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APPENDIX F
DATA TABLES
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APPENDIX TABLE F-1 National Support for Health R&D, by Performer and Source of Funds, 1980-92
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
(est.)
1992
(est.)
Millions of current dollars
Total
7,967
8,739
9,595
10,778
12,159
13,565
14,899
16,940
19,011
20,977
23,076
25,561
28,125
Source of Funds
Government
5,203
5,413
5,612
6,117
6,887
7,675
7,929
9,037
9,725
10,634
11,422
12,413
13,424
Federal
4,723
4,848
4,970
5,399
6,087
6,791
6,895
7,847
8,425
9,163
9,791
10,711
11,596
NIH
3,182
3,333
3,433
3,789
4,257
4,828
5,005
5,852
6,292
6,778
7,136
7,711
8,423
State and Local
480
564
642
718
800
884
1,034
1,191
1,300
1,471
1,632
1,702
1,823
Industry
2,459
2,998
3,593
4,205
4,765
5,352
6,188
7,103
8,432
9,404
10,634
12,020
13,505
Private nonprofit
305
328
390
456
507
538
782
800
854
939
1,020
1,128
1,196
Howard Hughes a
18
20
25
54
79
51
247
183
179
197
215
250
281
Performer
Government
1,487
1,575
1,669
1,813
1,997
2,140
2,155
2,389
2,590
2,578
2,861
3,300
3,568
Federal
1,284
1,364
1,448
1,577
1,741
1,869
1,848
2,042
2,213
2,161
2,403
2,816
3,049
State and Local
203
211
221
236
256
271
307
347
377
417
458
484
520
Industry b
2,249
2,659
3,161
3,668
4,216
4,660
5,293
6,002
6,927
7,901
8,817
9,578
11,006
Higher education b
3,005
3,211
3,388
3,779
4,274
4,745
5,320
5,056
6,593
7,238
7,744
8,467
9,173
Private nonprofit b
726
751
485
887
976
1,115
1,157
1,352
1,455
1,798
1,886
1,931
2,087
Foreign
499
543
593
631
697
805
975
1,140
1,446
1,462
1,769
2,078
2,291
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Biomedical R&D price index c
0.649
0.713
0.774
0.819
0.867
0.911
0.949
1
1.05
1.106
1.166
1.224
1.284
Millions of 1987 dollars
Total
12,276
12,257
12,397
13,160
14,024
14,890
15,700
16,940
18,106
18,967
19,791
20,883
21,904
Source of Funds
Government
8,017
7,592
7,251
7,469
7,943
8,425
8,355
9,037
9,262
9,615
9,796
10,141
10,455
Federal
7,277
6,799
6,421
6,592
7,021
7,454
7,266
7,847
8,024
8,285
8,397
8,751
9,031
NIH
4,903
4,675
4,435
4,626
4,910
5,300
5,274
5,852
5,992
6,128
6,120
6,300
6,560
State and Local
740
791
829
877
923
970
1,090
1,191
1,238
1,330
1,400
1,391
1,420
Industry
3,789
4,205
4,642
5,134
5,496
5,875
6,521
7,103
8,030
8,503
9,120
9,820
10,518
Private nonprofit
470
460
504
557
585
591
824
800
813
849
875
922
931
Howard Hughes a
28
28
32
66
91
56
260
183
170
178
184
204
219
Performer
Government
2,291
2,209
2,156
2,214
2,303
2,349
2,271
2,389
2,467
2,331
2,454
2,696
2,779
Federal
1,978
1,913
1,871
1,926
2,008
2,052
1,947
2,042
2,108
1,954
2,061
2,301
2,375
State and Local
313
296
286
288
295
297
323
347
359
377
393
395
405
Industry b
3,465
3,729
4,084
4,479
4,863
5,115
5,577
6,002
6,597
7,144
7,562
7,825
8,572
Higher education b
4,630
4,504
4,377
4,614
4,930
5,209
5,606
5,056
6,279
6,544
6,642
6,917
7,144
Private nonprofit b
1,119
1,053
627
1,083
1,126
1,224
1,219
1,352
1,386
1,626
1,617
1,578
1,625
Foreign
769
762
766
770
804
884
1,027
1,140
1,377
1,322
1,517
1,698
1,784
a For Howard Hughes Medical Institute, figures are for the direct conduct of biomedical research, and exclude support for scientific career development. Figures for 1985 include only 8 months of operations because of change in fiscal year.
b Includes expenditures for federally funded research and development centers administered by organizations in the respective sectors.
c The NIH Biomedical Research and Development Price Index differs from the implicit price deflator for the Gross National Product.
SOURCE: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators - 1993. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1994.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-2 R&D in the National Institutes of Health: Congressional Action on R &D in the FY 1994 Budget (budget authority in millions of dollars) a
Action by Congress
FY 1993
FY 1994
FY 1994
Change from Request
Change from FY 1993
Est.
Requested
Approved
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
Cancer
1,978.3
2,142.1
2,082.3
−59.8
−2.8
104.0
5.3
Heart, Lung and Blood
1,214.7
1,198.4
1,277.9
79.5
6.6
63.2
5.2
Dental Research
161.1
163.0
169.5
6.5
4.0
8.4
5.2
Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases
680.7
677.1
716.5
39.4
5.8
35.8
5.3
Neurological Disorders and Stroke
599.5
590.1
630.7
40.6
6.9
31.2
5.2
Allergy and Infectious Diseases
988.4
1,065.6
1,065.6
0.0
0.0
77.2
7.8
General Medical Sciences
832.2
833.1
875.5
42.4
5.1
43.3
5.2
Child Health & Human Development
527.8
542.4
555.2
12.8
2.4
27.4
5.2
Eye
275.9
272.2
290.3
18.1
6.6
14.4
5.2
Environment Health Sciences
251.2
261.3
264.2
2.9
1.1
13.0
5.2
Aging
399.5
394.2
420.3
26.1
6.6
20.8
5.2
Arthritis & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases
212.2
210.4
223.3
12.9
6.1
11.1
5.2
Deafness & Communication Disorder
154.8
153.1
162.8
9.7
6.3
8.0
5.2
Research Resources
312.7
327.9
331.9
4.0
1.2
19.2
6.1
Nursing Research
48.5
49.0
51.0
2.0
4.1
2.5
5.2
Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse
176.4
173.6
185.6
12.0
6.9
9.2
5.2
Drug Abuse
404.2
407.1
425.2
18.1
4.4
21.0
5.2
Mental Health
583.1
576.0
613.4
37.4
6.5
30.3
5.2
Human Genome
106.1
134.5
128.7
−5.8
−4.3
22.6
21.3
Fogarty International Center
19.7
20.0
21.7
1.7
8.5
2.0
10.2
National Library of Medicine
103.6
133.3
120.0
−13.3
−10.0
16.4
15.8
Office of Director
190.3
234.9
233.6
−1.3
−0.6
43.3
22.8
Buildings and Facilities
108.7
108.7
111.0
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.1
TOTAL, NIH Budget
10,329.6
10,668.0
10,956.2
288.2
2.7
626.6
6.1
Estimated Research Training
−349.0
−355.0
−373.4
−18.4
5.2
−24.4
7.0
Other Non-R&D
−90.6
−105.1
−107.6
−2.5
2.4
−17.0
18.8
TOTAL, NIH R&D
9,890.0
10,207.9
10,475.2
267.3
2.6
585.2
5.9
a Author's estimates. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities.
SOURCE: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Congressional Action on Research and Development in the FY 1994 Budget. Washington, D.C.: AAAS, 1993.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-3 Age Profile of the U.S. Biomedical Science Work Force by Gender: 1981-1991 (in percent)
Age
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Total Biomedical
64,538
66,363
75,755
81,058
88,647
91,959
Under 30
5.35
4.75
3.43
2.36
2.72
2.44
30-34
20.20
18.40
17.96
17.29
15.54
13.06
35-39
24.37
23.36
22.66
20.91
20.20
22.17
40-44
16.51
19.48
21.18
21.94
20.20
19.89
45-49
10.34
11.27
12.80
14.54
17.27
18.40
50-54
9.90
9.02
8.38
8.89
9.56
11.59
55-59
7.05
7.55
7.08
7.06
6.74
6.47
60-64
4.28
4.17
4.29
4.89
5.37
4.01
65-69
1.70
1.61
1.81
1.73
1.91
1.76
70+
0.31
0.39
0.41
0.40
0.50
0.21
Median Age (years)
39.04
39.90
40.42
41.16
41.87
42.11
Total Men
53,868
54,219
60,800
64,317
69,083
70,309
Under 30
4.59
4.24
2.73
1.91
2.31
1.99
30-34
19.01
16.88
16.44
15.33
13.92
11.34
35-39
24.37
22.98
22.03
20.20
19.01
20.74
40-44
16.85
19.95
21.75
22.20
20.06
19.44
45-49
10.83
11.85
13.54
15.45
18.39
19.41
50-54
10.39
9.60
9.00
9.73
10.24
12.87
55-59
7.31
7.89
7.42
7.47
7.37
7.45
60-64
4.58
4.51
4.67
5.33
6.03
4.54
65-69
1.78
1.72
1.97
1.97
2.16
2.01
70+
0.28
0.37
0.47
0.42
0.51
0.22
Median Age (years)
40.10
40.98
41.03
42.33
43.18
43.60
Total Women
10,670
12,144
14,955
16,741
19,564
21,650
Under 30
9.17
7.02
6.27
4.09
4.14
3.91
30-34
26.21
25.20
24.16
24.81
21.26
18.65
35-39
24.35
25.07
25.20
23.64
24.40
26.82
40-44
14.80
17.42
18.88
20.92
20.68
21.37
45-49
7.84
8.66
9.80
11.05
13.33
15.13
50-54
7.41
6.42
5.88
5.67
7.17
7.40
55-59
5.73
6.00
5.71
5.47
4.52
3.32
60-64
2.75
2.65
2.75
3.18
3.02
2.29
65-69
1.33
1.09
1.18
0.84
1.01
0.92
70+
0.42
0.47
0.15
0.33
0.47
0.20
Median Age (years)
37.50
38.05
38.38
38.96
39.55
39.65
NOTE: “Biomedical science work force” consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2, and Figure 3-3.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-4 Citizenship Status of Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s: 1981-1991 (in percent)
Citizenship Status
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Total N
58,446
63,037
70,077
75,192
81,086
85,596
U.S. Citizen
95.0
95.8
95.7
95.5
95.3
94.0
U.S. Native born
87.5
87.3
87.1
86.8
86.3
85.4
Non-U.S. citizen
5.0
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.7
6.0
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
NOTE: “Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s” are those with Ph.D.s in biomedical science fields, regardless of field of employment. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail componenet and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on “mail-only” data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-4.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-5 Total Employment by Sector of the U.S. Biomedical Science Work Force: 1981-1991
Total
Academic
Industry
Government
Hospitals/Clinics
Other
Total Biomedical
1981
63,942
40,855
11,323
6,084
2,983
2,697
1983
65,823
40,616
12,992
6,432
3,054
2,729
1985
74,217
45,142
13,263
6,835
3,636
3,341
1987
80,636
47,657
18,112
7,629
3,738
3,500
1989
88,344
51,134
21,658
8,257
3,674
3,621
1991
91,240
49,032
25,647
8,386
4,261
3,914
Men
1981
53,354
33,447
10,277
5,062
2,542
2,026
1983
53,688
32,134
11,619
5,383
2,447
2,105
1985
59,469
35,247
13,366
5,472
2,877
2,507
1987
63,921
37,003
15,579
5,961
2,910
2,468
1989
68,820
38,878
18,180
6,461
2,795
2,506
1991
69,753
36,164
21,175
6,378
3,107
2,929
Women
1981
10,588
7,408
1,046
1,022
441
671
1983
12,135
8,482
1,373
1,373
607
624
1985
14,748
9,895
1,897
1,363
759
834
1987
16,715
10,654
2,533
1,668
828
1,032
1989
19,524
12,256
3,478
1,796
879
1,115
1991
21,487
12,868
4,472
2,008
1,154
985
NOTE: “Biomedical science work force” consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Cases with missing sector or work activity excluded. See Appendix F-3. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-5.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-6 Doctorate Recipients in the Biomedical Sciences by Gender: 1981-1992
Gender (percent)
Year
Total
Male
Female
1981
3,444
70.5
29.5
1982
3,463
69.0
31.0
1983
3,317
65.1
34.9
1984
3,386
65.6
34.4
1985
3,197
64.0
36.0
1986
3,222
62.7
37.3
1987
3,200
61.8
38.2
1988
3,467
60.2
39.8
1989
3,490
59.2
40.8
1990
3,542
59.3
40.7
1991
3,745
58.6
41.4
1992
3,787
57.3
42.7
NOTE: Data limited to U.S. citizens and permanent residents. Cases with missing gender data are excluded. The Survey of Earned Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figure 3-6 and Figure 3-7.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-7 Doctorate Recipients in the Biomedical Sciences by Citizenship: 1981-1992
Citizenship (percent)
Year
Total
U.S.
Non-U.S.
1981
3,745
87.7
12.3
1982
3,823
86.8
13.2
1983
3,679
86.3
13.7
1984
3,761
86.1
13.9
1985
3,637
83.9
16.1
1986
3,655
84.2
15.8
1987
3,737
80.8
19.2
1988
4,085
79.7
20.3
1989
4,174
78.7
21.3
1990
4,496
74.0
26.0
1991
4,881
71.3
28.7
1992
5,073
69.1
30.9
NOTE: Cases with missing data are excluded. The Survey of Earned Doctorates is sponsored by five Federal Agencies: National Science Foundation (NSF); National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. Department of Education (USED); National Endowment for the Humanities (NIH); and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); and conducted by the National Research Council (NRC).
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Earned Doctorates. (Annual)
See Figure 3-8.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-8 Unemployment Rates for Biomedical and Physical Science Ph.D.s and the U.S. Labor Force: 1973-1991
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Biomedical Sciences
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.5
Physical Sciences
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.6
1.0
0.6
1.1
0.6
1.4
U.S. Labor Force
4.9
8.5
7.1
5.8
7.6
9.6
7.2
6.2
5.3
6.7
NOTE: The unemployment rate is defined as the percent of the field-specific labor force who are not employed and are seeking work. The field-specific labor forces include individuals who have Ph.D.s in these fields and who are either employed or unemployed. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on “mail-only” data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
SOURCES: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients, (Biennial); Office of the President of the United States, Economic Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
See Figure 3-9.
APPENDIX TABLE F-9 Underemployment Rates for Employed Biomedical and Physical Science Ph.D.s: 1973-1991
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Biomedical Sciences
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.8
1.2
Physical Sciences
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.1
NOTE: The underemployment rate is defined as the percent of the field-specific employed doctorates who are working part-time but seeking full-time jobs, or are working in a non-S&E job when an S&E job would be preferred. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology. Prior to 1991, the SDR collected data by mail methods only. In 1991, the survey had both a mail component and a telephone follow-up component. In this table, 1991 estimates are based on “mail-only” data to maintain greater comparability with earlier years.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-10.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-10 Percentage of Biomedical Work Force at Career Age 4-5 who are in Postdoctoral Appointments: 1973-1991
Year
Percent
1973
6.6
1975
11.4
1977
13.5
1979
16.0
1981
20.7
1983
19.2
1985
20.9
1987
18.4
1989
21.4
1991
16.8
NOTE: “Biomedical work force” consists of those working in a biomedical science field, including postdoctoral appointees, regardless of Ph.D. field. Estimates are subject to sampling error. Comparisons between 1991 estimates and those of earlier years should be made with caution due to changes in survey methodology.
SOURCE: NRC, Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (Biennial)
See Figure 3-11.
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APPENDIX TABLE F-22 Trends in the Supply of and Demand for Clinical Scientists
Fiscal Year
1981
1982
1983 a
1984
1985
SUPPLY INDICATORS (New Entrants):
Professional doctorates participating in NIH training grants and fellowships b
2,172
2,153
2,290
2,367
2,385
M.D. degrees awarded
15,673
15,985
15,801
16,369
16,321
DEMAND INDICATORS:
Expenditures for clinical R & D in medical schools (1987 $, mil.)
$783
$773
$811
$856
$961
Professional service income in medical schools (1987 $, mil.)
$1,301
$1,510
$1,829
$1,979
$2,340
Total revenue (all sources), (1987 $, mil.)
8,143
8,611
9,380
9,901
10,676
Budgeted vacancies in medical schools:
Clinical departments
2,231
2,264
2,270
2,402
2,572
Basic science departments
656
668
671
705
801
Clinical faculty/student ratio c
0.331
0.341
0.346
0.349
0.354
LABOR FORCE
M.D.s primarily engaged in research d
17,901
16,743
18,535
22,945
23,268
Full-time faculty in clinical departments
37,716
40,148
41,938
43,443
45,007
NIH research grants awarded to M.D.s: e
Number of competing grants
1,868
1,791
1,962
2,151
2,229
% of total competing grants
34%
32%
32%
34%
31%
M.D. applicants for NIH research grants:
Number of competing applicants
4,525
4,716
4,658
4,844
5,264
% of total competing applicants
31%
30%
30%
30%
30%
M.D. success rate:
M.D. awards/M.D. applicants
41%
38%
42%
44%
42%
M.D. awardees/all awardees
34%
32%
32%
33%
31%
ENROLLMENTS:
Medical students
65,412
66,484
66,886
67,437
67,086
Residents and clinical fellows f
52,871
57,504
59,138
60,442
63,507
Total
118,283
123,988
126,024
127,879
130,593
a Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983.
b Includes Fogarty International Center programs.
c Ratio of full-time clinical faculty to a 4-year weighted average of total enrollments of medical students, residents and clinical fellows(WS) ,where (WS)t = 1/6(St + 2S(t-1) + 2S(t - 2) + S(t-3)).
OCR for page 139
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Annual Growth Rate
Latest Annual Change
Average Annual Change
2,599
2,619
2,631
2,593
2,437
2,232
3.2%
-1.4%
69
15,979
15,719
15,932
15,617
15,338
15,435
0.2%
-1.8%
34
$1,061
$1,118
$1,204
$1,338
$1,516
n/a
6.8%
11.1%
$65
$2,422
$2,745
$3,038
$4,333
$4,958
$5,634
14.5%
14.4%
$349
11,451
12,589
13,577
15,792
16,626
n/a
7.7%
16.3%
$830
2,345
2,510
2,564
2,856
3,136
3,601
3.7%
9.8%
94
757
785
718
720
667
643
-0.7%
-7.4%
-5
0.368
0.377
0.408
0.432
0.442
0.452
2.9%
2.2%
0.011
17,847
n/a
16,586
16,941
16,930
n/a
1.7%
2.1%
270
47,193
48,834
52,260
55,468
57,202
59,189
4.8%
3.1%
2,104
2,075
2,394
2,143
1,907
1,860
2,141
-1.3%
-11.0%
-26
30%
32%
30%
31%
32%
31%
-0.7%
3.0%
-0.23%
5,359
5,262
5,290
5,311
5,422
5,486
1.9%
0.4%
90
29%
29%
28%
28%
28%
29%
-1.4%
-1.5%
-0.41%
39%
45%
41%
36%
34%
39%
-3.1%
-11.4%
-1.32%
30%
32%
30%
31%
32%
31%
-0.6%
-0.9%
-0.20%
66,607
65,918
65,711
65,150
65,081
64,996
0.4%
-0.1%
227
60,875
61,539
62,880
64,867
67,110
68,329
2.7%
3.5%
1,538
127,482
127,457
128,591
130,017
132,191
133,325
1.4%
1.3%
1,766
d There is some question about the interpretation of these data since they include many trainee graduate medical programs. 1984 data are previously unpublished; AMA reports them to be to “within 100 persons ”. 1987 data remain unpublished.
e Data for M.D.s do NOT exclude those who may also have a Ph.D. degree. As a result, the percent M.D. awardees and percent Ph.D. awardees, can be greater than 100%.
f The residents and clinical fellows reported here include only those in accredited programs af with medical schools.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.
OCR for page 140
APPENDIX TABLE F-23 R&D Expenditures in U.S. Medical Schools, by Type of Institutional Control, 1964-91, ($ thousands)
Total R&D Expenditures
Fiscal
Current Dollars a
1987 Dollars
Year
Total
Public
Private
Total
Public
Private
1964
310,412
128,710
181,702
1,120,621
464,657
655,964
1965
344,787
143,627
201,160
1,214,039
505,729
708,310
1966
377,028
155,960
221,068
1,327,563
549,155
778,408
1967
422,467
178,881
243,586
1,436,963
608,439
828,524
1968
470,958
202,440
268,518
1,554,317
668,119
886,198
1969
489,300
196,800
292,500
1,469,369
590,991
878,378
1970
498,066
205,962
292,104
1,418,991
586,786
832,205
1971
499,841
207,346
292,495
1,424,048
590,729
833,319
1972
558,120
227,638
330,482
1,508,432
615,238
893,195
1973
606,921
264,808
342,113
1,564,229
682,495
881,735
1974
657,287
300,479
356,808
1,463,891
669,218
794,673
1975
784,537
363,893
420,644
1,594,587
739,620
854,967
1976
839,170
385,857
453,313
1,705,630
784,262
921,368
1977
973,827
449,709
524,118
1,862,002
859,864
1,002,138
1978
1,046,121
490,029
556,092
1,871,415
876,617
994,798
1979
1,190,689
585,488
605,201
1,817,846
893,875
923,971
1980
1,352,409
677,085
675,324
1,886,205
944,331
941,874
1981
1,477,919
766,565
711,354
2,061,254
1,069,128
992,126
1982
1,605,585
828,954
776,631
2,034,962
1,050,639
984,323
1983 c
1,787,532
937,510
850,022
2,133,093
1,118,747
1,014,346
1984
1,997,317
1,065,607
931,710
2,194,854
1,170,997
1,023,857
1985
2,301,421
1,229,256
1,072,165
2,437,946
1,302,178
1,135,768
1986
2,554,561
1,400,225
1,154,336
2,706,103
1,483,289
1,222,814
1987
2,800,837
1,500,175
1,300,662
2,890,441
1,548,168
1,342,272
1988
3,043,336
1,592,243
1,451,093
3,043,336
1,592,243
1,451,093
1989
3,633,314
1,992,784
1,640,529
3,351,765
1,838,362
1,513,403
1990
4,264,303
2,133,545
2,130,757
3,777,061
1,889,765
1,887,296
1991
4,640,646
2,304,664
2,335,982
4,110,404
2,041,332
2,069,072
a Figures were obtained from the Association of American Medi Colleges (1972-92a, annual tabulations). Because AAMC data were incomplete, figures for 1963 acalnd 1969 were obtained from the American Medical Association (1960-90). Items may not sum to totals due to rounding.
b From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992).
c Estimates for 1964-1975 were derived from data supplied by John James, NIH Division of Research Grants; 1976-1984 data were estimated by the NRC Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel; 1985-1990 were derived from the NSF Survey of Federal Support to Universities.
d Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.
OCR for page 141
Implicit GNP
NIH Clinical Research as a % of Total NIH
Estimated Clinical R & D d
Price Deflator b
Research
1987 Dollars
(1987 = 100)
Obligationc
Total
Public
Private
27.7
15.0
168,093
69,699
98,395
28.4
16.5
200,316
83,445
116,871
29.4
18.0
238,961
98,848
140,114
30.3
20.0
287,393
121,688
165,705
31.7
22.5
349,721
150,327
199,395
33.3
25.0
367,342
147,748
219,595
35.1
28.0
397,318
164,300
233,017
37
30.0
427,215
177,219
249,996
38.8
32.0
482,698
196,876
285,822
41.3
34.0
531,838
232,048
299,790
44.9
34.0
497,723
227,534
270,189
49.2
39.0
621,889
288,452
333,437
52.3
37.0
631,083
290,177
340,906
55.9
39.0
726,181
335,347
390,834
60.3
41.0
767,280
359,413
407,867
65.5
38.0
690,781
339,672
351,109
71.7
39.0
735,620
368,289
367,331
78.9
38.0
783,276
406,269
377,008
83.8
38.0
773,286
399,243
374,043
87.2
38.0
810,575
425,124
385,452
91
39.0
855,993
456,689
399,304
94.4
39.4
961,200
513,405
447,795
96.9
39.2
1,061,358
581,759
479,598
100.0
38.7
1,117,620
598,616
519,004
103.9
39.6
1,203,873
629,855
574,019
108.4
39.9
1,337,651
733,669
603,982
112.9
40.1
1,515,779
758,385
757,394
117.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
OCR for page 142
APPENDIX TABLE F-24 Average Clinical R and D Expenditures and Professional Service Income per U.S. Medical School, by Type of Institutional Control, 1966-90 (1987 $ thousands)
Clinical R and Expenditures
Average per School
Number of Schools Reporting a
Fiscal Year
Total
Public
Private
Total
Public
Private
1966
2,685
2,103
3,336
89
47
42
1967
2,994
2,296
3,854
96
53
43
1968
3,605
2,733
4,747
97
55
42
1969
4,037
2,841
5,631
91
52
39
1970
3,973
2,833
5,548
100
58
42
1971
4,188
2,954
5,952
102
60
42
1972
4,686
3,337
6,496
103
59
44
1973
5,163
3,867
6,972
103
60
43
1974
4,484
3,447
6,004
111
66
45
1975
5,603
4,305
7,578
111
67
44
1976
5,635
4,331
7,576
112
67
45
1977
6,260
4,791
8,496
116
70
46
1978
6,394
4,992
8,497
120
72
48
1979
5,709
4,653
7,315
121
73
48
1980
6,080
4,977
7,816
121
74
47
1981
6,527
5,565
8,021
120
73
47
1982
6,287
5,395
7,634
123
74
49
1983 b
6,590
5,745
7,866
123
74
49
1984
6,903
6,171
7,986
124
74
50
1985
7,569
6,845
8,611
127
75
52
1986
8,357
7,757
9,223
127
75
52
1987
8,800
8,089
9,793
127
74
53
1988
9,479
8,512
11,039
127
74
52
1989
10,616
9,914
11,615
126
74
52
1990
12,030
10,248
14,565
126
74
52
a From the Association of American Medical Colleges (1972-92, special tabulations generated annually from 1982-92).
b Financial data from the University of Washington and Mayo Medical School were included for the first time in 1983.
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1992.
OCR for page 143
Professional Service Income
Sum of Average Clinical R&D plus Professional Service
Average per School
Number of Schools Reporting a
Income per School
Total
Public
Private
Total
Public
Private
Total
Public
Private
2,521
2,451
2,604
33
18
15
5,206
4,554
5,940
2,322
2,256
2,405
43
24
19
5,316
4,552
6,258
2,670
2,686
2,648
56
33
23
6,276
5,419
7,396
3,440
3,422
3,466
57
33
24
7,477
6,263
9,097
3,614
3,543
3,716
71
42
29
7,587
6,376
9,264
4,474
4,298
4,755
70
43
27
8,663
7,252
10,707
5,017
4,744
5,389
71
41
30
9,703
8,081
11,885
5,499
5,449
5,563
70
39
31
10,663
9,316
12,535
6,152
5,899
6,583
73
46
27
10,636
9,347
12,587
7,956
7,148
9,250
78
48
30
13,559
11,453
16,828
9,330
8,371
10,740
84
50
34
14,964
12,702
18,315
11,129
8,745
14,807
89
54
35
17,389
13,535
23,303
11,002
8,772
14,376
93
56
37
17,396
13,764
22,874
11,975
9,672
15,621
93
57
36
17,684
14,325
22,935
12,790
10,148
17,192
96
60
36
18,869
15,125
25,008
13,008
10,229
17,540
100
62
38
19,535
15,795
25,562
14,801
11,500
19,918
102
62
40
21,088
16,895
27,552
17,096
13,402
23,043
107
66
41
23,686
19,147
30,909
18,496
14,465
24,985
107
66
41
25,399
20,637
32,971
21,269
15,649
29,700
110
66
44
28,838
22,494
38,311
21,820
17,580
28,525
111
68
43
30,177
25,337
37,748
24,289
18,732
32,687
113
68
45
33,089
26,821
42,479
26,886
21,490
35,039
113
68
45
36,365
30,002
46,078
39,038
30,768
52,115
111
68
43
49,654
40,683
63,730
43,877
35,611
56,839
113
69
44
55,907
45,859
71,404
OCR for page 144
APPENDIX TABLE F-25 First Time R01 Applicants by Degree and Prior Research Training Experience
Total Applicants
FY of First Application
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
1964
1,087
1,453
103
442
1965
1,035
1,686
107
204
1966
1,081
1,613
81
244
1967
987
1,530
113
216
1968
826
1,582
96
198
1969
691
1,595
120
158
1970
600
1,766
83
145
1971
569
1,707
98
154
1972
654
1,820
111
139
1973
675
1,897
148
146
1974
697
2,005
123
137
1975
634
1,908
138
136
1976
845
2,288
167
168
1977
896
2,509
142
200
1978
907
2,403
146
168
1979
855
2,556
133
168
1980
906
2,501
133
194
1981
796
2,245
127
312
1982
682
2,168
64
177
1983
699
1,999
64
228
1984
700
2,070
114
158
1985
727
2,123
144
120
1986
669
2,175
157
131
1987
620
1,532
108
115
1988
696
1,913
139
105
1989
711
2,019
184
87
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1991.
OCR for page 145
Applicants with Research Training
Percent With Research Training
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
386
458
35
103
35.51
31.52
33.98
23.30
409
600
54
36
39.52
35.59
50.47
17.65
498
640
45
38
46.07
39.68
55.56
15.57
446
651
54
28
45.19
42.55
47.79
12.96
412
733
48
25
49.88
46.33
50.00
12.63
373
738
67
20
53.98
46.27
55.83
12.66
351
928
47
23
58.50
52.55
56.63
15.86
356
893
64
23
62.57
52.31
65.31
14.94
398
945
66
17
60.86
51.92
59.46
12.23
399
1,031
91
24
59.11
54.35
61.49
16.44
421
1,127
69
10
60.40
56.21
56. 10
7.30
386
1,078
91
18
60.88
56.50
65.94
13.24
488
1,288
104
23
57.75
56.29
62.28
13.69
556
1,449
82
19
62.05
57.75
57.75
9.50
536
1,395
95
36
59.10
58.05
65.07
21.43
509
1,402
89
42
59.53
54.85
66.92
25.00
550
1,391
93
31
60.71
55.62
69.92
15.98
431
1,288
77
107
54.15
57.37
60.63
34.29
418
1,270
43
48
61.29
58.58
67.19
27.12
394
1,152
40
74
56.37
57.63
62.50
32.46
396
1,196
76
36
56.57
57.78
66.67
22.78
385
1,226
94
21
52.96
57.75
65.28
17.50
335
1,205
93
22
50.07
55.40
59.24
16.79
308
800
72
21
49.68
52.22
66.67
18.26
311
930
79
19
44.68
48.61
56.83
18.10
298
954
107
16
41.91
47.25
58.15
18.39
OCR for page 146
APPENDIX TABLE F-26 First Time Grant * Recipients Degree and Prior Research Training Experience
Total Recipients
FY of First Application
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
1963
100
100
10
1,500
1964
652
867
75
137
1965
582
688
74
85
1966
616
660
58
82
1967
542
728
61
74
1968
363
527
59
40
1969
376
625
70
32
1970
266
483
46
22
1971
310
581
64
12
1972
432
803
85
23
1973
314
601
63
19
1974
460
1,087
97
17
1975
444
1,181
121
28
1976
406
917
93
27
1977
419
918
80
24
1978
481
1,247
109
23
1979
556
1,516
97
40
1980
469
1,169
82
34
1981
464
1,121
95
77
1982
409
1,109
53
53
1983
494
1,283
48
86
1984
546
1,264
90
94
1985
592
1,385
122
140
1986
521
1,467
131
109
1987
577
1,388
110
79
1988
561
1,453
128
88
1989
512
1,251
146
94
* K,R,U,M,P Awards
SOURCE: National Institutes of Health, special tabulations, 1991.
OCR for page 147
Recipients with Research Training
Percent With Research Training
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
M.D.s
Ph.D.s
M.D.-Ph.D.s
Others
35
38
3
586
35.00
38.00
30.00
39.07
265
345
31
37
40.64
39.79
41.33
27.01
279
321
33
21
47.94
46.66
44.59
24.71
328
328
29
18
53.25
49.70
50.00
21.95
296
379
40
17
54.61
52.06
65.57
22.97
224
321
32
9
61.71
60.91
54.24
22.50
258
394
40
10
68.62
63.04
57.14
31.25
188
337
30
6
70.68
69.77
65.22
27.27
215
406
47
4
69.35
69.88
73.44
33.33
303
552
55
5
70.14
68.74
64.71
21.74
186
406
45
2
59.24
67.55
71.43
10.53
294
725
62
2
63.91
66.70
63.92
11.76
294
835
82
4
66.22
70.70
67.77
14.29
251
629
60
3
61.82
68.59
64.52
11.11
279
647
50
2
66.59
70.48
62.50
8.33
332
852
63
4
69.02
68.32
57.80
17.39
401
1,037
72
12
72.12
68.40
74.23
30.00
336
801
64
9
71.64
68.52
78.05
26.47
317
765
65
48
68.32
68.24
68.42
62.34
287
804
36
21
70.17
72.50
67.92
39.62
303
891
31
27
61.34
69.45
64.58
31.40
343
854
67
22
62.82
67.56
74.44
23.40
363
922
83
47
61.32
66.57
68.03
33.57
289
892
82
27
55.47
60.80
62.60
24.77
317
842
79
11
54.94
60.66
71.82
13.92
322
862
82
10
57.40
59.33
64.06
11.36
269
689
99
13
52.54
55.08
67.81
13.83
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
biomedical science
