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Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1985 Report (1985)

Chapter: Appendix B Biomedical Sciences Data

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B Biomedical Sciences Data." Institute of Medicine. 1985. Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 1985 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9919.
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APPENDIX B Biomedical Sciences Data TABLE B1 Biomedical Science Enrollments in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1960-84 185 B2 First-Year Graduate Enrollment in the Biomedical Sciences, 1960-84 186 B3 Biomedical Science Degrees Awarded in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, and Postdoctoral Appointments in All Employment Sectors, 1960-84 187 B4 Total Undergraduate Degree-Credit Enrollment, Total B.A. Degrees Awarded, and Ratio of Biomedical Science B.A.s to Total B.A.s, by Control of Institution, 1960-83 188 B5 Ph.D.s Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, 1960-83 189 B6 Three-Year Moving Average of Biomedical Science Undergraduate and Graduate Enrollments, 1962-83 190 E)7 National Expenditures for Health-Related R and D, 1960-84 ($ millions) 191 Be NIH Research Grant Expenditures, 1965-84 ($ millions) 192 B9 Biomedical Science R and D Expenditures in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1960-83 ($ millions) 193 B10 Average Biomedical Science R and D Expenditures per School in Colleges and Universities, by Control of Institution, 1972-83 (1972 $, thousands) 194 Bll Indirect Costs of NIH-Sponsored Research Grants at Institutions of Higher Education, 1970-83 195 B12 Ph.D.s Academically Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, by Employment Status and Type of Institution, 1973-83 Faculty Attrition Rates at U.S. Medical Schools, by Department and Degree Type, 1970-81 183 196 197

184 APPENDIX B (cont'd.) Biomedical Sciences Data TABLE B14 Postdoctoral Research Training of New Faculty Hires in U.S. Medical Schools, by Department and Degree Type, 1970-81 198 B15 Graduate School Attrition Rates in the Bio- medical Sciences, 1960-71 199 B16 Percent of the Postdoctoral Population in the Biomedical Sciences Who Had Earned Their Doctorates More than 2, 3, or 4 Years Earlier, 1973-83 200 B17 Projected Combined Death and Retirement Rates as Percent of Total Faculty, by Broad Field of Science and Engineering, 1976-2000 201 B18 Actual and Projected Age Distribution of Academically Employed Biomedical Science Ph.D.s 202

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186 APPENDIX TABLE B2 Sciences, 1960-84 First-Year Graduate Enrollment in the Biomedical Fiscal Total First-Year Year Graduate Enrollment!/ First-Year, Fu17-Time Graduate Enrollment in Doctorate- Granting Institutionst/ 1960 5,370 n/a 1963 7~137 n/a 196654 lo 453402 n/a 1966 12,034 1967 12,511 1968 13,301 n/ 1969 13,343 a 1970 14,835 n/a ]971 163845 n/a 976 18 756 9,918 8 073 9,612 981 n/a 8,279 1983 n/a 8,043 a/From the U.S. Department of Education (1959-79) . lo/From the National Science Foundation (1973-85a).

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192 —1 0l - In So : c I:L x c sit In to - z oo m a: x _4 or mu Lo Cat CL _ _ In _ 0 a_ a, _ Q' X . SO ~n C~ _ Z ·_ C~ _ _ D | D ") ~i ~ C~ o O _ C~J ~5 ,_ 4~ ~ O _ ~ ~S - C C ~ ~ ~ C~ m~ O ~ c~ 1_ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m0 ~—C~ ~ C~—O— · · · · ~ O ~ O CO 0 - =~_ 0~ kD—C~ · · · ~ O r~ O U. O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m~ 00 0o ~ kO~D r—~ cr~_ mI_ _ _ _ · · ~ . · . . . ~ . . . C C C ~ C C 01 ~ ~ 0 ~ 1_ 0` 00 0 ~ 01 ~ _ —0 ~ 0 0 ~ 00 0 ~ r~ O mm ~ ~ ~e~ ~ U) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m`~m O 0~` `` `` 0= _ · · · · · · · · e e e · ~ c c c c c c ~ ~ ~ c~ o~ ~ 0 ~ er ~ ~ ~ 0` ~ += c~ =_= mI_ kD~ 00 =\D`` '_00o~a, c~cr 0_ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~S ~ ~ ~ O Ln ~ C~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ 0` ~ ~ 01 ~ · · e · · e e · · · · · e c c c c c c ~ r_ 0 ~ oo ~—~ _ a, 0 tD C~ ~ m - ~= 0000 - —d-`— 0 ~ ~ O ~ ~ __ ~ ~5 ~ ~ ~ ~S ~ - `C~I_— _~`D~ `~0` V) ·_ _ · · · · · · · · · · e · ~ s~ _ ~ ~ ~ C c ~ ~O~c~coo~ ~o~_~0— m_r~— ~5 ~ ~ ~ ~ {D _ r_ kD O ~ tD 0~ cr O C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tD 0 00 0` 01 0 C~ O _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m`00 ~ e, 0+ `= =0 ~ 0 S~ 1~ _ _ · - ~ - · ~ ~ ~ ~ · C ~ C ~ C C C~ 00 ~ ~ =~ =~ N ~ ~ ~ O 1_ 00 00 C~J C~ ~ C~J 1_ d" 00 rr) 1_ 1` kD 0 ~ O _ ~ ~ ~ CO 0~— _ _ _ ~ _ —_ C~ C~ ~ S~ ~0 ~ ~ ~CO - `O mm=0m 0C~=C~ ~OOC~CO C _ · · · · · · · e · · · · · · · · · · · ~ _ C~ I_ C~ ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ C~— ~ ~ ~— CL O t0 _ =0—0 C~C~ cn~ 0 ~ _~_ I_ _ o~ ~~o u~ oo X O ~~) 1_ t~ I_ ~ tD ^~ CO ~ ~ 0~ ~ O O—C~ —— LLJ C~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c: ~ w. _ ~ S~ V' _ ~ - o :C C~ _ C~J - O—~ 1—mw)00 000`— - '—- 0 Z ~ · e e e · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ~ C C~ _ CO ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ 0 0 00 ~ ~ 0—— ~ ~ C~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ c~ cn c~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ tD ~ O 0 00 ~5 ~ ~ Lt-) tD ~ ~ tD iD 0 0 _— C~ tD CJ~— ~) ~ t—O O ~ —— _—_—C~ C~ C~ C~ ~n ~s _ L~ O _ 4~ D X ·_ _ C ~5 ~ Q O Q C~ O ~ ~n E ~ ~ 1 u~ ~n 3 O E 4 E ~ ~ o ~_ L 3 CO =000= 0 —C~ - ~ k0~0m 0 —C~ - kD (D=`D`D ~ ~r`~_~` ~` 0 CO 0= o~ cr~ma~cr~m mtr~~= ==cr~== mmo~o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . C~ _ - =) ~ -_ S~ O o:5 ~ _ er CO _ O ·_ S~ C~ 0 _ C~ 00 Z _ ~ ~ ·_ C~ C0 ·_ _ r~ E ~ ~ en 3 en 0 C L ·_ ~ O O ·_ _ 3 D ^m ~ D _ ~ ·_ ~ _ ·— ~5 m~ O D o .- O = - 00 ~ , o E ~o C~ — L 4~ _ ~ O _ O E c~ O _ _ ~ ~I D|'—

193 D V, 4~ - :> - - - o C~ - CL X C~ C - ~_ o ._ CO L~ O — - L`J— _ 2S E - x _ ~ C~ 0 Z 1 L~ O C~ ~ o, Cr _ o 0= mm E · =~ :, _ ~ __ · · ~_ C~E =4~ — O =0 ~V_ X~ C~ l,~,~ _ Vl - - o C:3 C~ - - o c ~n _ LL ~n =_= 0~ tD =.r—~o ~r om 00 ~ oom _ ~o ~Dm · · · ~ · ~ · · · · · · · ~ · ~ ~ ~ · · e ~ · c~ C~ ~ ~ _ o, ~ o' t_ 0 _ ~ _ ~ ~ 0 ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ r~ c~ o' ~ r~ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ 0 ~ c~ ~r ~ CO ~ ~ c~ ~ _ r~ _ o ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0 0—_ _ _ c~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ ~ ^ ~ ^ ~ ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - C~ 4~ o 0~)_ - =~~n~n co~—~ ~r · e · · e 0~~0 tD \0 ~— · · ~ 0_ > ~0 ,~~ ,~ ,~~ ,~ ~o ~~~ · ·o ~ U~ ~ _ o ~ ~ 0 0 ~ C~ ~0 ~0 _ _ _ _ _ __ . ~ . . . ~ . . . . . . c c c c c ~ c c c c ~ 0 ~ ~ o, 0 r~ _ ~ ~ c~ ~ t.D O ~ ~ ~ O O ~ ~ O U~ ~ 0 = 10 ~) ~ 0 0 0 CO 0 ~ r~ c~ ~ 0 ~—O ~ ~ c~ ~ _ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ c~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ~ · · e 0 ~ O—0 ~ c~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 C~ ~ r_ C~ —~ O ~ C~ tD ~ 0 _ 0 ~ ~ I_ ~n ~ 0 q" Ln a~ ~ 0 0 0 ~ ~o ~ ~ ~ c~ a:~— ~ ~ ~ tD ~ 0 cr, 0 0 0 0 0———_ c~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ~ ^ ~ ^ ~ ~ ~ ^ _ _ ~ _ — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ ~ _ 4~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ U' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ _ _ _ __ _ _ · ~ O ~ ~ c ~ c ~ c C ~ c ~ ~ ~ c _ _ c~ _ 0 L~ 0 0 u~ 0 _ ~n _ 0 ~o ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a, 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ U~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ _ ~ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ · ~ ~ ~ ~ · - - _ ~ c ~ c c c ~ ~ ~ c c c 0 _—~n r~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ O _ c~a' c~ mOu~ - rn ~Dm— ~o ~ ~ ~ ~ O—C~ ~ tD ^ ~ ~ ~ ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ N ~ ~ O O O ~ ~) N r_—1 (= ~ 0 0 N 0 ~ U~ _ I_ a · · ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ · - r~ 0 0 0 ~—0 —~ to O 0 ~) 0 0 ~ ~ N =1 =)— ~ ~) 0 Lr) 0— 0 O~ ~) C~l ~ O ~ _ ~J ~ ~ e~ LO ~ ~ t_ a: ~ ~ O—N C~J ~) ~ ~—O ~ l~ ~—~ ~ ^ ^ ~ ~ ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C~J C~ N N 0 — N ~ ~ In ~o ~ 0 a, 0 —N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0` 0 —N tD kO ~D = = ~ ~ = ~0 ~0 ~ ~ ~ l_ ~ ~ r_ 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0` ~ CJ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ =) a, ~ ~ ~ ~ o' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - X ~ ~ _ L~ Z O C ~ O N ~_ C~ - - Lm _ S~= 1 ~ 1^ 1 __ d0 ~ X 4 0 0 C 01 — O 4 ~ S s E 4 L~ - o · - $ —o C 0 · ~ s~ U~ ~— E ~ _ ~ —E C o _ - C o 4~ — L) O C ·— IV S 4~ C - · ~ · _ _ ~ O O _ _ _ C~ O C~ - cn C~ C ~ Z— 8) C ~ 4~ ~ . - o _ ~ — O E _ c 4~ ~ - ·— O L~ C ~ ~ _ ~ O ~ >, ^ - 4~ ~ E O ~ ~ :D c 4~ C o —4~ o :x s~ 4 0 ~a - 0 o 0 ~ I ~n ~ E N ~ ~ a' L~ o, ~ ~ E _ _ ~n ~ _ O ~ ~ _ · _ - o_ N E t— ~V _ _ ~ _ ~ 4~ _ _ ~ _ ~ - 1 ~ =1 - - C~ 1 C~ N + 4 - - - - E o c D - _ L~ E ~ o— C~ _ _ o ~1 ~

194 - - -= In o ~ o o s s Cal a) ~ ~ a_ ·, m1 Go al 1 Cal X C) ~ o ~ · CAY ·_ i_ c ·" lo Cal o ·~ I_ E o o ~ ·_ m cn a, a, ·_ C: ·— 0 CO ·_ LL J ~ _ L~ ~ X ~4 ~ C:) CD z a) L~ C~ ~ CL 0 CI: C~ C ·~ ·" 0 CL Q ~n o ·_ o s ~ CL o Q) D E ~ o Z z5 ~ · - ·_ C~ x LL C) ._ _ C~ a, ~ ~ o ~ kD O LO LO kD c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ c~ LO ~ ~ ~ c~ c~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~n ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ cr, mc~ ~ ~ ~ ~ == ~ ~ kD Ln ~nLn LO LO ~ ~ mm LO Ln o ~ ~ c~ ~ Ln l_ ~ ~ kD ~ ~ LO ~ C~ O ~CO Lr) c~ ~ c~ c~ c~ N~ N O ~ cn C~ LO ~—O C~` ~ _. ~ C~ ~ O C~ ,_ co a ~ ^ ~ C~ C~ C~ Ln I_ ~ C~ O k0 tD cn a, 0 u~C~ ~ 0 _~) C~d L£)k ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ ~ ^ ~ C~ C~ C~ ~ C~ C~ C~ C~ CO Ln ~—CO kD ~ ~ O O l`) N Lr) ~ CO ~ ~ d" C)O O =) C~l ~) ~) ~) ~) U-) =) kD '_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ ~ C~ ~ C~ C~ C~ C~ C~ C~ . C~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1_ co cno ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r_ t_ co co cx: CX) ·_ al ~ c~ cn ~ ~ cr~ ~ ~ cn o~ cn a L~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ . , ~ ~ . ~ CJ3 3 · - ~ ~: ~ o ~ ·, cn~ 1 a' ~ ·_ 0 c: ·_ o ·_ 1 E ~ ~ _ C a a E ~ o · ~ O L~ cn ~ C O ·_ - o CL ~ o o a, ·_ ~ o ·~ z x ·_ ~ a CL ~ E o a' ~ LL =1 =1 E c s ·_ ·_ - ' E o o s ~n C o ·~ ~ ·— E ·_ ~n ~ ~n I ·_ tU

195 S ·" I o o ·_ ·_ I_ as Sit In o An o In lo ·_ - ~5~ ~ CO lo LL] I_ _ a, CO _ ~ ^ X o ·_ O ~ Z US Cat ~ - $ S ·_ Sit CL o o S ·_ Cat cn :~ o In ·_ 3 In - r c5: o O ~ o lo! lo) ·~ C O o lo) o O In o en! Cat) S~ ·_ O o ~) o O o 1~ ~) a: c~ ~ ~ co ~ 0 cn ~ ~ c~ co _ ~. ~ ~ · ~ e ~ ~ ~ · ~ · ~ · · C~J 0~) 0 CXJ ~) ~ U-) 1` =) CO ~ _ N C~J — CNJ C~l C~J C~l N CXJ C~ l ~) ~) ~ ~) C~) ~) LO ~t C~l CQ ~ C~ I_ ~_ O ~ CD =) e · · ~ 00 kD CO O ~ C ~ 00 0 c~ ~ I_ CO ~ J ~) ~ ~) t-) ~ d" ~ ~ ~ ~ L~) Lt-) O O ~ CO ~ C~ —~—~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ · 00 _ ~ C~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ LO ~n ~J ~J ~J ~ ~J ~J C~J ~J C~ J N C~ O1 ~ - C~ r` ~ ` o, - —= _ e CO CO 01 0 0 ~ _ r CXJ ~ d. d" J ~)—) ~) (Y) ~) ~) ~ ~) ~) ~) C~J ~n e~—~ _= ~_a~~mc~ co— ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ O '- ~~~ mm=~= =~0 ~J ~ ~J ~J C~J ~J ~J C~J ~J ~J ~J ~J N ~) ~ ~S~ I 1~ C~ Q CO ~ kD O O =) -J + 0 ~ 5t 1 O) e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~n Ln ~ 0 0 _ c~ ~ Ln ~ ~ ~ 0 _ ~ . tD C~ C~ C~ 0 0 _ cn _ 3 , I ~ ~ _ =: ~ E _ cns co 0 ~5 ~5 ~ 1 L) L O —C~l ~) ~ ~) ~ 1_ CO ~ O r C~J ~) ~ ~ O ~ ~s I_ r~ ~ ~_ ~ ~ ~_ I_ I_ I_ ~ co ~ co ~ 0 ~ ·_ ~ ~ on 0~ ~ o~ o~ o~ cs~ cn cr~ o~ ~ o~ o, ~ s~ o~ _ L~ ~ _ _ r _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _— — eS C.!5— ~5

196 APPENDIX TABLE Bl2 Ph.D.s Academically Employed in the Biomedical Sciences, by Employment Status and Type of Insti tuti on, 1973-83a/ Type of Institution F i sea 1 Empl oyment Year Status Total 4-Year 2-Year 1973 Total 25,471 24,960 511 Ful l-Time 24,724 24,241 483 Part-Ti me 747 719 28 1975 Total 2S,332 27,709 623 Fu 11-Ti me 27,487 26,919 568 Part-Time 845 790 55 1977 Total 30,384 29,604 780 Ful 1-Time 29,473 28,768 705 Part-Time 911 836 75 1979 Total 33,566 32,744 822 Fu 1 1-Ti me 32,550 31 ,802 749 Part-Time 1,015 942 73 1981 Total 36,482 35,644 838 Ful 1-Time 35,462 34,701 761 Part-Ti me 1 ,020 943 77 1983 Total 36,963 35,973 990 Fu 1 1-Ti me 35, 781 34,884 897 Part-Time 1, 182 1,089 93 Average Annual Total 3.8 3.7 6.S Growth Rate Full-Time 3.8 3.7 6.4 from 1973-83 Part-Time 4.7 4.2 12.8 a/Based on the most recent data available from the National Research Counci 1 (1973-84~. Foreign nationals who received doctorates from U.S. institutions are included. Individuals on postdoctora 1 appo i ntment s are exc 1 uded .

197 ~1 0 to I_ - a) a' sit en a) to 4 E s~ - o o ~n - L~ =' 4 C~ o - 4 4 - - CO x ~ z s~ a' O ~ o E . 4 CL o ~ C) C. ~ ·_ ~ _ ._ 4~ ~5 o C~ ~ O ~n ~ 4 E ~ - CL o - ·_ _ C: _ o ~ _ _ O ~) `0 ~ ~) ~ ~ a, N—O ~J N ~) · · · . · · · · . . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ et ~ ~ ~ U~ e~ ~ ~ ~ ~r _ ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ tD cn——— ~ c~ · · · ~ · · · · · · · · ~ ~ U~ ~ ~ ~ ~> ~ ~ ~ q" ~ ~ U~ 0 ~— 0 0 ~) ~ O ~ N O r_ _ · . · . · ~ · . · . . . . U) ~ ~ U~ 0 ~ 0~ 0 r~ tD r~ · . · . · · · · · . · ~ ~ ~—U) O O ~——O ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ r_ ~ ~ oo ~ LO ~n _ ~ tD 0 · e · · · · · · · · · · ~ ~ ~ f_ ~ k0 ~ ~ ~ ~ r_ LO ~ (D CO C~=—~0~ ~OCO=C~ O O · ····· ····· · ~ kD 1_~_~0 ~0~\D~D ~ ~ 4= - E ._ 4~ = o 4~ Q 4~ 0 a) . ~n _ a, _ s~ a C~ ._ 4~ o _ ~C~00— C~~—m~ — ~ · · · ~ - ~ · - - · ~ · · oo ~ r~ t_ 0 co r~ kD 0 C~ ~—~ _ o 0 0 ~ oo o · · · · · · · · · e · · ~ 0` 0 _ ~—— ~ ~—O 0 ~ — tD ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ CO O ~ _ 0 ~ C~ · · · · · · · · · · · · ~ U, ~ `0 cn ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ 0 co r_ · · . · . · . · · · · . . '_ ~ ~ r_ r_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o rn u~ 0 c~ ~ ~ u~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ · · · . · · · · · · · · ~ r_ ~ tD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U, ~ 0 o ~_ - _ ~ ~5 <~ ~ 0 _ c~ ~ ~ ~n ~ ~ co ~ 0 — ~ ~n ~ ~_ —. r_ ~_ t_ ~ ~ r~ ~ r_ 0 0 ~ ·_ Ql a~ ~ o~ o~ ~ cr~ o~ ~ o~ o~ o~ ~ > ~ ~ _ _____ ____— — o o s - o a s~ ·_ c c 4~ 4~ 0 0 ~ a, ~n c ~ 4 CO . C~ 4 0 cr' — E _ Q, C ·_ ~ 4 o m ~ o c E s~ c o ~— _ m1—

198 - o o u) in :c - He to ·_ c ·_ A: Sit ~1 ~— to 0 1 —O O. o At. Q V, o Cat (V Sit ~ V, _ LL ~ J C CO ~5 X i_ C:} Z Lo ~ CL ~ - Cat ·_ ~ In ._ ~ C: m c E ~ - Q ~ ~ Cat C) ._ ~n ·_ _ ~n O ~ C~ S~ r O _ ~ O ~ ~~= =~0— ~S ~_ r_ 1_ ~ t_ ~ 1~ I_ ~ I_ C~O C~O ~ ~ o' c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cn cr o'mm LL~ _—___ _ I ____ c~ - - - mo~ c~ =`c~= LO · · · · · · · · ~ · · ~ ~ - =d-` ~ c~ ~C~C~__ cn - - LOU~= ~ ~o`~_`r_ ~ tD ~—~— ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '_ ~ ~ e · ~ ~ · ~ · · e · ~ _ 1~`D=~_ O ~CO=OC~ C~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ d" _ ~ Lr) ~ 0 a, ~ ~ co ~ ~ 0 · · · · · · · ~ 0 · · ~ ~ O C~=—~ ~ CO~—COC~ ~ ~J C~J C~l ~J ~) C~J ~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~) ~o ~ ~ r~ 0 ~ c~ ~ ~ 0 ~ . . · ~ · · · · · ~ · · ~ 1_ U~~C~—— C~ C~—O~—~ ~ ~ Lt~ ~ O C~ ~ 1—0 CX~ ~ I_ O · · · · · · · · · · · ~ - C~ N ~ —~ — CS) O ~ ~ ~ '.r) C~J ~) ~ ~ d. d. ~ IS) ~ LO Lt~ w) ~ c~ ' oomo~ ~ ~LOoc~ - o · ~ · · · · · · · · · · - a~ ~U~C~OC~ ~—moC~= ~ ~J ~J N ~J ~J C~J C~J ~J ~J ~J ~J ~J C~l cn ~n a) Q ·_ o . ·_ r ~ ·" ~S ~S 11 _ C~ O O =: ~n ·_ o O O ~ O ~ Q ~ ~C ·_ · :~ C~ CD ~ cn _ _ _ ~ E o ·_ CO 1 _ c: _ E ~_ o o c: m1 a, c

199 V, Q) ._ o c s L~ J t1 0 a' o ~ s ~5 Lr) o ·~ ,._ 4 _ CD C o o~ ~ ._ _ o~ 4 _ . ~-_ o ~ · ~ = s E 4 Q o ~ ~ Q _ ~n~ ~ · _ ._ ~ ~ o oo · o a' ~ s s E oo 0 ~n ._ o~ ~ _ ·_ S L~ ~ _ C3 ~ O ~ cn .~ ._ ~ =-_ ~n ~ ~ ~ Cl ~ E G' 4= E o 4 ~ ~-_ C~ Z CO LL 4= ~ ~ ·_ =: E _ - o ~ c E s~ ~ o ~ ·_ a) ~ a) c~ 4= 1 ~ a 4~ :~ s 4 s~ ._ ~ ~ C=-_ C~ >) ~ ~ 4~ 4 X ~ ~ ~ o _ ~s_ Z ~o ~ o CI5 o s ·~ ~ ~ o V, 0 a~ ~ ~ ~ kD ~ 0—r~ r~ r~ ~ ~ ~ c~ O _ O · · · · . · · · · · · — LO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ mm r~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ c~ c~ c~ C~ O0 ~ CO ~ O ~D ~n ~ L~O~ co ~ o~ r~ cD —~ ~ O ~ 1_ tD ~ CO ~ ^ ~ ^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ c~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c~ ~ - c~ ou~c~ r~ c~ O O ~— ~r, ~= tD ~ ~ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ kD r~ oo cn 0— ~ ~ ~D kD ~ ~D tD ~ ~ ~D ~r— mo~mo~ m~cr~o~mo~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - ~ - - - - cn 0 0 c ~ ~ tv · - 4~ 3 · ~ 4~ ~ o 4 ~ ~ o ~ . o ~ ~ ~ o.— _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ . - ._ ~ Q ~ _ ~ ~ - ~_ = - o ~ ~ ~ o o~ ~ o a) ~ ^ L 4> ~ · L) S~ ~ ~ ~5 ~ ~ _ {1) :D 4~ 0 Q~ Ce) 0 L > ~ ~1 ~ 4~ 0 ~ ·_ ~ · n5 ~ O cr) >, O O · ~ ~ L~ · ~ 0= C~ C, L ~ a,— v) - ~ ~ ·_ ~ a., ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ·— :~ 4= ~ ~ ~ ~ ·—~ ·— ·—~ LO L 0) ~ 4~ eJ ~ tO 0o t15 C ~ ~ > ~ ~ 0~ ~ O—·— ~ ~ =_ `, a~ a~ c~ ~ o-_ _0 w_ ·— ~— O O C) ~ ~ L ~ ~ C) L O} ~ 4~) 0 0 a) ~ ~ ~ ~ a) ~ ·— 4~ ~ ~ 0 a) 4= '.n _ ~ ·_ 4= ~ _ I · - 4~ ·— ~ 0 0 a) ~ 4 L ·— kD L t~ Q =4= 0~ ~ O · -— ~o ~ a) s~ O == ~ 4~ ~ ·— O4~ 0~4~ ^~ ^~0 O ~ O—- 0 1 ·~— ~— ~ O ~ a, ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ aJ ~ ~ ~ ~ L 1~ 4= C~ O ~ 0) ~ O kD ·— ~ L) ~ ~ O.—0~) ·_ ~ _ · ~ · a) - , 0^ ~ ~ O == ·__ O— ~ 4= . a' ~ == ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 =, E ~ o ~ ~ · ~ ~ · ·— a' a' ~ ~ 4~— ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u, ~ ~ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ . - r_ a~ ~ · ~ _ a) ~ 4 . ~ 0 ^ ~ ^ L - 1 0 _ L ~ O ~ 4 LO Lt) ~ — O (L) ·— ~ =-— a~ co c~ ~ 0 ~ 4~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ o _ ~ ~ ~ o ~ 3 _ ~ C~ o~— u~ ~ _ ~ ~n 0 ~ ~ L~ ~n a~ 4~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ — ~ — ~ CL 4~— ~ O O—~)_ L 4= ^~)— L ~ 4 ._ ~ tO ~ _ 3 CL~ c) 4 4~— ~ ~ O) ~ t_ 0 3 ~ O ·— ~ 0;) >,= ~ ~ ·_ - ) o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a' ~ ~ O)' ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ a) ~ ~ ~ L G, CJ) CS, _ ~ 4 d.——~ ~ t`) L`J O Q~ > — ~ ~ ~ C _ O ~ ~) ~ ~ aJ ~ ·— ~ L eC" "Y ·— O ·O ~ ~ O) Q:) ~ L ~ ~ ~ L ~ 0~) ·_ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 s ·_ 0 a) cn _ ~ 4 N ~J ~) —) ~ ;n ~ f1) X) ~ ~ ~ ~— O _ _ _ _ _ _ 4~ L ~ ~n a' ~ ~— C ~ ~ ~ L ~ a.) ~ ~ ~ a) a' L _ O C~ · ~) D O ~ ~) E ~ ~ O~ ~ E—— 4~ Q) ~ ~ co s · mm ~o— 0 ·_ ~ ~ _ ~ · _ ~— ~ 3 ~) ~ L ~ ·— ~ 4~ a) nJ a) 4= ~ ~ ~ O ~ 3 0 O =_ ~ == O Q D ~ ·— n:5 · ·— ~ O >— ~ ~ ~5 4~ 0 · ·_ ·— O ~ ~ 4 · ~ o0 ~ ~ 0 4 =) Z · a.) ~ ~ ~ ~ L . ~ _ ·_ ~ L a) `1) 0 C~ Q ~ ~5 ~ o ~ ~ ~ · E 4~ c a' o — 3 4~ 4~ ~ ~ 0 ~ a) 0 ·—4 c~ ~ O ~ · - 4~ ~ ~s E E ~ ~ ~ 0 a.)— s: 0 0 a' ~ · ~ ·— ~ — ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ O - = L Q L~ L~ ~ L . ~) ~ 4~ ~ E— ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~IDIOI ~ ~ ~ cn ~ ~ ~ ~ L 0 1— ~ a, C~— — 1 1 a; ~ L O

200 o a' As o ·, ~ ~ O —Hi: Q In 0 a) CL ~ L o o C) o o ·_ in O Cat ~ tic al ties O LLJ O I L) _ ~ °~1 CL 3 00 ~ ~ I_ _ om m =_ ·_ . ·_ L a' o E At L - L L'J ·_ E O ·_ m L Z L Z be L Z In o I ~ in O O Cat ~ r~ ~ _ c~ ~ · ~ · ~ · ~ 01 U~ ~ _ N _ , C~ ~ C~ 0D 0 _ _ _ _ O CO C~ ~ U~ Ln . . . . ~ . ~ ~ ~— C~ CS~ ~ — N C~J ~) CXJ CXJ I_ ~ - ~) CJ C~ _ C~ _ C~ ~n _ _ C~ kD O · ~ CO C~ O ~ I_ U~ kD C~ cn cr, (D O C~ C~ o 0 O ~ — ~ C~ C~ ~:) ~) ~) C~J O CO `0 ~ 0 ~ - L ~) u~ l_ cr, — ~ ~n ~ r_ I_ ~ t_ co co ·_ ~ o~ cn ~ ~ o~ ~ 1= ~ ~ r _ ~ ~ _ a, CY C o ·_ z o L~ —1

201 APPENDIX TABLE 817 Projected Combined Death and Retirement Rates as Percent of Total Faculty, by Broad Field of Science and Engineering, 1976-2000a/ Year Physical Mathematics Sciences E· . nglneerlng Life Sciences Sciences 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1.06 0.94 0.93 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.76 0.81 1.12 1.04 0.98 1.02 1.57 1.45 1.43 1.58 1.53 1.96 2.06 1.98 2.07 2.32 2.44 2.57 2.84 1.11 1.41 1.22 1.13 1.05 1.03 1.16 1.30 1.38 1.49 1.49 1.88 2.15 1.97 2.14 1.96 2.24 2.50 2.46 2.53 2.S4 2.58 2.98 2.95 3.03 1.07 0.79 0.61 0.61 0.72 0~80 0.80 0.96 0.98 1.29 1.40 1.48 1.55 1.67 1.90 1.78 2.28 2.13 2.05 2.33 2.22 2.34 2.63 2.54 2.50 1.27 1.28 1.35 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.40 1.44 1.44 1.74 1.68 2.08 1.97 1.98 2.18 2.05 2.23 2.52 2.45 2.47 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.55 1.20 1.21 1.26 1.23 1.34 1O31 1.24 1.48 1.64 1.73 1.97 2.21 2.19 2.30 2.45 2.71 2.73 2.80 2.98 2.90 3.00 3.24 3.08 3.16 3.12 a/From special tabulations prepared by Charlotte Kuh, based on the Radner-Kuh projection model and data from the National Research Council (1973-84).

202 - - - e c O ~ O 6~ - u O - - O o - - o 4J o cat e - tic - tic A - c O u' _ 0 -0 ~ ~ 1 ._ - - 4~ ~ - 0 cat o. _ _ K C _ O ~ ·_ 0 I _ 4~_ ~0 - ~0` Io ~ ~ e 8 ~ - g - O O · 0 In 800 —1 00 00000 0, ~_ O_`. - r" _o Scot - - _ _ _ _ _ "rat - - mom ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ e 0 00 00000 10 - )~ - ~ - ~ ~ 00\ Polo - - ~ cat _ _ _ _ _ _ r~ °e ~ O ,0 8 e - 8 o. o, _ o, . ~ ~ ~ __ I °e 8 - O ~ ">0 c' ~ ~0 _ 0` 01 __ r~ === oo ~D 0\ ~ 10 r~ 0 ~D 10 0 ~ ~ ~n tD · · · · · · — - ~r - ~ - r~r" oo ooo oo · · · · · · — 1 e~, e~J ~J ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 o~o'o~o · · · · — Io ~ ~~ e e e e g _ ~ ~r - 0` - _ ` - 10 m~ ~ __ C~ _ 0 ~ 0, 10 N e C%l0~U)N~ 00 · . — c~ ~ ~r 00` ~ C~ - 0 0 C~ __ N 0 . Io ~o · — 8 ~ - ~o ~n o ~ · 8 ~ ·0 . . ~ ~ ~ ~, oo, 0 o ~ 0 · · · · · ~ C~ C~ o o oo C,O oo ~ ~ 0 ~ o ~ ^1 N ~ 0 ~ - > ~ · __ _ ~ ~ ~ ~n 0 ~o · · · · · — - } ~ ~ _ _ O 00 0 0 0 0 ty_ Q6C~ 0 ~ - - 040 - ~ 00 00 00 —0 0` ~ cM ~N t_~ N ^ r~r" o`_ - ` · · · · · — - ~ __ O O ~ O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~0 C~10 ~ ~ C~J N 00 00 0 · · · · ~ ~no om O · _ N t - )— - ~ 00 040 · · · · · . C~N——GO - `O.COOO, ~ ——~ tD cn 0 — - 0 - - N C%l _ 0 06 C~ · · · — |~01_~ ~ ~ ` - - ` r~ ~ C~ O ~ ~ ~ C~ _ CD0 u'~ c~_ - ~_ _—O O —C`l Q~C`I Q~ ~o ~ ~ 0 a, 1 00 0` ~r ~ ~n o. 0 - ~r ~ - > ~r ~o~n ~ r~ _ _ . · _ __ _ 0c~` ~ `~ · · · · · · · — o0 - I^l~ ~ 1 `0` ~ · r" 0 ~n o~ ~ ~n o~ ~ o~ · · · · · · · · · · · · — } d—~r ~~ ~ ~ ~ _—o 0 ~r _ ~D 0 ~r U~ ~ ~r - - - ~ro __ o, _ ~r ~ - `n ~n 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 ~ 0 0 N ~ ~ 0 U, ~ ~ ~ ~ 4~ - c L e - o - ~ 0~_ - o. - ~ ~— - - mC~_ - 7 - - - - o C - c o - e ~o o 08 o, - _~o, ~ ~ ~ tD 10 ~ ~ s. ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ l

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