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BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL
RESEARCH SCIENTISTS:
THEIR TRAINING AND SUPPLY
Volume I: Findings
Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral
Research Personnel
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
National Research Council
in colIaboration-with the
Institute of Medicine
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1989
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of
the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The
National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting
national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of
· ~
engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify
issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by contract N01-OD-2109 between the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health.
Copies available from:
Studies Section
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW - Room OR 402
Washington, DC 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH SCIENTISTS
THEIR TRAINING AND SUPPLY
Volume 1: Findings
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COMMITTEE ON BIOMEDICAL
AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Gerald S. Levey, Chair
Professor and Chair
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Robert Barker
Senior Provost
Cornell University
Joe Claude Bennett
Professor and Chair
Department of Medicine
University of Alabama - Birmingham
Grace Carter
Senior Policy Analyst
Rand Corporation
Robert Dauffenbach
Professor and Director
Bureau of Business and
Economic Research
Oklahoma State University
Leodis Davis
Associate Vice President for Academic
Affairs: Budget and Planning
University of Iowa
Pe Herbert Leiderman
Professor of Psychiatry and Behaviora 1
Sciences
School of Medicine
Stanford University
J. Scott Long
Professor of Sociology
Indiana University
Thomas Andrew Reichert
Vice President of Medical Affairs
Becton Dickenson Corporation
Peter Henry Rossi
Acting Director
Social Demographic Research Institute
University of Massachusetts
Liaison from OSEP's Advisory Committee on Studies and Analyses
Charlotte Kuh
Executive Director
Graduate Records Examination Program
Education Testing Service
Staff
Robert McGinnis, Study Director
Joe G. Baker, Associate Study Director
Michael G. Finn, OSEP Advisor
Yupin Bae, Research Associate
Dimitria Satterwhite, Secretary
v
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PREFACE
This is the ninth report examining issues related to the NRSA research training
program. The first committee was convened in 1975 as a result of the National Research
Service Award (NRSA) Act of 1974, which mandated that postdoctoral training programs
funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and
Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) be restricted to trainees intending to enter a
career in research. The NRSA Act was passed at a time when the Office of Management
and Budget was challenging the need for postdoctoral research training programs.
Although a proposal to phase out funding for all research training programs was
unacceptable to the Congress, substantial reforms within the training process were made,
including a payback provision for trainees who subsequently selected a career outside of
research after the training fellowship.
Another stipulation of the NRSA Act was for the National Academy of Sciences to
conduct an ongoing study of training programs and periodically report national needs for
biomedical and behavioral research personnel. In the eight previous reports mechanisms
were developed to analyze market demand in order to estimate the work force needed to
ensure the future viability of biomedical and behavioral research. Consequently, an
extensive data base has been developed in addition to analytical models designed for
quantitative analyses.
This committee was co-evened in November 1988 and given only eight months to
prepare a report. It has proven to be a most exciting undertaking at a particularly critical
time for the biomedical and behavioral sciences in the United States. Significant advances
are occurring, and the future is filled with promise for even greater developments in
biomedical research leading to an understanding of the fundamental causes of a variety of
diseases--from Alzheimer's to cancer--as well as to developing advanced therapies based on
this understanding of the etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease.
There is much work to be done, but will there be sufficient personnel, sufficiently
trained, to do it? Factors to be considered in answering the question include:
o the quality of the American school system in educating and encouraging
students toward a career in the sciences;
o identifying and correcting the reasons for a continuing dearth of minorities
entering careers in research; and
o
assessing the relative value and effectiveness of training programs and
institutional training grants in producing successful researchers.
The desirability of selecting a career in research also must be examined. Present and
future budgetary projections, resulting in decreasing numbers of grants funded by NIH,
almost certainly will have a detrimental effect on the attractiveness of an academic
research career. It is also necessary to evaluate the effect of the emerging biotechnology
industry on the demand for scientists trained by NIH and universities; the impact of
industry on standard biomedical and behavioral science research programs; and the role of
industry in the training process. Budgetary constraints have also focused interest on health
services research because of the size of the health care industry, its proportion of the gross
national product, and the intent of government to decrease the amount of money being
spent on health care.
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Given this environment and the limited time and resources available, this committee
sensed that it should do something different from the other committees to date.
Specifically, the committee wanted to:
o
o
o
o
lo.
reexamine and improve the labor market models used to analyze future
requirements for research personnel,
review the literature concerning NRSA program evaluations and evaluation
methodology and develop a foundation for future NRSA program
evaluations;
review literature and existing data sets to better define scientific
productivity--in-academe as well as in industry--as a means to measure NRSA
program success;
call attention to issues related to the program of study for
physician/scientists; and
reflect upon the role of the committee itself and make recommendations for
future studies.
Essays addressing these special interests accompany the projections of national
needs for biomedical and behavioral research scientists. Thus, Chapter 1 contains a
discussion of primary and secondary school education and the points where career
decisions are formulated; models are presented to aid in understanding the interventions
that must be developed for increased recruitment of minorities into careers in the sciences.
Chapters 3 and 5 contain a discussion of the role of the physician/scientist and call
attention to the need to carefully examine the program of study of the institutional
training grants that serve as the single largest source of research training for the physician.
In addition, special papers were commissioned to buttress the committee's deliberations and
recommendations. Lloyd H. Smith has provided a concept paper regarding the training and
role of the physician/scientist in the modern research arena; Georgine Pion has assessed the
evaluation of training programs sponsored by NIH; Elizabeth McGlynn has contributed an
overview of health services research; and Helen Gee has addressed the complex task of
defining scientific productivity, which is so important for the evaluation process. The
committee hopes that it has achieved its goals and that the reader will find this an
interesting and provocative report--one that will stimulate new areas of interest for the
committee and perhaps new areas of research.
As chairman of the committee, I express my appreciation to the staff members who
have worked long and hard within extraordinary time constraints to accomplish our
assigned task. I also express my appreciation to the committee members who have given
unselfishly of their time by participating in the three meetings in Washington and in the
writing, rewriting, and analyzing of this report. The entire committee thanks all those
other individuals and organizations who have contributed to our discussions and data base.
Gerald S. Levey, M.D.
Chairman, Committee for Biomedical
and Behavioral Research Personnel
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals contributed to this report. We wish to thank in particular the following
individuals and their organizations for their contributions.
National Institutes of Health
Charles Sherman, John Norvell, Ronald Geller, Robert Moore, Nicholas Moriarity,
Norman Braveman and William Pitlick
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
Walter Schaffer
National Science Foundation
John Gawalt
Quantum Research Corporation
Mary Look, George Nozicka
A pplied Management Science
Howard Garrison
Cornell University
Mary Hornbuckle, Careen Arsenault
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