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PERSONNEL NEEDS AND TRAINING
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
%
THE 1978 REPORT
of the
COMMITTEE ON A STUDY OF NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RESOURCES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
National Academy of Sciences
Washington, D.C.
1978
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was
approved by the Governing Board of the National Research
Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi-
neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
Committee responsible for the report were chosen for Their
special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the
authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review
Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering' and the
Institute of Medicine.
The work on which this publication is based was performed
pursuant to Contract No. NO1-OD-5-2109 with the National
Institutes of Health of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. Support for this project came from Evaluation
Set-Aside funds (Section 513 of the PHS Act), Evaluation
Project No. NIH 75-1.
Available from:
. . . . .
Commission on Human Resources
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue' N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
2101 CONSTlTUtlON AVENUE
WA S 1~ 1 F4 GTON , D. C. 2 0^ 1 ~
The Honorable Joseph Califano
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Washington, D. C. 20201
My dear Mr. Secretary:
September 3 0, 19 78
It is a pleasure to present to the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare for transmittal to the Congress, the 1978 report of the
Committee on a Study of National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral
Research Personnel. This is the fourth annual report in the continuing
study undertaken by the National Research Council pursuant to Title I of
the National Research Act of 1974 (PL 93-348 ~ . The work has been
supported under Contract NOl OD ~ 2109 with the National Institutes of
Health.
The Act states (Section 473(a) ~ that the purposes of the study are
to: n ~ 1 } establish (A) the Nation' s overall need for biomedical and
behavioral research personnel, (B) the subject areas in which such
personnel are needed and the newer of such personnel needed in each
such area, and ~ C ~ the kinds and extent of training whi ch should be
provided such personnel; (2) assess (A) current training programs
available for the training of biomedical and behavioral research
personnel which are conducted under this Act at or through institutes
under the National Institutes of Health and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and
Mental Health Administration' and (B) other current training programs
available for the training of such personnel; ~ 3 ~ identify the kinds of
research positions available to and held by individuals completing such
programs; ~ 4 ~ determine, to the extent feasible, whether the programs
referred to in clause (B) of paragraph (2) would be adequate to wet the
needs established under paragraph { 1~ if the programs referred to in
clause (A) of paragraph (2) were te:rmir~ated; and (5) determine what
modifications in the programs referred to in paragraph ~ 2 ~ are required
to meet the needs established under paragraph {~.-
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Since the submission of the 1977 report, the Committee has made
substantial progress in responding to the goals of the Act. Through the
conduct of recent survey`;, it Ad; significantly expanded the data on
which estimates of labor market conditions and planning need'; me based.
In addition, the Committee has' as it As asked to do, addressed
train) ng needs in the areas of health services research and nursing
research. In the year ahead, the Committee will seek father
improv-'n~nt in its ability to a,;~;ist HEW and the Congress in meeting the
Nation's training needs.
We hope the present report ~11 be helpful and shal 1 be glad to
di scuss it with you and your staf f .
(
Sit_
Philip Handler
President
Enclos me
.,
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PREFAC E
This is, the fourth annual report prepared by the Committee on a
Study of Nat tonal Needs for Hi omed ical and Behavioral Research
Personnel. This continuing study was initiated in 1975 following
the passage of Public Law 93-348, The National Research Service
Award (NRSA) Act of 19740 The Health Research and Health Serv-
ices Amendments of 1976 broadened the authority of the Act to
include nursing research training ~ Append ix A) .
In its reports the Committee has focused on its legi slat ive
charge to assess the rol e of and need for federal training
programs in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. Over the
years the Committee has sought to identify and analyze: l ~ the
evolution of federal support programs and the changing conditions
underl ying this support; 2 ~ the nature of the dynamic system
1 inking training and employment in health-related research; 3)
the definition of areas and fields of training need; 4 ~ the
problem of involving women and minority scientists in health
research; and 5 ~ administrative problems of realizing training
ob; ect i ve s ~
To inform i tsel f about these i ssue s, the Commi thee has en-
gaged in a variety of activities. It has: ~ ~ conducted surveys
of individual scientists and departments to gather primary source
information about current training and employment conditions; 2
Revel aped a statistical model for projecting employment demand;
3 ~ made site visits to recipients of federal train) ng grants and
to professional societies; 4 ~ reviewed data and discussed issues
with personnel from federal agencies concerning administrative
practice; 5) convened conferences and- meetings to address train-
ing and employment problems in particu] ar fields; 6 ~ invited the
research community and the public at large to express views and
give evidence at pubs ic hearings; and 7) monitored other studies,
both within and outside the National Research Council (NRC)
relevant to the Committee' s interests.
In its previous reports ~1975, 1976, and 1977), the Committee
discussed in some depth the various issues and factors rel ated to
predoctora] and postdoctoral research training in the basic bio-
medica1, behavioral ~ and clinical sciences and the disciplines
related to health services research ~ In the 1977 report ~ in
addition to making specific recommendations about the number of
fellowship and traineeship awards that the federal agencies
shoul ~ provide during FY 1979-~l, the Committee macle a number of
recommendations about the administrative policies of the NRSA
program. The reader i s re ferred to t' Synops i s of Previous Re-
ports" (Chapter 1 ~ and to its previous reports for that back-
ground in format ion O
Subsequent to the distribution of each of its ~ 976 and 1977
reports, the Committee conducted well-publicized al 1-day public
hearings on these issues. With this base of public knowl edge and
understanding, the Committee this year reports its specific
v
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recommendations for FY 1980 and its recommended target goals for
FY 1981 and 1982. These target goals will be reevaluated in the
Committee's next report.
Of specific interest in this year's report are: 1) the
results of surveys of the chairpersons of 1,324 basic biomedical
science departments and 474 behavioral science departments in
Ph.D.-granting institutions; 2) some changes in the models that
the Commi thee has used to project future demand for doctorate-
level faculty in the basic biomedical, clinical, and behavioral
areas; 3) discussion of the special circumstances of the D.D.S.
and D.V.M. holders in relation to supply and demand for training
in the clinical sciences area; 4) an analysis of the work activ-
ities of nonclinical behavioral scientists in academic and in
nonacademic settings; 5) the identification of a limited number
of specific fields within the basic biomedical, behavioral, and
clinical areas that warrant special attention; 6) the results of
on-site interviews with deans and faculty of schools of nursing
that either have or expect soon to begin doctoral level research
training programs. With regard to the recruitment, graduate
research training, and employment of minority group members and
women in the biomedical and behavioral sciences, the Committee
notes that at both of its public hearings these subjects at-
tracted considerable attention. Although special studies of
these topics could not be carried out in time for this report,
the Committee is planning a survesy of issues in graduate training
in conjunction with the NRC's Committee on the Education and -
Employment of Minority-Group Members in Sciences Similarly, the
Committee looks forward to a collaborative effort with the
Council's Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in
Science and Engineering. In each instance the Committee believes
that its work will benefit from the special expertise brought to
these issues by the collaborating groups. Of particular interest
to the Committee, although not limited to women and minorities,
is the issue of midcareer training. This topic is discussed in a
Separate section in Chapter 1.
The Committee's annual report for 1978 consists of one intro-
ductory, overview chapter and five chapters devoted to the vari-
ous areas of research training.
Chapter ~ provides a statement of the objectives for this
year's report, a synopsis of previous Committee reports, dis-
cusses the quality of the research training enterprise, recog-
nizes the continuing issue of training needs of women and of
midcareer training, sets forth one recommendation of a general
nature, and gives the numerical recommendations of the Committee
for federal support in each area of research training for fiscal
years 1980-82. Addenda to this chapter also contain a summary of
The Committee's 1978 public hearing and a description of this
year's activities and other relevant studies. .
Chapters 2 through 6 consider the pertinent issues and the
Committee's recommendations for the basic biomedical sciences
(Chapter 2), behavioral sciences (Chapter 3), clinical sciences
t
V1
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"Chapter 4), health services research (Chapter 5), and nursing
research (Chapter 61.
Finally, the Committee notes that all of the issues discussed
in last year's report relative to the policies and administration
of the NRSA program have been addressed by the responsible agen-
cies, by Congress, or, in some instances, by both. These issues
were: 1 ) the 3-year limitation on awards and the criteria for
waiver of limitation; 2) payback provisions and waiver of the
payback requirement; 3) stipend levels as these are affected by
taxation and the increasing cost of living; 4) mu~tidiscip~i-
nary training grants; and 5 ~ announcement fields. The first
three points have been the focus of both executive agency and
congressional scrutiny and action, the results of which are
embodied in the pending renewal legislation. The latter two
points have been explored in depth by representatives of the
Committee and its advisory panels in discussions with senior
officials of the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Adminis-
tration (ADAMBA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), who
now are reviewing these matters.
In view of these developments, the Committee has concluded
not to reiterate this year its earlier recommendations involving
these issues.
Of special interest to the Committed is the plan recently
announced by the Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (DHEW), for the Department to develop a new multiyear
health research policy that, in addition to placing greater em-
phasis on basic research, will her p to bring an important measure
of stability to the research enterpri se . The Committee has noted
in each of its reports that the level of federal support for bio-
medical and behavioral research is the single 1 argest determinant
of the need for research personnel in these areas. The work of
the Committee will be facilitated shout ~ such a national heal th
research pl an be developed and implemented.
As Congress continues both to extent the NRSA program in t ime
and to broaden its coverage, continued cooperation between
federal agencies and the Committee will provide Congress and the
public at large assurance that both the conduct of the program
and its oversight will proceed in a heal thy and construct ive
fashion .
Henry WO Riecken, Ph. D .
Chairman
James B. Wyngaarden, M. D.
Vice Chairman
V11
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AC KNOWLEDGMENTS
In developing this report, the Committee has benefited from the
support and advice provided by many people and organizations. In
particular, the Committee acknowledges the contributions of the
chairmen and members of its four panels who compiled information,
interpreted findings and formulated recommendations for the
Committee' s consideration .
Several agencies interested in this study supplied informa-
tion and assistance. Financial support was provided by the
National Institutes of Health. Donald S. Fredrickson, Director
of the National Institutes of Health, Robert A. Butler, Director
of the National Institute on Aging, and Gerald L. Klerman, Admin-
istrator of the alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Adminis-
tration met wi th the Commi t tee earlier this year and presented
their views on the training programs. The Committee wishes to
acknowledge fits appreciation to the senior staffs of NI-H and
ADAMHA for several opportunities that have been provided to come
together professionally to consider matters of policy, program
administration ~ and other points of mutual interest and concern.
William H. Eatchelor served as project director for the National
Institutes of Health and maintains excel ~ ent liaison with the
Committee and its staff. The Committee is pleased to acknowledge
the assistance of both Nicholas CO Moriarity, Jr., NIH, who
provided data on NIH training programs, and officials of the
Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, the Divi-
sion of Nursing of the Health Resources Administration, and the
National Center for Health Services Research who provided s imilar
assi stance .
The Committee has maintained a close and act ive interest in
the work of the President's Commission on Mental Health, under
the chairmanship of Thomas E. Bryant. Four members of the
Committee and its pane] s have served on the Commission or one of
its task panel s. The Committee is particul arl y grateful to
Beatrix Hamburg r Daniel XO Freedman, and B. Victor Pfeiffer for
the time they devoted in keeping the Committee aware of the
general progress of the Commi ssion.
The Committee has also worked closely with the Institute of
Medicine's Committee on Heal th Services Research`, under the
chairmanship of Robert Ebert. The staffs of these two studies
have been in close communication and have kept the Committee
aware of discussion and developments relevant to research
training needs in thi s area O
The Committee i s grated for the contributions cuff Kathleen
S. Dolan and Thomas E. Morgan, whose study of programs for the
training of clinical investigators has been an important resource
for this report.
The Committee would like to thank Mary Kelly ~,ullane of the
American Association of Col leges of Nursing ~ and Constance
Holleran - of the American Nurses Association for their hel p in
developing the present assessment of doctoral training needs in
nursing research O
. . .
-as ~ ~
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Within the Commission on Human Resources, Harrison Shul 1,
Chairman of the Commission and Will lam C. Ken ly, its Executive
Director, offered helpful counsel and assistance during all
phases of the study. Vat uable support was al so provided by - the
staff of the Data Processing and Supporting Services Of f ices of
the Commi ssion .
The Committee' s staff, under the direction of Herbert 13.
Pah1, supported the Committee and panel s by conducting the sur-
veys and other data con 1 action activities, performing the ana-
lyses, and preparing reports of the findings. A1 len M. Singer
supervised the coil ection of data from the agencies and performed
the analyses which led to the pro jections of aced emic ~ emend in
the basic biomedical, behavioral, and clinical sc fences areas.
camel a Ebert-Flattau coordinated the data coil ection and analyses
in the areas of behavioral sc fences, health services research and
nursing research. John C. Norvel ~ and Samuel S. Herman served as
executive secretaries to the Basic Biomedical and Cl inical Sci-
ences Panel s and supervised staff support of those panels' activ-
ities respectively. Robert G. Snyder had pr imary responsibil ity
for the conduct and anal ysis of the Survey of Biomedical and
Behavioral Science Departments. Porter E. Coggeshal I, who early
in the year assumed responsibility for a new Commission study on
postdoctorals and doctoral research staff, continued to provide
assistance with analyses and interpretations of survey f inklings .
The Committee enj oyed superior administrative, technical and
clerical support. Kay C. Harris Abe y hands ed administrative
matters, while J. Richard Albert, Corazon A. Francisco, Rebecca
C. Stuart, and Ingrid A. Wharton provided excellent research
assistance. Imani R. Ansari, Marie A. Clark and Janie B .
Marshall supplied outstanding secretarial support, often under
considerable time constraint.
To all these persons and organ) zations , the Committee ex-
presses its warmest thanks.
1X
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