train ing may no ~ be adequate ~
Purports developed by various study groups of the
President ~ s Biomedical Research Panel conclude, for example,
that ~ ncreased opportunities for pos^dcctoral research
training would assist the behavioral scientist to address
urgent re sea rch que s ti on s challenging re s earc hers today .
Postdoctoral research training has been acknowledged as an
important means to strengthen or develop skills in such
areas as population research, including demographic and
fertility studies, in evaluation research and computer
simulation methods, and in the role of behavior in di sease
development (Behavioral sciences Interdisciplinary cluster,
~ 976) . Such training is also viewed as a means to extend
the cooperative study of brain functions by neuro- and
behavioral scientists with respect to such processes as
learning, sensation and perception, sleep, aging, and
emotion {Neurosciences Interdisciplinary cluster, ~ 976) .
Fina ~ ly, in the ar ea of behavior development, post doctoral
research training may provide the skills necessary to
elaborate more precise methods for diagnosing hyperkinesis,
autism, and various forms of mental retardation and to
provide technique s to better understand the interaction of
individual, family, and society in adolescent development
(Social and Behavioral Interdisciplinary cluster, ~ 976) .
From these examples it is clear that advances in
research and changing patterns of education have far-
reaching impact on the development of research training
policies in the behavioral sciences. AS a result the
Committee views the continued monitoring of these and other
102
OCR for page 103
deve lopme nt s as a n impo rtant ta sk a s recomb enda t ion s f or
re search tra ining are developed.
Manpower Employment Characteristics
The distribution by field of tray ning of research personnel
who contribute to federally funded research grants and
contracts provides important data for the assessment of the
current uti lization of research skills . As described in
Chapter 2, the NIH have collected data on such manpower
empl Payment chara cteri st i cs . The cocci ttee vi ew s the s e da ta
as a potent ia1ly valuable source of information and notes
that comparable data are not available at this time f rom
ADAGES. Such da tea are critical to a complete assessment of
employment characteristics i n the behavioral sciences and
.po ssibly for evaluation of future training needs.
Recommendation. The Comma ttee urges ADAMHA to undertake
the systematic cold ection of data on the characteristics of
paid and nonna~d professional personnel employed on research
grants and contracts, in order to permit a comprehensive
assessment of the uti lization of research training skills in
the b~haviora ~ sciences .
Predoctoral/Post~cctoral Training
In view of a continuing need for additional specialized
research training in health-related fields of behavioral
science research, and a somewhat reduced need for federal
support to produce research doctorates in the traditional
fields of the behavioral sciences, the Committee concludes
that the she ft toward an increased emphasis on postdoctoral
training recorrunended in its ~ 976 report should be continued
at this time.
In spec if yi ng a shi f ~ to postdoctoral support in it s
~ 976 report, the Committee developed numerical
recommendations to reflect the gradual shift from
predominantly predoctoral to predominantly postdoctoral
trait r.g so important to a minimization of institutional
disruption while reorienting the future of ~ research training
in the behavioral sciences. As Table 4. 14 reveals, the
proportion of awards to be made in the behavioral sciences
in FY ~ 978 retain a ma jority (approximately 53 percent) at
the predoctoral level. At the November ~ 976 public hearing,
represent atives f ram a variety of behavi ore ~ s cience and
related fields stressed the importance of a smooth
transition from predoctoral to postdoctoral support that
103
OCR for page 104
TABLE 4.14 Committee Recommendations for NIH and ADAMHA Predoctoral and Postdoctoral
Traineeship and Fellowship Awards in the Behavioral Sciences
Agency Awards Fiscal Year
and Committee -
Recommendations 1975 197~6 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Actual awards a
Total 1966 1855
Pre 1754 1496
Post 212 359
1976 recommendations
Total 1860 1740 1590
Pre 1500 1200 850
Post 360 540 740
1977 recommendations
Total 1490 1390 1300
Pre 745 575 390
Post 745 815 910
Y 1976 awards include those made during the transition quarter (the three-month
period from July-September 1976, during which the government changed to a new fiscal
year definition).
)04
OCR for page 105
would not jeopardize the avai labi lity of support "which too
often has been precipitcusly dropped, leaving institutions
without time or resources for an appropriate redirection"
(Apo] fly, ~ 976) . The Committee reiterates its position that
a gradual rather than a rapid shift should be made toward
greater postdoctoral training.
The Corrun' ttee no-es that the NRSA announcements released
by ADAMHA in May ~ 977 for EY ~ 978 awards state that the
highest priority f or funding individual fellowships and
institutional training grants will be given to applicants
f or postdocto ra ~ tra fining, and that "any reque st f or support
of predoctora~ training" in institutional grants "must be
accompany ed by special justifica' ion in ~ erms of manpower
ne ed s in the pa rt i cu la r re sea rch area ~ s) to be enc ompa s sed
by =he proposed ~ raining program."
At the time of the preparati on of this report, data were
not avail able to determine whether the Commi~t~e's
recommer-dat ~ ons were being implemented at the rate proposed .
The Commit' ee believes, however, that it would be
unfortur ate if the wording of this announcement resulted in
a more severe curtai Intent by A DAM HA in the number of
predoctora~ awards in the behavioral sciences than that
recommended in the ~ g76 report.
Pecommenda~ ion . The Committee recommends that the shif t
to a ratio of 3 0 percent predoctoral/7 0 percent Postdoctoral
awards be accomp~ ished by FY 1981. As emphasized in its
~ 976 report, the Committee recommends that thi s shift come
about gradual ly so that the distribution in FY 1979 should
represent about 5 0 percent predoctoral/S O percent
pose doctoral awards (shown in Table 4.141.
In view of the importance of supports for f ieldwork at
the predoctora' ~ eve' in certain disciplines, such as
anthropology, '. he Committee recommends that an adequate
number of predoctoral NRSA' s be maintained for this purpose
as the shift to predominantly postdoctoral training i s
achi eyed .
Train~eships/Fellowships
The training grant has become the primary mechanism of
support for research training in the behavioral sciences
over the years. In FY ~975 and ~976, for example, over SO
percent of the total number of awards in this area were made
in the form of ~raineeships ( see Table 1 .1 ) . As a result,
in specifying it s recommendations for program change, the
Comma ttee has been sensitive to the need to assure stability
of program support f or training institutions as the shift to
predominantly postdoctoral trains ng is achieved by EY ~ 981 .
105
OCR for page 106
Hence, the Committee recommends that res earch trainee ships
remain the primary mechanism of support for -raining in
behaviors ~ research and that institutions seek to develop
training proposal s that appropriately mix predoctoral and
postdoctoral support.
There is another reason to seek the Maintenance of
training support through the research training grant. In
the view of the Comnittee i' is through the research
training grant that Of f active programs of training can be
dove loped in ~ nnovative areas of re search, such as research
on the rol ~ of behavior as it results in physical illness or
~ he maintenance of heal th. Training grants bring together a
critical mass of investigators, often from a variety of
d~ scinlines, who can direct then r research efforts mutual ly
to questions of common concern. Further, training grants
strengthen the research setting through a continuity of
support that fed lowships do not provide. In short, the
re search-t~aining grant assures the development of
inr.ova' ive research ~ hrough program stability, just as it
assures the maintenance of programs in established research
fief ds, such as child development, crime and delinquency,
minors by group needs, or culture and health.
In addition to research traineeships, the Committee
recommends the maintenance of research training support
through the individua ~ f ellowship. By providing f or
individual awards, the Committee believes that important
flexibi~ ity is introduced into the system of behavioral
sci er.ce res earch and r" search training. It i s through thi s
mechanism of support that tar ented investigators with
special research needs can seek appropriate training, which
a training grant may not provide. For example, the
individual f=11 owship may Fermi ~ the predoctoral
anthropologi st or en ho logist to gain important nonlaboratory
re search experience, or it may permit the individual to seek
special iced training with a single individual whose work has
advanced an important re search area.
R=commendat i on. The Committee recommends that the
current proportion of 82 percent ~raineeships/~8 percent
fed lowships be maintained.
Priories y Fie Ids
In approaching ~ he problem of priorities, the Committee
reviewed recent Level op~rents in the behavioral sciences
relevant to health problems. It appears that significant
progres s has been made in both traditional areas o f research
and in some of the newly emerging areas such as the role of
106
OCR for page 107
behavior as it results in physical illness or the
maintenance of heals h.
In an effort to foster an understanding of these
emerging areas of research and to stimulate discussion
concerning appropriate f cams of research training in the
face of these developments, the committee invited a number
of prominent researchers to address these topics at the ~ 977
annual meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of science (AAAS). The symposium provoked a
wi d" range of comment s regarding training in techniques
relevant to an understanding of the role of behavior in
physical illness and health, and the application of ~ his
knowledge to the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and
rehang litation of physical disorders. Mental dysfunctions
that contribute to physical probI ems, such as severe weight
loss associated with anorexia nervosa, are incl uded z~ this
category, as well as behavioral factors in drug abuse and
a l co ho l i sm. The Comma ~ tee sugge s t s ~ hat inve s ti gator s be
trai ne ~ in the behaviora ~ science s to addre ss tines e c ritica l
re s "arch problems .
The term "behavior and health" is intended to strengthen
but one aspect of the total behavioral research ef fort
today. There is no doubt that the problems of mental health
and human development remain fundamental research issues for
behavioral scam enlists. The Committee views as a continuing
priority the training of invest igators in these traditional
areas, which are characterized by continued advances in our
understands r.g of indivi dual and social behavior relevant to
sound mental health.
B ec au se o f ~ he ~ i f f iculty o f determining pr for iti e s in a
rapi dly changing area, the Committee has concluded once
again that member" of the scientific community, who take
into account newly emerging needs and promising re search
developments while developing research training proposals,
are in the best position to determine the appropriate mix of
f ields that will contribute to the training of skilled
inve sti gator s i n the a rea of behavi or and hea Ith . The
cormni~tee has concl uded, therefore, that it is not in a
position at ~ his time to impose arbitrary restrictions on
~ he development of particular fields in the behavioral
sciences by specifying fi elds for priority support.
The Committee recognizes the close s imilarity between
trains ng for research in the behavioral sciences and
training in health serve ces '~search, because the methods
and personne ~ of the behavioral science s contribute to the
conduct o f h faith service s re search as def ined els ewhere
~ see Chapter 6 ~ . Neverthe le s s, the committee vat ew s i ts
recommendable ons in the behavioral sciences to exclude
training for individua Is whose primary research problem
addr es s es ~ he e f f ect ivene s s o f the tea Ith care system
(including prove der behavior) to meet the health needs of
the individual or the populate on. This latter area is
107
OCR for page 108
included in the numerical recommendable ons for health
services research training.
108
OCR for page 109
FOOTNOTES
1. In both ~ he Bureau of Labor Statistics (1975) and the
NSF ~ ~ 975c) reports, the ~ 980 Supply of Phi D. psychol ogress
and social scientists was pro decked to be substantial ly
anger ~ hen the demand for these personnel.
2. Responses from 577 persons who indicated that their
doctorates were not in any of the behavioral f ields included
in the survey taxonomy or who were employed in foreign
cour ~ ries were not used in the tables that follow.
3. The low percentage for ~ 974 graduates apparen+1 y
refit eats the impact from the impoundment of federal training
and research funds in the preceding year.
4. Estimated from data coil ected in the 1973 and 1975
Survey of Doctorate Recipients (NRC, ~ 973, 19750) .
5 . Day a we' e teas ed on f ie ~ d- switching among the s e ~ of 2 4
behaviors ~ s chance specialtie s given in Appendix E ~ 4 .
6. Annual Ph.D. production figures include only degree
recipients intending to enter the U.S. labor force.
Approximately JO percent of the recent graduates have
returned to foreign countries.
7. As mentioned in Chapter 3, Freeman (1977) found this
measure to be a reasonably reliable indicator of the current
state of the labor market.
S. For the purposes of this analysis, the research
component included all persons in the labor force who
considered research JO be their primary or secondary work
activity.
9. The retirement figure estimated here considerably
exceeds the 1.3 percent estimate made by Allan Carter
{1976} ~
10. The average value Of F/S for behavioral Ph.D. 's from
1961-75 was 0.025; in the biomedical sciences it was 0~030.
This is consistent wi' h the finding of a correlation between
F/S and R and D. expenditures in the biomedical sciences but
not in the behavioral fief ds. The higher F/S vat ue is
attributable to the greater participation in research by
bi omega cal Ph. D. ' s .
~ ~ . Based on data from the NEC, Survey of Doctorate
Recipients ~1 973, 19755) .
109
Representative terms from entire chapter:
behavioral sciences
