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Personnel Needs and Training for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research
THE 1985 REPORT
ofthe
Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel
Institute of Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of the report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members
are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special comnetences and with regard for appropriate balance.
, .
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee
consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences. the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National
Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate
professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the
health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the
Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser
to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues
of medical care, research, and education.
The work on which this publication is based was performed pursuant to
Contract No. N01-OD-4-2102 with the National Institutes of Health of
the Department of Health and Human Services. Support for this project
came from Evaluation Set-Aside funds (Section 513 of the PHS Act),
Evaluation Project No. NIH 75-1.
Available from:
Committee on National Needs for Biomedical
and Behavioral Research Personnel
Institute of Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., JR-640
Washington, D. C. 20418
(202) 334-3186
Publication No. IOM-85-06
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PREFACE
This is the eighth report of the Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel pursuant to the request
contained in the National Research Service Awards Act of 1974 (P.L.
93-348 as amended). In that Act, Congress requested the National
Academy of Sciences to conduct a continuing study of the nation's
overall need for biomedical and behavioral research personnel, the
subject areas in which such personnel are needed, and the kinds and
extent of training that should be provided by the federal agencies
authorized to provide National Research Service Awards--the National
Institutes of Health (NIB), the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health
Administration (ADAMHA), and the Division of Nursing, Health Resources
and Services Administration (HRSA). The National Center for Health
Services Research (NCHSR) was also authorized to provide National
Research Service Awards in the Health Services Research Act of 1978
tP.L. 95-623).
A major part of this continuing study has been the development of
a substantial body of data covering more than 20 years that provides
much of the information needed for our assessment of the market for
biomedical and behavioral research personnel. This data base--
presented in the appendix--includes such items as enrollments,
degrees, revenues, and expenditures in colleges, universities, medical
and dental schools, and the labor force of Ph.D.s employed in the
biomedical and behavioral fields. In this report we have added to
this data base the latest available figures from the federal agencies
and professional associations that collect them. Primarily these
agencies are the National Institutes of Health, the National Science
Foundation, the National Center for Education Statistics, the National
Research Council, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the
American Medical Association, the American Dental Association, the
American Nurses Association, and the National League for Nursing.
In addition to our primary task of assessing national needs for
biomedical and behavioral research personnel, this year we present the
results of five special studies conducted under the auspices of this
Committee. Two follow-up studies of former trainees have been
conducted--the first one surveyed former participants in the Minority
Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors Undergraduate Training
Program, and the second one collected data on former NIH/ADAMHA
postdoctoral trainees and fellows. Both special studies, under the
direction of Howard Garrison, were designed to find out what career
paths the former trainees have chosen and what their accomplishments
have been. A summary of findings from the MARC study is presented in
Chapter 3 and complete reports on both studies will be published
separately.
A third special study deals with a detailed examination of dental
education and the need for dental research personnel. The results are
presented in Chapter 2.
· · ~
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The fourth special study deals with employment in the biotechnology
industry. Robert Barker, Provost at Cornell University and a member
of this Committee, collaborated with the American Society for
Microbiology to conduct a survey of biotechnology firms designed to
collect data about their current employment of scientists and hiring
plans for the next 18 months. This survey, which repeats a previous
one conducted in 1983, is summarized in Chapter 3.
Finally, Samuel Herman and Allen Singer have updated a study of
the movement of basic biomedical scientists into clinical departments
of medical schools that was reported upon in the committee's 1983
report. The revised and updated study will be published as a separate
report under the auspices of this committee.
On behalf of the Committee, I wish to express our appreciation to
the many individuals and organizations that have contributed to the
development of this report. I would like to thank in particular those
individuals who participated in the committee's public meeting of May
10, 1984. A summary of that meeting is presented in Appendix F.
Robert L. Hill, Ph.D.
Chairman
iv
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals contributed information, data, and other
valuable assistance on various aspects of this report. We wish to ~
thank in particular the following individuals and their organizations
for their contributions.
National Institutes of Health
Office of the Director:
William Raub, Doris Merritt, Charles Sherman,
who served as Project Officer, Helen Gee,
George Bowden
Division of Research Grants: Nicholas Moriarity, Charles Shea, Doris
Wallace, Joseph Brackett
National Institute of General Medical Sciences: Ruth Kirschstein, John
Norvell, Elward Bynum
National Institute of Dental Research: Harald Loe, Preston
Littleton, Jack Brown, Thomas Valega
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
Michele Applegate, Leonard Mitnick
Health Resources and Services Administration
Division of Nursing: Jo Eleanor Elliott, Doris Bloch, Adele wood,
Thomas Phillips, Gretchen Osgood
National Center for Health Services Research
and Health Care Technology Assessment
John Marshall
American Dental Association
,
Mario Santangelo, David DeMarais
Association of American Dental Schools
Eric Solomon
American Association for Dental Research
John Gray
American Medical Association
Norbert Budde, Mary Lou White, Gene Roback
American Society for Microbiology
Michael Goldberg, Robert Watkins, Gerald Shockman
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American Nurses' Association
Pauline grimmer, Catherine Foster, James Galliher
National League for Nursing
l
Sally Solomon
Veterans Administration
Paulette Cournoyer
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Marcia Sass
Association for Health Services Research
Alice Hersh, Betsy vieth
National Academy of Sciences/Institute of Medicine
The committee gratefully acknowledges the contributions to
this report of Allen Singer, Staff Director and principal author, and
the fine efforts of the other members of the committee's staff--Howard
Garrison, Samuel Herman, Lori Thurgood, Prudence Brown, Kay Harris,
and Dorothy Cooper. TOM staff members Sunny Yoder and Cindy Howe were
the principal contributors to Chapters 5 and 6.
The data processing staff of the Office of Scientific and
Engineering Personnel, under the direction of George Boyce, provided
excellent services to the committee. We thank programmers Rink van
der Have, Maisie Compagnucci, and Beah Zander for their conscientious
efforts.
Frederick Robbins, President of the Institute of Medicine,
and Charles Miller, its Executive Officer, are also thanked for their
oversight of the committee's activities.
V1
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS
FOR BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Chairman: ROBERT L. HILL, Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Biochemistry
Duke University Medical Center
ROBERT BARKER, Ph.D.
Provost
Cornell University
ROBERT M. BOCK, Ph.D.
(Chairman, Basic Biomedical
Sciences Panel)
Dean, Graduate School
University of Wisconsin-Madison
DAVID R. CHALLONER, M.D.
Vice President for Health Affairs
University of Florida
EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, LL.D.
Attorney-at-Law
Wilkes, Artis, Hedrick & Lane
Washington, D.C.
CHARLES D. FLAGLE, Ph.D.
Professor and Head, Division of
Operations Research
Dept. of Health Services Admin.
Johns Hopkins University
ROBERT H. FURMAN, M.D.
(Chairman, Clinical Sciences Panel)
Consultant
Eli Lilly & Company
Indianapolis, IN
W. LEE HANSEN, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
HOWARD H. GARRISON, Ph.D.
Project Director for Special Studies
and Executive Secretary for
Behavioral Sciences Panel
SAMUEL S. HERMAN, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Executive Secretary
Clinical Sciences Panel and
Ad Hoc Panel on Dental Research
ADA K. JACOX, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Research
School of Nursing
University of Maryland
LYLE V. JONES, Ph.D.
Director, The L. L. Thurstone
Psychometric Laboratory
Univ. of North Carolina—Chapel Hill
WILLIAM N. KELLEY, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Medical School
CHARLOTTE V. KUH, Ph.D.
District Manager, Business Research
American Telephone & Telegraph Company
Basking Ridge, NJ
BRENDAN A. MAHER, Ph.D.
(Chairman, Behavioral Sciences Panel)
Professor of Psychology
Harvard University
JERRY MINER, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics
Syracuse University
GERALD T. PERKOFF, M.D.
Curators Professor
School of Medicine
University of Missouri-Columbia
STAFF
ALLEN M. SINGER, Ph.D., Staff Director
KAY C. HARRIS, B.S.
Administrative Officer
PRUDENCE W. BROWN B.A.
LO RI THURGOOD, B.A.
SUNNY YODER, B.A.
CINDY HOWE, B.A.
Research Associates
DOROTHY G. COOPER, B.S.
Secretary
· .
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BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: ROBERT M. BOCK, Ph.D.
Dean, Graduate School
University of Wisconsin-Madison
DAVID H. COHEN, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Dept. of Neurobiology & Behavior
State Univ. of N.Y., Stony Brook
MAURICE S. FOX, Ph.D.
Professor of Molecular Biology
Department of Biology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ROBERT A. GOOD, M.D., Ph.D.
Member and Head
Cancer Research Program
Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
FRANCIS J. HADDY, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of Physiology
Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
MARY ELLEN JONES, Ph.D.
Professor and Chair
Dept. of Biochemistry and Nutrition
University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill
KENNETH E. CLARK, Ph.D.
President
Center for Creative Leadership
Greensboro, NC
LUCY M. COHEN, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Anthropology
Catholic University of America
JACK ELINSON, Ph.D.
Professor and Acting Head
Division of Sociomedical Sciences
Columbia University
P. HERBERT LEIDERMAN, M.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences
Stanford Univ. Medical Center
GARDNER LINDZEY, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Advanced
Study in the Behavioral Sciences
Stanford, CA
LEEV. LEAK,Ph.D.
Research Professor
Dept. of Anatomy
Howard University
H. GEORGE MANDEL, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pharmacology
George Washington University
PETER S. NOCE, M.D., Ph.D.
Laboratory Director
SmithKline Clinical Laboratories, Inc.
Woodland Hills, CA
FRANK G. STANDAERT, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pharmacology
Georgetown University
PAUL S. SYPHERD, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Microbiology and
Molecular Genetics
Univ. of California—Irvine
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: BRENDAN A. MAHER, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Psychology
and Social Relations
Harvard University
· · .
vale
ELEANOR E. MACCOBY, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Professor, Department of Psychology
Stanford University
ROBERT McGINNIS, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Sociology
Cornell University
JEROME E. SINGER, Ph.D.
Chairman, Medical Psychology
Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences
BONNIE J. SPRING, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Psychology
Texas Tech University
ROBERT STRAWS, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Behavioral Science
University of Kentucky
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CLINICAL SCIENCES PANEL
Chairman: ROBERT H. FURMAN, M.D.
Consultant
Eli Lilly & Company
Indianapolis, IN
W. GERALD AUSTEN, M.D.
Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Chief, Surgical Services
Massachusetts General Hospital
RUBIN BRESSLER, M.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Arizona
THOMAS B. CLARKSON, D.V.M.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Comparative Medicine
Wake Forest University
ROGER DETELS, M.D.
Dean, School of Public Health
University of California—
Los Angeles
PAUL GOLDHABER, D.D.S.
Dean, Harvard School of Dental Medicine
JULES HIRSCH, M.D.
Professor and Senior Physician
Laboratory of Human Behavior
and Metabolism
Rockefeller University
D. WALTER COHEN, D.D.S.
Professor, Dept. of Periodontics
University of Pennsylvania
LLOYD C. ELAM, M.D., L.H.D., LL.D.
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Meharry Medical College
WEBSTER JEE, Ph.D.
Professor of Anatomy
School of Medicine
University of Utah
MORRIS A. LIPTON, M.D., Ph.D.
Director, Biological Sciences
Research Center
University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill
JOHN W. LITTLEFIELD, M.D.
Professor of Pediatrics
Children's Medical & Surgical Center
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
JOHN F. SHERMAN, Ph.D.
Vice President
Association of American Medical Colleges
Washington, D.C.
SCOTT N. SWISHER, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Michigan State University
BABETTE B. WEKSLER, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
Cornell University Medical College
DAVID PERRY, M.A.
(Consultant to the Panel)
Associate Dean for Planning & Operations
St. Louis University Medical Center
AD HOC PANEL ON DENTAL RESEARCH
Chairman: PAUL GOLDHABER, D.D.S.
Dean, Harvard School of Dental Medicine
ROBERT W. MANN, Sc.D.
Professor of Biomedical Engineering
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN J. SALLEY, D.D.S.
Vice President
Center for Innovative Technology
Herndon, VA
RAYMOND P. WHITE, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill
ix
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