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Personnel Needs
and Training for
Biomedical and
Behavioral Research
THE 1983 REPORT
of the
Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel
institute of Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington' D.C. 1983
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of the report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members
are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a aroun other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review committee
consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National
Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate
professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the
health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the
Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser
to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues
of medical care, research, and education.
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The work on which this publication is based was performed pursuant to
Contract No. N01-OD-9-2112jwith the National Institutes of Health of
the Department of Health and Human Services. Support for this project
came from Evaluation Set-Aside funds (Section 513 of the PHS Act),
Evaluat ion Pro jec t No. NIH 75-1.
Available f ram:
Committee on National Needs for Biomedical
and Behav for al Research Per sonne 1
I nst i tu te of Med ic ine
Nat tonal Academy of Sc fence s
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., JH-640
Wash ing ton, D. C . 20418
( 202) 334-3186
Publication No. IOM-83-0 3
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PREFACE
This is the seventh report of the Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel pursuant to the request
contained in the National Research Service Awards Act of 1974 (P.L.
93-348 as amended). In that Act, Congress requested the National
Academy of Sciences to conduct a continuing study of the nation's
overall need for biomedical and behavioral research personnel, the
subject areas in which such personnel are needed, and the kinds and
extent of training that should be provided by the federal agencies
authorized to provide National Research Service Awards--the National
Institutes of Health (NIH), the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health
Administration (ADAMHA), and the Division of Nursing, Health Resources
and Services Administration (HRSA). The National Center for Health
Services Research (NCHSR) was also authorized to provide National
Research Service Awards in the Health Services Research Act of 1978
(P.L. 95-623).
In the previous six reports issued since 1975, the Committee has
concluded that the federal programs for training in these fields
should be reoriented to provide less stimulus to Ph.D. production and
more support to postdoctoral training, especially in the clinical and
behavioral sciences. Accordingly, the Committee has recommended that
the agencies change the allocation of their training grant and
fellowship awards from predominantly predoctoral training to
predominantly postdoctoral. The Committee recommended this be done
by: (1) holding the number of postdoctoral trainees in the basic
biomedical fields constant at about the level that prevailed in 1975
(3,200) while reducing the number of predoctoral trainees in the basic
biomedical sciences to about 70 percent of the 1975 level; (2) revers-
ing the allocation of awards in the behavioral sciences from the 1975
distribution which was 90 percent predoctoral, to one which is 30
percent predoctoral and 70 percent postdoctoral; (3) increasing the
number of postdoctoral awards in the clinical sciences by about 10
percent over the 1975 level; (4) expanding the existing training
programs in the category of health services research and bringing the
authority for training by the National Center for Health Services
Research under the NRSA Act; and (5) providing support for 300
trainees and fellows annually in the category of nursing research,
with no more than 15 percent of these awards to be made at the
postdoctoral level.
In this seventh report we have extended the data base through
1981-82 and made both short-term and long-term projections of supply
and demand in these fields. The short-term projections help to assess
demand in the academic sector through 1988 and therefore are most
useful in determining the appropriate level of postdoctoral research
training to be supplied by NRSA programs. The long-term projections
extend into the l990s when many graduate students in the mid-1980s
will begin their careers as independent investigators. These
projections therefore are more applicable to the determination of
appropriate levels of predoctoral research training to be provided by
NRSA programs.
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Our recommendations in this report are directed to NRSA programs
in FY 1985-87. Although we have made some adjustments to prior
recommendations on the basis of our latest assessment of the supply/
demand situation that is likely to prevail in the second half of the
1980s, we have not arrived at conclusions substantially different from
those of past reports, e.g.:
The primary emphasis of NRSA programs should continue
to be on postdoctoral rather than predoctoral training
in most of the biomedical fields.
Training grants should continue to be the dominant
mechanism of support--the institutional component of
such grants provide badly needed support to
departmental programs.
Clinical investigators are still in short supply and
efforts to attract them to research careers should be
continued.
But medical school faculties are aging and unlikely to expand much
during the next few years, and so a significant problem will soon
become that of providing enough faculty positions to ensure an
adequate flow of young clinical investigators into research careers.
This is a problem that cannot be solved solely at the training level.
It is more appropriately addressed by consideration of the level of
research funds and other financial resources available to support
faculty members and their research endeavors. If college enrollments
decline as expected in the 1980s, compensating growth in the other
sources of funds must occur in order to provide research opportunities
for young scientists.
Robert L. Hill, Ph.D.
Chairman
1V
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals contributed information, data, and other
valuable assistance on various aspects of this report. We wish to
thank in particular the following individuals and their organizations
for their contributions.
National Institutes of Health
Office of the Director:
William Raub, Doris Merritt, Charles Sherman,
who served as Project Officer, Helen Gee,
George Bowden
Division of Research Grants: Nicholas Moriarity, Charles Shea, Doris
Wallace
National Institute of General Medical Sciences:
Norvell, Charles Miller
Ruth Kirschste~n, John
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
Michele Applegate, Leonard Mitnick
Health Resources and Services Administration
Division of Nursing: Jo Eleanor Elliott, Doris Bloch, Adele Wood,
Thomas Phillips, Gretchen Osgood
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress
Gretchen Kolsrud, Nan Newell, Susan Clymer
National Center for Health Services Research
Donald Golds tone
National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine
The Committee gives special thanks to Allen Singer, Study
Director, whose considerable skills were invaluable in fulfilling this
Committee's responsibilities. We also gratefully acknowledge the
unfailing efforts of the professional staff, Porter Coggeshall, Lori
Th~rgood, Prudence Brown, and Kay Harris; consultants Samuel Herman
and Charles Kidd; research assistants Jane Takeuchi and Jessica
Townsend; and Dorothy Cooper, secretary.
Charles Miller, Executive Officer of the Institute of
Medicine, and William C. Kelly, former Executive Director of the
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, are also thanked for
their oversight of the Committee's activities.
v
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Chairman: ROBERT L. HILL, Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Biochemistry
Duke University Medical Center
ROBERT BARKER, Ph.D.
Vice President for Research and
Advanced Studies
Cornell University
ROBERT M. BOCK, Ph.D.
Dean, Graduate School
University of Wisconsin-Madison
DAVID R. CHALLONER, M.D.
Vice President for Health Affairs
University of Florida
EUGENE H. CORDES, Ph.D.
Vice President, Dept. of Biochemistry
Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Lab.
Rahway, NJ
EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, LL.D.
Attorney-at-Law
Wilkes, Artis, Hedrick & Lane
Washington, D.C.
CHARLES D. FLAGLE, Ph.D.
Professor and Head, Division of
Operations Research
Dept. of Health Services Administration
Johns Hopkins University
ROBERT H. FURMAN, M.D.
Vice Pres., Corporate Medical Affairs
Eli Lilly & Company
Indianapolis, IN
W. LEE HANSEN, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
LYLE V. JONES, Ph.D.
Director, The L. L. Thurstone
Psychometric Laboratory
Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
WILLIAM N. KELLEY, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Medical School
CHARLOTTE KUH, Ph.D.
District Manager, Business Research
American Telephone & Telegraph Company
Basking Ridge, NJ
BRENDAN A. MAHER, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Harvard University
JERRY MINER, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
Syracuse University
GERALD T. PERKOFF, M.D.
Curators Professor and Associate Chairman
Dept. of Family and Community Medicine
University of Missouri-Columbia
STAFF
ALLEN M. SINGER, Ph.D., Study Director
PORTER E. COGGESHALL, M.Ed., Associate Study Director
Panel Executive Secretaries
SAMUEL S. HERMAN, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Clinical Sciences Panel
CHARLES V. KIDD, Ph.D.
Health Services Research Panel
Secretary
DOROTHY G. COOPER, B.S.
a
V11
Administrative Officer
KAY C. HARRIS, B.S.
Research Associates
PRUDENCE W. BROWN, B.A.
LO RI THURGOOD, B.A.
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BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: ROBERT BARKER, Ph.D.
Vice President for Research
and Advanced Studies
Cornell University
S. J. COOPERSTEIN, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Anatomy
The Univ. of Connecticut Health Center
E. PETER GEIDUSCHEK, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Biology
Univ. of California-San Diego
FRANCIS J. HADDY, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Physiology
Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
LEE V. LEAK,Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Anatomy
Howard University
KENNETH E. CLARK, Ph.D.
President
Center for Creative Leadership
Greensboro, NC
LUCY M. COHEN, Ph.D.
Professor of Anthropology
Catholic University of America
ADA K. JACOX, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Research
School of Nursing
University of Maryland
OTTO N. LARSEN, Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology
University of Washington
P. HERBERT LEIDERMAN, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences
Stanford University Medical Center
H. GEORGE MANDEL, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pharmacology
George Washington University
PETER S. NOCE, M.D., Ph.D.
Director of Technology and Research
Bio-Science Enterprises
Van Nuys, CA
FRANK G. STANDAERT, M.D.
Chairman, Department of Pharmacology
Georgetown University
PAUL S. SYPHERD, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Microbiology
Univ. of California-Irvine
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: BRENDAN A. MAHER, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology
Harvard University
GARDNER LINDZEY, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Advanced Study
in the Behavioral Sciences
Stanford, CA
ROBERT McGINNIS, Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology
Cornell University
JEROME E. SINGER, Ph.D.
Chairman, Medical Psychology
Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
ELIOT STELLAR, Ph.D.
Professor of Physiology and
Psychology
School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
. . ~
V111
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CLINICAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: ROBERT H. FURMAN, M.D.
Vice Pres., Corporate Medical Affairs
Eli Lilly & Company
Indianapolis, IN
RUBIN BRESSLER, M.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Arizona
THOMAS B. CLARKSON, D.V.M.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Comparative Medicine
Wake Forest University
RODYP.COX,M.D.
Professor and Vice Chairman
Department of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
ROGER DETELS, M.D.
Dean, School of Public Health
Univ. of California-Los Angeles
PAUL GOLDHABER, D.D.S.
Dean, Harvard School of Dental Medicine
JULES HIRSCH, M.D.
Professor and Senior Physician
Lab. of Human Behavior and Metabolism
Rockefeller University
OLGA JONASSON, M.D.
Chief of Surgery
Cook County Hospital
Chicago, IL
MORRIS A. LIPTON, M.D., Ph.D.
Mr., Biological Sciences Research Ctr.
Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
JOHN F. SHERMAN, Ph.D.
Vice President
Association of American Medical Colleges
Washington, D.C.
SCOTT N. SWISHER, M.D.
Associate Dean for Research
College of Human Medicine
Michigan State University
BABE11E B. WEKSLER, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
DAVID PERRY, M.A. (Consultant)
Assoc. Dean for Planning and Operations
St. Louis University Medical Center
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH PANEL
Chairman: CHARLES D. FLAGLE, Ph.D.
Prof. and Head, Div. of Oper. Research
Dept. of Health Services Administration
Johns Hopkins University
RONALD M. ANDERSEN, Ph.D.
Dir., Center for Health Admin. Studies
University of Chicago
KAREN PADGETT DAVIS, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Health
Services Administration
Johns Hopkins University
ROBERT L. EICHHORN, Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology
Purdue University
ADA SUE HINSHAW, Ph.D.
Professor and Director of Research
College of Nursing
University of Arizona
EDWARD B. PERRIN, Ph.D.
Dir., Health and Population Study Ctr.
Battelle Human Affairs Research Ctrs.
Seattle, WA
CECIL G. SHEPS, M.D.
Professor, Social Medicine
Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
MICHAEL ZUBKOFF, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Dept. of Community and Family Medicine
Dartmouth Medical School
1X
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