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PERSONNEL NEEDS AND TRAINING
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
THE 1981 REPORT
of the
COMMITTEE ON A STUDY OF NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
COMMISSION ON HuMAN RESOURCES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
National Academy Press
Washington, DeCe
1981
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NOTICE: The proj eat that is the subj eat of this report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are
drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting
of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Anaa~mv
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
_ i,
of
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and
technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with
general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its
congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council
has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of
Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their
services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and
the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970,
respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
~ _ _ , ~ ~
The work on which this publication is based was performed pursuant to
Contract No. NO1-OD-9-2112 with the National Institutes of Health of the
Department of Health and Human Services. Support for this project came
from Evaluation Set-Aside funds (Section 513 of the PHS Act), Evaluation
Project No. NIH 75-1.
Available from:
Commission on Human Resources
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.~.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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NATIONAL RESEARCH COU NC! ~
OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20418
The Honorable Richard S. Schweiker
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Washington, D.C. 20201
Dear Mr. Secretary:
January 29, 1982
It is a pleasure to present to the Department of Health and
Human Services for transmittal to the Congress, the 1981 report of the
Committee on a Study of National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral
Research Personnel. This is the sixth annual report in the continuing
study undertaken by the National Research Council pursuant to Title I
of the National Research Act of 1974 (PL 93-348~. The work for this
report has been supported under Contract N01-0D~9-2112 with the
National Institutes of Health.
The Act states (Section 473 (a)) that the purposes of the study
are to: "~1) establish (A) the Nation's overall need for biomedical
and behavioral research personnel, (B) the subject areas in which such
personnel are needed and the number of such personnel needed in each
such area, and (C) the kinds and extent of training which should be
provided such personnel; (2) assess (A) current training programs
available for the training of biomedical and behavioral research
personnel which are conducted under this Act at or through institutes
under the National Institutes of Health and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse,
and Mental Health Administration, and (B) other current training
programs available for the training of such personnel; (3) identify
the kinds of research positions available to and held by individuals
completing such programs; (4) determine, to the extent feasible,
whether the Programs referred to in clause (B) of paragraph (2) would
be adequate to meet the needs established under paragraph {1) if the
programs referred to in clause (A) of paragraph (2) were terminated;
and (5) determine what modifications in the programs referred to in
paragraph (2) are required to meet the needs established under
paragraph (1~."
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Since the submission of the 1979 report the Committee has made
substantial progress in responding to the goals of the Act. This is
particularly true for the area of inquiry concerning research manpower
needs in the Clinical Sciences where much new information has been
obtained and analyzed by the Committee.
We hope the present report will be helpful and shall be glad to
discuss it with you and your staff.
Yours since ~ y,
>~ //
Are_
rank Press
Chairman
Enclosure
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.
PREFACE
This report of the Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and
Behavioral Research Personnel is the sixth in a continuing study
conducted in response to the National Research Service Award Act of 1974
and its amendments.
In the Act, Congress re-authorized the training programs of the
Nationa1 Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Alcohol no all,=" and
Menta' Healtn Administration (ADAMHA), and requested the National Academy
of Sciences (NAS) to conduct a continuing study of the nation's need for
biomedical and behavioral research personnel. The study would establish
the specific subject areas in which such personnel were needed and the
kinds and extent of training to be provided. It was a difficult and
challenging task.
The Academy accepted the task proposed for it by Congress, and in
1975 this Committee was established within the Commission on Human
Resources to accomplish it. Individuals were selected from a wide
variety of fields of expertise to serve on the Committee. The members
included persons from many of the biomedical and behavioral fields and
from other quantitative fields, such as economics and statistics, as
well. But it was recognized that assistance would be required from those
with a wider range of knowledge, and so panels of experts were formed to
advise the Committee in specific areas.
Although the composition of the Committee and its advisory groups has
changed over the years, this general structure has prevailed with only
minor modification. The Committee and Panels, with the assistance of its
staff and consultants--and occasionally with help from contractors--have
conducted the studies reported in this and the previous five reports.
Robert J. Glaser, M.D., was the first chairman of the Committee, serving
from 1975 to 1977. He was succeeded by Henry W. Riecken, Ph.D., who
served until 1980.
The Comm; ttee has continued to develop the approach to the task and
to refine its methods. We have accepted the interpretation that
"national needs" should be determined largely he current 1 Her - mark - -
demand and by our best judgment about the conditions that are likely to
prevail in the near future. A substantial body of data has been
developed during the course of this study to help us assess market
conditions. To this we now have added the contributions of three major
studies designed to broaden our understanding of critical issues in the
clinical sciences area. In addition, the analytical models of the market
that provide the basis for our projections have been updated and refined
for the present report. One of the outcomes has been a revision of some
previous assumptions about how these markets have been functioning.
Most of the new studies and the overall emphasis in this year's
report concern the clinical sciences area. In addition, however, the
numerical recommendations for each of the five broad areas of research
training previously reported upon--basic biomedical sciences, behavioral
sciences, clinical sciences, health services research, and nursing
research--have been re-examined and updated as appropriate. The resort
contains a number of non-numerical recommendations concerning the
specific subject matter areas. The last chapter deals with current
federal programs for increasing the participation of underrepresented
minority-group members in the biomedical and behavioral disciplines.
v
_~_ _
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The authorizing legislation, renewed and modified several times since
1974, was extended in August for 2 years through FY 1983 by passage of
the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-351. Three
important changes made by this legislation were: 1) the waiver of
payback obligation by recipients of NRSA support for the first 12 months
of research training taken under this program; 2) the selective emphasis
placed on recruiting more physicians into careers in biomedical research
and clinical investigation; and 3) the elimination from coverage by the
Act of the research training program of the National Center for Health
Services Research.
In closing I thank the many individuals who have served previously as
members of this Committee and its advisory Panels for their contributions
to the accumulated knowledge upon which the present Committee relied
heavily in preparing this report.
Robert L. Hill, Ph.D.
Chairman
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
As in its past reports, the Committee's work is the result of the
efforts of many individuals and organizations.
Among the many who provided assistance to us we wish particularly to
acknowledge the staffs of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA), and the
Health Resources Administration (HRA). Our special thanks go to Dr.
Donald Fredrickson, immediate past director of N7H and his staff, notably
Drs. William Raub, Doris Merritt, and William Batchelor. In addition
Dr. Charles Miller of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences
(NIGHS), Dr. Bernard Lepovetsky of the National Cancer Institute (NCI),
and Dr. Nicholas Moriarity of the Division of Research Grants (DRG)
provided valuable data and information on training programs. The
Committee also appreciates the generous assistance of Ms. Michele Harvey
and Dr. Frank Sullivan of ADAMHA, Ms. Jo Eleanor Elliott, Director of the
Division of Nursing, HRA, and her staff members, Drs. Marie Bourgeois and
Adele Wood.
In the pursuit of its major research effort this year in the clinical
sciences, the Committee wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the
following individuals and organizations: Drs. Thomas Morgan, Charles
Sherman, and Paul Jolly of the Association of American Medical Colleges
(AAMC); Drs. Martin Block and Scott Swisher of Michigan State University;
and Dr. Richard Scheffler of George Washington University.
Over the past two years, the Committee has conducted a series of site
visits to predoctoral training programs in the basic biomedical
sciences. The promise of confidentiality constrains us from naming
specific institutions and individuals; however, the Committee wishes to
pay special thanks to those university administrators, faculty, and
students who contributed their time and effort to this activity.
The Committee's work on minority participation in biomedical and
behavioral research was aided by many individuals. Particular thanks are
due to Dr. Harold Delaney, Executive Vice President of the American
Association of State Colleges and Universities, for his guidance in many
phases of this effort. In addition, our survey of federal programs for
minority research training was assisted by staff members from the
Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Education, and
the National Science Foundation.
Within the Commission on Human Resources, Dr. Harrison Shull,
Chairman, and Dr. William Kelly, Executive Director, have provided advice
and assistance at all phases of the study. Mr. Porter Coggeshall, staff
director of another study, has contributed frequently to the analysis of
data. In addition, Mr. Herbert Soldz and the staff of the Data
Processing Office have provided valuable support.
The Committee is pleased-to recognize the capable work and many
contributions made by all the members of its staff under the overall
direction of Dr. Herbert B. Pahl, Staff Director. Specifically, thanks
are accorded to the senior professional staff, Dr. Allen M. Singer, Study
Director for Data and Analyses, and Drs. Russell Hilmoe, Robert G.
Snyder, and Samuel S. Herman, Executive Secretaries of the Basic
Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences Panels, respectively. The
assistance of Dr. Pamela Ebert-Flattau, former Executive Secretary of the
_ ~ , ,, _
Yii
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Behavioral Sciences and Health Services Research Panels, during the
initial phase of this year's report is also appreciated. Special note is
also made of the heavy administrative load carried this year by the Staff
Director and Mrs. Kay C. Harris, Administrative Officer, particularly in
connection with preparing this year's report concurrently with meeting
other project responsibilities.
Finally, the Committee is pleased to thank the following support
staff: Mr. J. Richard Albert and Ms. Delores H. Thurgood for excellent
technical assistance; and Mmes. Imani R. Ansari, Jacquelyn C. Johnson,
and Janie B. Marshall for outstanding secretarial assistance and other
support services
.
yiii
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COMMITTEE ON A STUDY OF NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Chairman: Robert L. HILL, Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Biochemistry
Duke University Medical Center
Richard C. ATKINSON, Ph.D.
Chancellor
University of California
at San Diego
Robert M. BOCK, Ph.D.
Dean, Graduate School
University of Wisconsin-Madison
John BRADEMAS, Ph.D.
President
New York University
Eugene H. CORDES, Ph.D.
Executive Director, Biochemistry
Merck Sharp & Dohme Research
Laboratories
Rahway, N.J.
Eugene H. COTA-ROBLES, Ph.D.*
Professor of Biology
University of California
at Santa Cruz
Linda F. DONALDSON, J.D.
Professor of Law
Georgetown University Law Center
W. Lee HANSEN, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Lyle V. JONES, Ph.D.
Director, The L. L. Thurstone
Psychometric Laboratory
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
William N. KELLEY, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan
Medical School-
Charlotte KUH, Ph.D.
District Manager, Long Range
Forecasting
American Telephone and Telegraph
Company
Murray Hill, N.J.
Jerry MINER, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
Syracuse University
Gerald T. PERKOFF, M.D.
Curators Professor
School of Medicine
University of Missouri-Columbia
James B. WYNGAARDEN, M.D.
Chairman, Department of Medicine
Duke University Medical Center
*Resigned
ix
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BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: Robert BARKER, Ph.D.
Cornell University
Harold AMOS, Ph.D.*
Harvard Medical School
Arthur Morton BROWN, M.D., Ph.D.
University of Texas
Medical Branch - Galveston
S. . J. COOPERSTEIN, D. D. S. ., Ph.D.
The University of Connecticut
Health Center
E. Peter GEIDUSCHEK, Ph.D.
University of California
at San Diego
Lee V. LEAK, Ph.D.
Howard University
*Resigned
Vernon R. YOUNG, Ph.D.
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
x
H. George MANDEL, Ph.D.
George Washington University
Peter S. NOCE, M.D., Ph.D.
Bio-Science Enterprise
Van Nuys, Calif.
Paul S. SYPHERD, Ph.D.
University of California
at Irvine
F. Eugene YATES, M.D.
University of California
at Los Angeles
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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: Kenneth E. CLARK, Ph.D.
University of Rochester
Co-Chairman:
Hubert Morse BLALOCK, Jr., Ph.D.
University of Washington
Lucy M. COHEN, Ph.D.
Catholic University of America
Ada K. JACOX, Ph.D.
University of Maryland
P. Herbert LEIDERMAN, M.D.
Stanford University Medical
Center
xi
Gardner LINDSEY, Ph.D.
Center for Advanced Study
in the Behavioral Sciences
Brendan A. MAHER, Ph.D
Harvard University
Robert McGINNIS, Ph.D.
Cornell University
Jerome E. SINGER, Ph.D.
Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
Eliot STELLAR, Ph.D.
University of Pennsylvania
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CL=ICAL SCI} :NCES PANEL
Chairman: David R. COMMONER, M.D.
St. Louis Uni~rersit`y Medical
Center
Ruby BRASSIER, M. ~ .
University of Arizona
Thomas B. C=RKSON, D.it.M.
Wake Forest Uni~rersi~y
Rody P . COX, M. O.
Case Western Reserve University
Roger 9ETELS, M.~.
University of California
at Los Angeles
Robert B. EON, M. D .
Eli ~ lay & Co - any
Ir:diarapolis, ~d.
Paul GOLDEABER, D ;D . S .
Har~r~-d University School of
Dental Medicine
Olga JONASSON, M. D .
O~,rersity of Ill~nois
Morris A. LIPTON, M. D .
University of North Carol ina
at Chapel Hill
John F. SON, Ph.D.
Association of American Medical
Colleges
Scott N. SWISHER, M. D.
Michigan State University
Babette B. WEASEL, M. D .
flew Yor}: Bospital~Cornell
Medical Center
s
Danny PERRY, M.A. (consultants
St. Louis University Medical Center
Eli
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STAFF
Herbert B. PAHL, Ph.D., Staff Director
Panel Executive Secretaries
Russell J. HILMOE, Ph.D.
Basic Biomedical Sciences
Panel
Samuel S. HERMAN, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Clinical Sciences Panel
Robert G. SNYDER, Ph.D.
Behavioral Sciences and Health
Services Research Panels
Research Assistant/Associate
J. Richard ALBERT, B.A.
Delores THURGOOD, B.A.
Study Director for Data and
Analyses
Allen M. SINGER, Ph.D
.
Director, Graduate Education
Studies Program
Robert G. SNYDER, Ph.D
Admini strative Officer
.
Kay C. HARRIS ~ B. S .
Secretaries
Imani R. ANSARI
Jacquelyn C. JOHNSON
Janie B. MARSHALL
xiii
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