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PERSONNEL NEEDS AND TRAINING
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND 13 EHA5JIORAL RESEARCH
THE 19 7 6 REPORT
of the
COMMITTEE: ON A STUDY OF NATIONAL REEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
.
COMMISSION ON HULA RESOURCES
NAT TONAL RESEARCH COUNC IL
National Academy of Science
Washington, D . C .
1976
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NOTICE: The pro ject that is the sub ject of this report was
approved by the Governing Board of the National Research
Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy o f Engineer-
ing, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Com-
mittee responsible for the report were chosen for their special
competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Co~r~nittee
consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, tie
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine
The work on which this publication is based was performed
pursuant to Contract No. NOl-OD-5-2109 with the National Insti-
tutes of Health of the Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
f are .
Avail able from:
Cor~unission on Human Resources
National Research Council
2 l O l Con s t i but ion Avenue, N . W .
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SC' ENCES
OFFICE OF TH E PR£S'O~NT
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE
WASHiNGTOhI, O- C- 20018
May 7 ~ 1976
The Honorable I3 avid Mathews
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Washington, D. C. 20201
My dear Mr. Secretary:
~ am pleased to present to the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare the 1976 report of the CoTrTnittee on . a Study of National
Needs for Biomedical and Behave oral Research Personnel . It is the
second annual report in the continuing study undertaken by the
Nationa1 Research Council pursuant to Title I of the National
Research Act of 1974 (PL 93-348~. The work has been supported
under Contract N01 OF 5 2109 with the Nate onal Institutes of Health.
The Act states (Section 473 (a)) that the purposes of the
study are to: rt(~) establish (~) the Nat~on's overall need for
biomedical and behavioral.research personnel, (B) the subject areas
in which such personnel are needed and the number of such personnel
needed in each such area, arid (~) the Births and extent clef training
which should be provided such personnel; (2) assess (A) current
training programs availab~ e for the training of biomedical and
behavioral research personnel which are conducted under this Act
at or through institutes under the National Institutes of Health
and the Alcohol. Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administrations and
(B) other current trading programs available f or the training of
such personnel, (3) identify the kids of research positions avail-
ablLe to and held by individuals completing such programs; (4) deter-
m~e, to the extent f easible, whether the prod ref erred to in
clause (B) of paragraph (2 ~ would be adequate to meet the needs
established under paragraph (~) if the programs referred to in
clause (A) of paragraph (2) were terminated; and ~ 5) determine
what modif ications in the programs ref erred to in paragraph ~ 2)
are required to meet the needs established under paragraph All."
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stat f .
:Enclosure
In the eleven months that have elapsed since the submission of
the 1975 report, the Co.,''i.~ttee has increased its ability to respond
to these requirements . The present report, unlike the 19 75 report,
contains recommendations for departures from the prevailing training
levels in three of four broad training; areas as well as for registry
button of training funds between predoctora~ and postdoctoral
appointments . NevertheJ ess, much remains to be done before the
Committee will have achieved its goal of responding fully to the
requirements of the Act. I trust that the year ahead will see
further progress toward this goal.
We shall be glad to discuss the report with you and your
Sincerely yours,
,^
P 1~i~
President
-
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PREFACE
This 1976 report is the second of the annual reports
prepared by the committee on a Study of National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel in a continuing
study that was established pursuant ~ the provisions of the
National Research Service Award Act of 1974 (Public Law g 3-
348~. The report presents the results of word< by the
Committee and its advisory panels and staff on a limited
number of questions of pressing importance. The broader set
of complex issues addressed by the Act and surn~narized in the
operating pages of Chapter ~ wil ~ guide the Comrnitte-e in its
future activities.
The Committee addressed itself in this report primaril y
to the most pressing issue, that of making specific
recommendations for the number of individuals who should be
supported by the research training programs of the National
Institutes of Ileal th area the Alcohol, Drug Abuse ~ and Mental
Health Administration during fiscal years ~ 977 and ~ 978 in
each of four broad fiel ds: basic biomedical sciences,
behavioral sciences, clinical sciences, and health services
research. In addition, the Committee has made specific
recommendations with regard both to the numbers to be
supported at the various academic levels of training and to
the mechani sm s by which funding should be provided . The
Committee will monitor the effectiveness and impact of its
current set of recommendations over the coming year. It has
al so developed a set of goals and planned a set of
supporting activities that will permit a wider array of
issues to be studied and reported upon in the ensuing annual
reports.
Because this report is one of a continuing series, the
reader is ref erred to the f irst annul report, that f or
1975' as well as to the report of the feasibility study
issued in February 1975 (see Bibliagraphy) for details
concerning the history of the Committee, its organization,
activities, and previous reco~runendations. The earlier
reports treat the principles that underlie research training
and the problems that are inherent in studies of
profess tonal personnel. They also contain discussions of
the re ~ ati ons hi p o f f ederal ly supported res ear ch tra ini ng
programs to health res earch and health care needs of the
nation, the history of the growth of federally supported
research training, and a description of some characteristics
and activities of National Institutes of Health-supported
trainees and fellows. Although no attempt has been made to
duplicate such information in the current report, Chapter 2
enlarges upon the principles enunciated previously, whi le
v
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Chapter 3 develops and refines the i ssues related to
personnel supply and to national needs and market demands.
Chapter 4 relates the provisions of the Act to areas that
will require special attention by the Committee in its
continuing study.
Central to all of these efforts is the fundamental issue
of the degree or extent to which it Is possible and useful
to define and establish human-resource requirements for
increasingly fine fields of specialization within the
biomedical and behavioral sciences. In addition, the
Committee is fully aware that the overall effectiveness of
the nation' s biomedical and behavioral research enterprise
is directly dependent upon the quality of the personnel who
are trained to conduct such research as wet ~ as to teach
others research skills. The Committee recognizes the need
to improve the quality both of individual investigators and
of the academic environment: in which research training is
provided. Both of these considerations--specification of
personnel needs in the suLf ields and enhancement of the
quality of the trainees and of the training process--will
guide the Committee ' s future ef f carts to respond more ful ly
to the tasks established by the legislation.
Robert J. Glaser~ M. D.
Chairman
vi
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ACENOWLEDGMEN[S
Since its inception, the Committee has benefited front the
support, advice, and information provided by other
organizations concerned with personnel studies and
activities. In particular, the Committee acknowledges the
assistance of- the Association of American Medical Col ~ eges,
the American Medical Association ~ various professional
societies and associations that have both volunteer e-d and
responded to requests for assistance, and many units and
offices within the National Science Foundation and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The Committee wishes to acknowledge the help provided by
Donald S. Fredrickson. M. D., Director of the National
Institutes of Health, and James O. I:stister, Administrator
of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Rentals Health
Administration, together- with senior members of their
staffs, who have met with the Committee for informal
discussions and have provided much useful information.
- The Committee is especial, y indebted to the chairmen and
members of its f ive panels for their intensive efforts under
severe time constraints to address complex issues and
provide the advice that the Committee required in order to
arrive at its final recommendations.
The Committee has maintained a cl ose and active interest
in the work of the President's Biomedical Research Panel,
under the chairmanship calf Franklin D. Murphy, and of its
several interdisciplinary cluster groups. Five members of
the Committee and its panels have served on the
interdisciplinary cluster groups . The stat f s of the two
studies have also been in close communication. These joint
memberships and liaison arrangements have helped to keep the
Committee aware of the general progress of the panels t
discussions and of their implications for research personnel
issues. Continued liaison with groups that monitor the
status, programs, and directions of biomedical and
behavioral research funded by the federal government is also
planned by the Corrunittee. Only in this way can maximum
eff activeness be achieved with whatever federal support is
provided to individuals and institutions for training
personnel who will participate in and help advance the
biomedical and behavioral research programs of: the country.
The Committee has had the assistance of many
individua Is. Recognizing that it is nei ther possib' e nor
appropriate to cite all such instances, the Committee
nonetheless wishes to acknowledge particul arly the
fol lowing: Vincent E. Price, Charles A. Mil ler' Solomon
Schneyer, William E. Batchelor, Joseph A. Brack ett, and
a a
~1
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William L. Copeland of the National Institutes of Health;
David F. Refau~rer, Fred Elmadjian, and Michele W. Harvey of
the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration;
and Daniel Fox and Jean Carmody of the Health Resources
Adminisi:r ation. All of them have given generously of their
't ime i n prove ding in f ormati on, m e eting with the Commi thee
and panels, and advising upon federal policy relative to the
administration of agency-supported research training
programs. Special thanks are accorded to Robert A. Alberty,
Chairman clef the Commission on Human Resources of the
National Research Councils National Academy of Sciences, and
William C. Felly, Executive Director of the Commissions and
his immediate staff, who have provided helpful avarice and
support throughout the Co~nittee's work.
Finally, the Committee acknowledges with pleasure the
effective work accompl ished by a, ~ of its staff, especial y
Allen M. Singer, who served as Acting Staff Director during
the initial 4 months of formation of this report. Other
significant contributions were made by Porter E. Cogg~shall,
Samuel S . Herman, and Robert G. Snyder. Prudence W. Brown,
Corazon M. Francisco, Kay C. Harris, and EN izabeth D.
Skinner led the efforts of the supporting staff. Superb
secretarial support under demanding conditions was provided
by Mary P . Barbour, Llyn M. Ellison, an d Regina C. Jacobs
Pamel a C. Etert, Executive Secretary for the Behavioral
Sciences and Health Services Research panel s, made many
contributions following her appointment midway in the period
covered by this report. Above al], the Committee is deeply
indebted to Herbert I3. Pahl ~ who as Staff Director provided
leadership in carrying the study forward to its ~ 976
milestone .
· . ~
V111
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COMMITTEE ON A STUDY OF NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BI - MEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Chairman: *Robert J. GLASER, M. D.
Pres ident
The Henry J. Kais er Family Foundation
Vice Chairman: *Henry W. RIECKEN, Ph. D.
Professor of Behavioral Sciences
University of Pennsylvania
John J. BURNS, Ph.D.
Vice President of Research
Hoffmann-~a Roche, Inc.
Nutley, New Jersey
Allan M. CARTTER, Ph.D.
Professor of Higher Education
Director, Laboratory of Research
in Higher Education
University of California,
Los Angeles
*Julius H. COMROE, Jr., M.D.
Professor of Physiology
University of California,
San Francisco
Dorothy M. HORST=NN, M. D.
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
and Public Health
Yale University
*Peter Barton MUTT, LL. Let.
Covington & Burl ing
Washington, D . C.
John E. JACOBS, Ph. D.
Walter P. Murphy Professor of
Electrical Engineering and
Engineering Sc fences
Director, Biomedical Engineering
Center
Northwestern University
*Myers 0 f the Executive Committee
LX
David MECHANIC ~ Ph. D ~
Professor of Sociology
University of Wisconsin
Robert S. MORISON, M.D.
Professor Emeritus
Richard J. Schwartz Professor
of Science and Society
Program on Science, Technology,
and Society
Corne 1 ~ Univers ity
Lincoln E. MOSES, Ph. D.
Professor of Statistics
Stanford University
*Carl PF.AFFMANN, Ph. D.
Vice President
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