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Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report (1983)

Chapter: Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1983. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1983 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9918.
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~ 73 APPENDIX B Biomedical Sciences Data TABLE B1 Biomedical Science Enrollments in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1960-82 175 B2 First-Year Graduate Enrollment in the Biomedical Sciences, 1960-82 176 B3 Biomedical Science Degrees Awarded in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, and Postdoctoral Appointments in All Employmen t Sectors, 1960-81 177 B4 Total Undergraduate Degree~redit Enrollment, Total B.A. Degrees Awarded, and Ratio of Biomedical Science B.A.S to Total B.A.s, by Control of Institution, 1960-82 178 B5 Ph.D.s Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, 1960-81 179 Be Biomedical Sciences Faculty/Student Ratio, 1962-80 180 B7 National Expenditures for Health-Related R and D, 1960-82 ($ millions) 181 Be NIH Research Grant Expenditures, 1965-81 ($ millions) 182 B9 Biomedical Science R and D Expenditures in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1960-81 ($ millions) 183 B10 Average Biomedical Science R and D Expenditures per School in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1972-81 (1972 $, thousands) 184 Bll Indirect Costs on NIH-Sponsored Research Grants at Institutions of Higher Education, 1970-81 185 B12 Faculty Attrition Rates at U.S. Medical Schools, by Department and Degree Type, 1970-81 186 B13 Postdoctoral Research Training of New Faculty Hires in U.S. Medical Schools, by Department and Degree Type, 1970-80 187 B14 Ph.D.s Academically Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, by Employment Status and Type of Institution, 1973-81 188

174 APPENDIX B (cont'd.) Biomedical Sciences Data TABLE B15 Year Company Started Research or Development Activities Related to the New Biotechnology-- Survey Results 189 : B16 Number of Biomedical Ph.D.S per Firm in the Biotechnology Industry--Survey Results 190 B17 Percent of the Postdoctoral Population in the Biomedical Sciences Who Had Earned Their Doctorates More than 2, 3, or 4 Years Earlier, 1973-81 191 B18 Annual Number of Biomedical Scientists in the FY 1981 Ph.D. Labor Force Expected to Reach the Age of 65 During the FY 1983-2001 Period 192

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179 C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ C ~ ~ C ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ C ~ C ~Y ~o ~ ~ C :D o ro 1 0 ~ eQ. U' ~ .,, C O O Z P. u) ~ U] ·,1 ·,. ~ ~: 0 · - O :~ C) Q ~ o _ ~ ~ CO ~ r~ ~ ~ C O C~ U. ~Q ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ aJ a, ~1 c ~ ~ co c ~ . - CO U) 1 ~ 0 m UO ~ 0 ~ ~C ~ ut ~ eq ~ .,, O Q t) P' ~: C) IO 8 ~ o ·,1 [Q m ~ ~ s CF `4 4~ C P4 C C) 0 ~ ~ =~ £ ~ e eq · a ~ 0 ~ Q O ~ O E~ ~ 1 U' ~ . - a, o~ ~ a' ~ ~ ~ u, ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cc ~ 0 ta 0 ~a ` - ` - ~ ~ ~o ` - `= ~r c~ c~ C ~ - - ~ C 0 C ~ C ~ u~ C a, C u~ o ~D cr, co o `` r~ c c 0 ~ a' 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ ~ a' ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ — ~= ~ ~ kD U:) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c o ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ o Lr) kD ~ ~ In ~a co a, ~ ~ ~ ~ `- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ vo ~ ~ c ~ c oo ~ CO ~ ~ u:> ~ a~ ~ ~ c a' ~ ~r ep ~ Lrl vo ~ kD CO 0\ a, ~ ~ ~ o' ~ 0 ~ d. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `~` r`~m `~m ~co ~o`~` co CD ~ ~ C ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d'' d~ u~ ~ ~ CD ~a ~ ~ ~ q5 ~ ~ ~ ~ C C ~ ~ C C ~ ~ ' C C ' ~ ' ~ ' C ' C ' ~r ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ cr c `: ~r C cr' k0 CD a' ~ ~ ~ 0 C ~ C ~ C tD ~ o ~ a' ~ ~ ~ a' C tD ~ ~ C o ~ ~ ~ ~5 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r un 0o ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ a' ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ 0\ ~ C ~ C ~ ~ CO C ~ C ~ C 0 ~ ~ ~ C ~ C a, a' ~ ~ ~ o' ~ ~ t— CO _I _~ _~ _4 ~ N ~ ~ ~) a' #5: E~ X z O =` o C OD C 01 C ~D ~ O O ~ `= ~U~ CO ~ ~ C ~ ~r O ~a~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ O L~ 0 ~ r~ ~ d. ~ ~ ~ CC ~ O ~ ~ ~ d' ~ ~ ~ 0 0\ 0 ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ¢~ a~ cr~ a~ ~ o~ a~ o~ o~ a~ a~ ~ ~ ~ a~ a~ ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ ~ - - CO I E ~ O r~ S a' 3 _ ~ o . - C :, ~ O :, ~5 .,' s ~ · - ~ · - U' ~5 ~: a~ O O ~ .,1 Q) 4 Z S ~ JJ · - E O ~ q~ |: O .,. ~ a D Q O Em a ~ · 3 ~ ~ E a: ~ u2 1 _I r~ ~ ~s O 40 U) · - u~ r ~ O O . - ~ :' .,' U~ ~r1 · s: E O ~ · 4~ U ._, . ~ 3 s O E C) O :~ ~ Q ~ s ~ E 4~ U) ~ Ll ~ ~ U' Q ~ : ~r o ~ a, JJ ~ a, Q ~ O ~ .,' ~ O 3 C u~ a .,- a) ~ ~ C) ~ O a, ~ c 3 ~ · - ~ C o O O s a' ·,, 1 3 ~ ~ o U] ~ ~ · - · - JJ Q. U) O C O · - ~ _ ~ JJ ~ C O · - ~ CP ~ O m-- ~ ~ .~' ~ o ~ o ~1 ~ Ql ~

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182 I' Q in :3 la P4 Q Al O EN a, o e - a' 1 UP ED c,` In Go m a o C) . U. .-, U] Ll c x s C} I) :c z ~ In :' ~ lo, X X ~ s 3: :e H H Z Z o EN m a: x C) z P' a: a, .-, P4 In ~ ~ Q 8 . h4 o EN al A o v) 8 U. · - ~ c c c ~ ~ ~a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c: ~ c c ~ c ~ ~ co u~ u~ a~ ~ ~ ~ tD `. · · ~ · · · - · ~ cm co" co ~ mm ~ ~r u~ ~ cr' ~r ~r t ~ · · ~ · · · · e ~ ~ m" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ CD (D CO O ~ CO O cr' o' ~ 0 cr' ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ · · · · · · · · · ~ C U~ ~ ~ U~ O u~ r~ co a' ~ a' Q E~ X . C C .,, 3 o a ~q o 1 V 0 ~ b~ 3 C ~5 C) U) ~ S V O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V `~` ~ · ~ ~ · · · ~ ~ · · O C ~ C ~ ~ C C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O In 0 ~ ~ tD ~ _I ~J ~r ~ ·n ~ ~ co e3 ~ ~n :~ m V 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ o o ~ c ~ ' c ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ un ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ln U~ ~ oO 0 ~ E L4 eq O ~ V V ~ ~ `~` ~ ..... . a C C C C C C C U) ~ O ~ CD ~ ~ ~ a CD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ CO C~ O ~ ~ U~ ~ CO ~ C' CO _ ao ~ z r~ a O ~ ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O u~ tD . · . ~ ~ · . · . ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ . · (D a' ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ r~ ~ 0 ~r _l co co ~r ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r 0 ~ ~D o CD 1— 43\ a~ cr 0 0 ~ ~ ~ eq s ~ C V C O ~ _ ~ O V C 0 0 3 ~ v Q ~ ^~ v Q :' ~ ~ b~ _ C C) — V o ~ ~ ~ mm ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ O ..... ..... ..... . .- O co t—~ ~ ~ LO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a, r~ ~ r~ ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o~ ~r tD ~ ~ ~ ~ O a ~r ~ ~ tD tD ~ ~D a~ ~ 0 —I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 4) 3 r~ tD a o1t V _ ~ O ~ C O :~ 0e ~D ~ a, ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ un ~ ~ co o, 0 ~ ~ o' tD (D ~— ~ ~ ~ ~—~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a a, ~ o, ~ ~ ~ =, o' ~ ~ o' ~ ~ o' - - ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~1 ~1

o - ~ - a, o' o m ~ fir of - x ~ CO Z 1 W 0 ~ to 183 0 h4 P. 0 _ ~ o Cal ~ C) a' _ As ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ C C C ~ ~ ~ C C ~ C fir fir ~ or ~ 0 0 0 ~ ~ rat · ~ e ~ ~ ~ · · · · ~ o' ~ 0 ~ a' ~ In 0 ~ ~ to ~ ~ cr. ~ ~ or ~ ~ fir ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a, o' O ~ ~ ~ ~ Up ID ~ a, ~ 0 ID ~ ~0 ~ tD tD ID ID ret mm ~ 0` - - - a~ t~l co · . ~ ~ CO CO ~ ~ O · ~ - o ~ C ID 1 o, ,4 _ C ~ 0 H4 - J~ ~4 ~ ' O C ~ ~ ~4 O JJ ~ ~, -.4 (L) U O ~ C ~ U ~ _ _ U "C U] ~ Z C O ~ 4J ~4 U ·`0 ~ -4 Z _ 0 ~ E s m 4~ ~ s O ~ ~ c 0 _ ~ ~ m e ~ : _ ~d O s ~ ~ ~ c )" O -4 41) 1t O D O a, 1 0 _ oo O · m m O L. .4 _I ~ m ~ 01 0 Dl x .,. ~5 c c~ ~6 1 u, o' c .c v o m · U] · : _ ~ o Q a' . - C X a c ~: cu - u ot o n a: C 14 _ Q. ~ s C ~ J ~ 4 o 0 1 C`; :, 1 m 0 _. JJ + O c ~ E O E 1 a' 0 ~ s · - ~ ~ - v m ~ m D. 0 E 0 ~ O ~ D t) _. ~ ~ O E~ Ul ~

184 U1 -A ~ U] o ~ o o V U) sot <* V) ~ ~ _ , 1 X ~ ~ o P: ~ . V .,' v U] o V o o Al a: sit ~ U) o ~ .,, ~ :D X (Q . Z ~ pi, n ~1 . 54 o 1 U. O v U2 O ., sit V .- P4 o ED a X ~3 a LO ED o ~D ,n ~n \9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~D tD \9 \9 n In ~ ~n ~ ·n ~n v o E~ v ~ {Q "r 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~n ~D ~ \9 In ~ ~ 0 ~D ~ ~D o ~ ~ ~D ~ ~ ·n \9 r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ln ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 In ~ t— r~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ d. L~ u~ ~ ao u~ ~ 00 ~ o u~ ~ ~ ~D ao co ~ ~ 00 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ UO \9 ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i ·n ~o r ~ ~ 0 , cr U) 3 .d O 1 ~ ,' S~ U) O ~ .,l V o . - O R ~ - · ~ O co O s~ ~ O ·~! rl O O ~n S~ ~ O V V U) R ~ E~ O , X . P~ ~ 8 U] ~ ~1 ~1 . ~n 8 ~ - .,l . - o o U] 3 ~Q 0- ,<' U) ~)

185 s . - :t o a o . - · - U) U] to a a o o4 U) 1 :s: x o Go to o c) ~4 . - 1 to rid X o Z P. At: o s° En U] g to s . - ~: o o a o EN t] o ~ o . - U] tU o a dP C) o E~ tQ o ~ o d~ C' tn o ~Q o ~ c) E~ ~Q o ~ o C) ~Q o ~Q o dP C) , ~ ~ o ~ o un ~ ~ · · · ~ · ~ · ~ · ~ · · In ~m ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ao · · · · · · · · · · · ~ tD a~ 0 ~ ~r ~ a~ 0 ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ o ~ · ~ · · · · · · · e · ~ U~ C~ ~ C~ ~ ~ C~ CD ~r ~ ~ ~ c~ · ~ · · · · ~ · ~ · · ~ kD ~ ~ O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r ~r ~ ~ ~ ~n ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ co · · · · · ~ · · · · · ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o tD ~ a) co co ~ ~ ~ aD ~n · · · · · . · · · · · ~ a, 0 - 1 ~ ~r un ~ — ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e, C) ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ U, kD ~ CO ~ O e~ ~ ~ ~ ~ =, ~ C~, . dP ao . dP . dP . dO . ~: ~: ms oo tt ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 O V~ . C~ 1 ~D - o

186 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r · ~ e e e ~r ~ ~ 0 ~ O4 ~ ~r ~ ~ u~ ~r e e · · · · e e O ~ CO ~ O _~ _~ _1 _~ _~ — ~ ~ U~ ~ 0` ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ · e e e e e e e e e e e e ~r ~ ~ r ~ ~D 1 o ~4 ~0 e a ~ e 8 u, ~ a dV e V V _ a, m E~ ~D' O 8 e ~e ~e a E ~ V <4~d a 8 a x: e ~ _ 4J ~ 0 DB e t) u, u - ~: u' . JJ O? o - - v m IY E~ x c~ z ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ · ~ e e e · e e e e e e e ~ ~ ~o ~ u~ un ~ u~ u~ ~r ~ ~ u~ ~4 - r- ~ ~ - 1 c~ 0 ~ t~ 0 r- _. ~ _4 e e e e e e e e · · · e e _1 ~r ~ tD u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ u~ ~ U~ u~ ~ o Q r~ r~ CD ~ ~ ~ ~ tD ~ ~ O tD O · e e e e · · e e e e e e o~ o~ ~ u~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ U~ ~ ~ ~ kD e e e e · e e e e e e · e ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ r~ ~ ~ ~o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a) ~ ~ 0 0 e e e e e e · e e e e e e ~D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ V C 00 IB ·~ - V ~n o ~ ~ r~ co ° ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v e e e e e e e e e e e e e ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ eo r~ tD ~D iD ~ ~ Ll C V O 0 D - S P. C oo ~ x: D V O ~: E~ 8 s V e ~ O ~ ~n V ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ~ co O ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ · e · e e e · e · Q} r~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ x: C V V O c0 ~C ~ u~ ~ r~ o' ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ CD ~ ~ ~ · ~ · e e ~ · ~ e ~ e ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ u~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ a, s m ~ ~ en ~ 0 ~r ~ ~ ~ ~D ~ O ~ r~ e e e e e e e ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~ \0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~D tD ~n tD u~ ~ ~ u~ r~ ~ ~ ~ (D ~ ~ · ~ · ~ · ~ · ~ e ~D ~o ~ ~ tD ~o ~ ~— ~D ~0 ~ ~ \0 -1 )~ O _I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t— CO C~ O r~ e~ NS I~ r~ e ~ ~ IV 41) ~ ~ ~ ~ 0\ =, C~ ~ 0\ ~ 0~ ~ :> ~ e. r~ ~ ~ e _ ~ c _ ~ v o e o s ~ v J: u, ~ 0 c ~ _ ~1 ~

187 8 s U. u .,1 A: U) . I: U' . - v 3 o . - . - EN S I) a' ~1 ~ O a: a: o O O ~ Q. a, 0 ED o ~ a,) . E X - L~ Z ~ ~ Q. ¢5: a 0 Q . 0 a a . - C' U. .,, u, a m £ 0 u · - .S C) A a P. In a A: 0 U] ~ a In x: In · - ~ ~ aD C~ ~ d' t~ I ~ t~ O · · · · · · · · · · · ~ u~ ~ u' O c~ O CO ~ (D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ tD kD 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' ~ ~ r~ · · · · · ~ · · · · · ~ O ~ U~ ~ ~ 00 t~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ O1 U~ ~ ~ O · · · · · · · · · . ~ . O ~ ~ ~D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a: ~r ao · · · ~ · ~ e ~ · ~ ~ ~ ~n ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ kD ~ ~ o C~ ~ ~ ~ 0 · · · · · · · · · · · ~ c~ cr' ~ ~r ~ ~ 0 ~ u~ ~ u~ ~r ~r ~ u~ U~ ~ u~ ~ CD ~ O u~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ cn · · · · · · · · · · · ~ 0O tD u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O C~ , - C~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ o 1 o r~ C~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ D ~ a~ ~ 0 a' ma' ~ C~ a'~ mm U] U] · - Q ~r: . - o s O O s ~ U] U) s~ C) · - ~ O x: ~ C) o ut Q o4 U] m s . - · ao ~ — V 3 ~ O · - C: s U) O 3 O s~ ~ ) ~1

188 APPENDIX TABLE B14 Ph . D. s Academically Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, by Employment Status and Type of Institution, 1973-81~/ Type of Institution F ideal Employment Year Status Total 4-Year 2-Year 1973 Total 24,755 24,236 S19 Full-Time 24,048 23,557 491 Part-Tine 707 679 28 1975 Total 28,339 27,716 623 Full-Time 27,494 26,926 568 Part-Time 845 790 SS 1977 Total 30,390 29,610 780 Full-Time 29,479 28,174 705 Part-Time 911 836 7S 1979 Total 33,687 32,865 822 Full-Time 32,67S 31,926 749 Part-Time 1,012 939 73 1981 Total 36 ,497 35 ,659 838 Full-Tine 35, 477 34,716 761 Part-Time 1,020 943 77 Average Annual Total 5.0 4.9 6.2 Growth Rate Full-Time 5.0 5.0 5.6 from 1973-81 Part-Time 4.7 4.2 13.5 From the National Research Council (1973-82~. Foreign nationals who received doctorates from U.S. institutions are included. Individuals on postdoctoral appointments are excluded.

189 a 0 fir: o a: Al ~ U] ~ 1 a, 1 a: o o ~ .c U] ~ o ~ _ o c) at ~ Is m ~ ~3 E" X ~ ~ · - Z P4 o U. 0 ~ A: 0 0 It) L. 0 a: 0 0 e ', 3 Z a: U) ~ 0 rat 0 ~ ~ ~ fir ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ · e · ~ · US O ~ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lo . lo lo ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~r ~ 0 o o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ — ~ r~ ao a, ' o m D ~ c a' ~ o. 0 I6 r1 ~ O Ll ~ O O 0 0 E" :^ ~ ~ O ·S o c) ~: O O ~ _ S 0 C) ~ 0 O · - Q o S ~ .c O , - O O C., ' ~: - ~D -

190 S JJ I: a' P3 o X I: S O In . . PI to a 0 0 _ O 1 I ~ : Z ~ In O ~ a, a: P. ~ c o ~ In e Z O ~ ~ 0 D a ~ s Z P. ~ us ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o' fir · ~ ~ · ~ ~ ~ · · ~ ~ O ~ Cal `0 ~ O ~ O ~ lo . lo lo Us ~ Us fir lo UP O LO O ~ O 0 ~ ~ ~ m m _. 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ O E" . aC o' — a, O U) · - ~Q U] ¢ O e o Q ~ O 0 c s E" O c o o c s ~ c O _ O ~ ~Q D 0 S ~ O o S ~: O _

191 o "C ' JJ - o ES" JJ ~ al O ~ Al ~ O O C] t) o 0 O s P. Ed O :~ O to ~ £ P4 ; In V - v U] 3 X a ~ Z ~ 0 s P. U] a' o to GO d. In :Z: leg Z a a 0 0 0 ED ~ a, ~ fir · · ~ Up Or UP ~ ~ U~ · ~ O C~ ~ _I U~ O U~ ~ ' ~ c~ ~r · ~ e O ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ a' ~r O ~ ~ ~ C~ O · · ~ ~ ~ U' ~ O ~ ~r CO ~r ~ ' ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U~ 0` ~ O ~ CO ~ ~ ~r ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ' ~ ~r ~n ~ ~ ~ __ _ _ U Ll ~ U~ ~ ~ ~ O? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CO . - 1~ :- ~ ~ _~ _I . 1 - - y o ~q ~r: - n, g · - z o ~4

J ~—~ ~ / 192 _ ~ Hi-, ~ o, o ~1 if. 4~, '.. at: ~ a, al e 0 _ U. U' C' 0 cr o m 0 ~ ~ 0 X ~ 0 Q X ~` Z · n Ad · P. Ed U) 0 o t) In o e 0 E4 ~ ~ ~ an- ·. ~ ~ all--- a- ~ ~ · - (~.,,, tat ~ ~ ~ '% ^ ~ ~ ; A' <~ — ' ~ tin `4t,, , ti . ~ 'I— 'a ~ ~ `; .~ a fir ~ 0 ~ 0 In ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ID ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ US ~ U. Us l O O O ~ ~ O ~ ~ O 0 ~ a' ~ ~ up t— ' ~ _,.,, ~ i. fly ~~ fir ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ \0 fir to ~ ~ a, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ en ~ ~ ~ `,t, ~ " ~ ~ ~J ;~<i ~ '.2' 7 ¢ <~ ~ ~ ~ "-— ''` ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0` ~ ~ ej 0\ ~ ~ O .~. _~__..... - a, 1 - o ~: C~ I. o z S o ..,

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