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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction and Suounary of Numerical Recommendations,
Fiscal Years 1982-1985
Clinical Sciences
Bas lo B domed ical Sc fences
Behavioral Sc fences
Health Services Resea rch and Nursing Research
Minorities in the Biomedical and Behavioral Sc fences
Recommendations
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF NUMERICAL RECOMMENDATIONS,
FISCAL YEARS 1982-1985
OBJECTIVES OF THE 19 81 REPORT
STABILIZATION OF RESEARCH TRAINING SUPPORT
Recommendat ion
TRAINING QUALITY
PROSPECTIVE CHANGES IN RETIREMENT
ESTIMATION OF PERSONNEL NEEDS
TRAINING DATA EOR FY 1979 AND FY 1980 AND RECOMMENDED
LEVELS FOR 1982-1985
Estimated Costs
2. CLINICAL SCIENCES
THE TRAINING OF PHYS ICIAN INVESTIGATORS
Medical School
Residency
Post-Residency
DETERMINANTS OF CAREER CHOICE
Career Plans of Medical Students
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PAGE
Te st Score s
Gender
Experiences During Medical School
Debt
Factors Inf luencing Research Career Choice
Plans of M.D./Ph.D. 's and Ph.D./M.D. 's
Comparison with Earlier Graduates
Economic Incentives/Disincentives
Research Careers in Internal Medi
Di scussion
COMPARISON OF TRAINING PROGRAMS
.c one
RESEARCH TRAINING AND RESEARCH CAREER LONGEVITY
RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT
NON-M. D. SCIENTISTS IN CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Available Data Sources
Variation by Clinical Specialty
Future Outlook
Need for Additional Inf ormation
THE MARKET FOR CLINICAL SCIENTISTS
Current Indicators
Pro j ec t ions Th rough FY 19 8 5
"Graying" of the Faculty and Research Productivity
RECOMMENDATIONS
Traineeships and Fellowships
Medical Scientist Training Program
NOTES
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PAGE
3. BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
THE TRAINING OF BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENTISTS
THE MARKET FOR BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE PH.D.'s
Current Indicators
Projections Through FY 1985
Basic Biomedical Science Faculty
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Commercial Market for Basic Biomedical Scientists 65
Priority Fields
Conclusions
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ASSESSING PH.D. PRODUCTION IN THE BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 69
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINEES AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH STAFF
QUALITY IN GRADUATE TRAINING
Case Studies of tbe Impact of the Loss of Training
Grant Support on Training Programs
TRAINING ENVIRONMENT
Instrumentation
Facilities
Conc fusion
RECOMMENDATIONS
Predoctoral Training Levels
Postdoctoral Training Levels
Training Grant Awards
NOTES
4. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
THE TRAINING OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS
THE MARKET FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE PH.~.'s
Current Indicators
Nonclinical Behavioral Fields
Clinical Behavioral Fields
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Field Switching
Research Activity
Uti li Eat ion of Postdoctoral Traini ng
Projections Through FY 1985
IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIOR RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Levels of Federal Funding for Research and
Research Training
Behavioral Science Versus Social Science
Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Awards
Training Grants and Fellowships
NOTES
5. HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH AND NURSING RESEARCH
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Recommendation
NURSING RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Recommendation
6. MINORITIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
MINORITY PH.D. 'S IN THE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
Time to Complete the Doctorate
Sources of Graduate Student Support
Plans for Postdoctoral Study
MINORITY PH.~. 'S IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
MINORITIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL "PIPELINE"
CURRENT PROGRAMS FOR MINORITY STUDENTS
RECOMMENDATION
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
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TABLES
CHAPTER 1
PAGE
TABLE 1.1 Aggregated Numbers of NIH, ADAMHA, and HRA
Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for
FY 1979 17
1.2 NIH Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for
FY 1979
18
1. 3 ADAMHA Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for
FY 1979 and 1980 19
1.4 Committee Recommendations for NIH/ADAlSHA/HRA
Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Traineeship and
Fellowship Awards for FY 1982-85
1. 5 Estimated Cost of Recommended NIH/ADAMHA/HRA
Training Programs for FY 1982-85 (millions of
dollars)
20
22
Estimated Training Costs Per Award in FY 1980 22
CHAPTER 2
TABLE 2.1 Distribution of NIH Postdoctoral Trainees
and Fellows by Degree Type, 1971-79 24
2.2 Length of Career as NIH Principal Investi-
gator With and Without NIH Postdoctoral
Training 35
2. 3 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators
in the Clinical Sciences 39
2.4 Projected Growth in Medical School Clinical
Faculty, 1980-85, Based on Projections of
Medical School Enrollment, Clinical R and
D Expenditures, and Medical Service Income
in Medical Schools
44
2. 5 Estimated Number of Clinical Research Post-
doctoral Trainees Needed to Meet Expected
Demand for Clinical Faculty Through 1985
Under Various Conditions 45
CHAPTER 3
TABLE Be 1 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators
for Biomedical Science Ph.D.'s 58
3.2 Projected Growth in Biomedical Science Ph.D.
Faculty, 1978-85, Based on Projections of
Enrollment and R and D Expenditures
Ax
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CHAPTER 3 (cont.)
TABLE 3.3 Estimated Number of Basic Biomedical Science
Postdoctoral Trainees Needed to Meet Expected
Academic Demand Through 1985 Under Various
Conditions
3.4 Employment of Biomedical Science Ph.D. 's in
Business and Industry, 1973-79
3. 5 Sources of Support for Full-Time Graduate
Science Students in Ph.D.-Granting De-
partments by Field and Year
PAGE
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3.6 Committee Recommendations for NIB and ADAMHA
Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Traineeship
and Fellowship Awards in the Basic Bio-
medical Sciences 79
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.1 Employment Situations for Recent Pb.D.
Recipients in the Behavioral Sciences 86
4.2 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators
for Behavioral Science Ph.D.'s
87
4.3 Net Field Switching by 1972 and 1978 Ph.D.
Recipients in the Behavioral Sciences 89
4.4 Average Time Spent in Research in 1979 by
1972 Behavioral Science Ph.D.'s by Sector of
Employment 90
4.5 Average Time Spent in Research in 1979 by 1972
Behavioral Science Ph.D.'s by Postdoctoral
Experience 91
4.6 Projected Growth in Behavioral Science Ph.D.
Faculty, 1978-85, Based on Projections of
Enrollment and Faculty/Student Ratios 94
4.7 Estimated Number of Behavioral Science Post-
doctoral Trainees Needed to Meet Expected
Academic Demand Through 1985 Under Various
Conditions 96
4.8 Committee Recommendations for NIH and
ADAMHA Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Awards
in the Behavioral Sciences 102
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CHAPTER 6
TABLE 6. 1
PAGE
Percent of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in the U.S
Population
6.2 Sununary of Data on Blacks in the Educational
"Pipeline"
.
6.3 Summary of Data on Hispanics in the Educational
~Pipeline"
6.4 Profile of Federal Programs for Minority or Dis-
advantaged Students in the Biomedical and Be-
bavioral Sc fence s
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FIGO=S
CHAPTER 1
FIGURE 1. 1
CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2.1
CHAPTER 3
FIGURE 3. 1
3.4
CHAPTER 4
FIGURE 4.1
Flow diagram of procedure followed in
deriving recoTrunendations for postdoctoral
training levels
Clinical R and D expenditures in medical
schools ( 1972 $)
Service income reported by medical schools
(1972 $)
Medical students, interns and residents,
and c linical f ellows
2.4 Clinical faculty in medical schools
Ph. D. f acuity/student ratio in the biomedical
science f ields as a lagged function of
life science R and D expenditures in colleges
and universities, 1962-77
3.2 Life science R and D expenditures, academic
employment, and biomedical science
enrollment, 1960-77, with projections
to 1985
3.3 Trends in population and biomedical science
degrees, 1960-79
Graduate enrollment and Pb. D. production in
basic biomedical science f ields, 1960-79
Average annual growth in behavioral science
labor force by broad f ield and employment
sector, 19 73-79
Employment f ield of 1972-78 behavioral
science Pb.l). 's in 1979 by field of
training
4.3 Behavioral science (psychology, sociology,
and anthropology) enrollment, R and D
expenditures, and academic employment
1960-78, with projections to 1985
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CHAPTER 5 PAGE
FIGURE 5.1 Primary disciplines of health services
research training and major research
problem areas 10 6
CHAPTER 6
FIGURE 6.1 1974-80 doctorate recipients in the biomedical
sciences: U.S. citizens and permanent visa
holders 112
6.2 1974-80 doctorate recipients in the behavioral
sciences: U.S. citizens and permanent visa
holders
6.3 Median age of 1974-80 Ph.~. ' s in the biomedical
sciences: Blacks and non-minorities
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ABBREVIATIONS
AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges
AAU Association of American Universities
ADAMHA Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
CHR Commission on Human Resources
F/S *Faculty/Student Ratio
FY Fiscal Year
GMENAC Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee
GNP Gross National Product
BRA Health Resources Administration
HSR Health Services Research
MARC Minority Access to Researab Careers
MISS Minority Biomedical Support
MCAT Medical College Admissions Test
MSU Michigan State University
N/A Not Available
NCHSR National Center for Health Services Research
NIH National Institutes of Health
NIMH National Institute of Mental Health
NRC National Research Council
NRE Nursing Research Emphasis
NRSA National Research Service Award
NSF National Sc fence Foundation
PI Princ ipal Investigator
R and D Researab and Development
*Faculty, in this report, is defined as all Ph.D. 's, M.D. 's, and
equivalent degree holders who are employed by an academic institution
whether or not they are on regular f acuity appointments. Persons on
postdoctoral appointments are not included.
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