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APPENDIX 1
STATISTICAL NOTES
HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVF.Y
The Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES) is a contin-
uing nationwide sample survey conducted by the National Center for
Health Statistics in which data are collected through standardized
physical examinations, tests, and measurements. Information from the
examination is supplemented with personal and demographic characteristics
and medical history on illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic condi-
tions, utilization of health resources, the need for medical and dental
care, and other health topics. From the examination and history data,
information is obtained on the total prevalence of selected health
conditons, known and previously unknown or undiagnosed. The content
of the HANES program is revised periodically and selected components
added and deleted to meet current needs for health data of this type.
For this survey two to four years are required to obtain a large enough
sample of examinees for reliable national estimates. The universe for
HANES is the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United
States. Members of the Armed Forces, U.S. nationals living in foreign
countries, and people living in institutions during the reference period
are excluded.
The 1971-1974 HANES program is based on a multistage stratified
probability sample of loose clusters of persons in land-based segments
in which 65 primary sampling units were selected from the approximately
1,900 geographically defined units into which the United States was
divided.
Approximately 28,000 persons ages 1-74 years were selected in the
sample of whom nearly 21,000 came into the examining location for exami-
nation. The initial response rate for the medical history, personal
and demographic data was about 95 percent; the final response rate
for this examination, about 76 percent. National estimates are based
on a four-stage estimation procedure involving inflation by the recipro-
cal of the probability of selection of the individual examines, a non-
response adjustment, ratio adjustment and postratification.
Since the HANES estimates shown in this report are based on a
sample of the population, they are subject to sampling error. The
standard error of selected percentages of persons needing dental treat-
ment is given in Table I.
For more detailed information on the HANES design, limitations of
the data and sampling errors of the national estimates, see: National
Center for Health Statistics, Basic Data on Dental Examination Findings
of Persons 1-74 Years, United States, 1971-1974, by James E. Kelly,
1 - 1
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D.D.S., and Clair R. Harvey, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11-No.
214, DREW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-1662. Public Health Service, Washington,
D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, Nov. 1978.
Health Interview Survey
The Health Interview Survey (HIS) is a continuing nationwide
sample survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics
in which data are collected through personal household interviews.
Information is obtained on personal and demographic characteristics,
illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic conditions, utilization of
health resources, and other health topics. The household questionnai
is reviewed each year and supplemental topics are added and deleted.
For most topics, data are collected over an entire calendar year. The
universe for HIS is the civilian, noninstitutionalized population
of the United States. Members of the Armed Forces, U.S. nationals
living in foreign countries, and people who died during the reference
period are excluded.
re
The survey is based on a multistage probability cluster sample of
376 primary sampling units selected from approximately 1,900 geographi-
cally defined units in the first stage and 12,000 segments containing
about 42,000 eligible households. National estimates are based on a
four-stage estimation procedure involving inflation by the reciprocal
of the probability of selection, a non-response adjustment, ratio
adjustment, and posts/ratification.
Since the HIS estimates shown in this report are based on a sample
of the population, they are subject to sampling error. Table II shows
the standard errors of aggregates of persons and dental visits, and
table III shows standard errors of percentages of persons.
For more detailed information on the HIS design, limitations of
data, and sampling errors of the estimates, see: National Center for
Health Statistics, Current Estimates from the Health Interview Survey,
United States, 1977, by L.J. Howie and T.F. Drury, Vital and Health
Statistics, Series 10-No. 126, DREW Pub. No. (PHS) 78-1554, Public
Health Service, Washington, n.c. , u.s. Government Printing Office,
Sep. 1978.
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Table I. STANDARD ERROR FOR PERCENTA(;E: OF PERSONS A(~:D 1-74 TF.ARS WITH
NEED FOR DE: NTAL TREATMENT, BY AGE AND TYPE OF SERVICE
Specific dental
treatment needed
Both Sexes
General (at least one
of the following).
Total yrs
.. 1.31 1.05
Removal of debris and
calculus 2.56 0~61
Gingivitis treatment 1.30 0.01
Periodontal disease
treatment 0.42
Severe malocculusion
1-5 6-11
yrs
12-17 18-64 65-74
yrs yrs yrs
Standard error
-
2~15 1.71
1
2.82 3.55
0.33 1.18
0.02 0.09 ().43
treatment 0.18 0.07 0.89 0.75
Fixed bridges and/or
partials...
0.93 - 0.11
1 - 3
1.79 2.02
3.21 3.06
1.90 2.64
0.95 0.92
0.09 -
0.81 1.63 0.97
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Table II. STANDARD ERRORS OF ESTIMATES OF AGGREGATES
Standard error in thousands
Si ze o f e stimate
in thousand s Number o f
Population dental visits
.. . . .
100. . .
500 ~ . . .
l'OOOo.~ee..
5 ~ 000. .
15
18
40
57
125
10~000~. 174
1
303
677
958
20~000~e 237 1~355
50~000~. 325 2~147
100~000~ee.~e 550 3~047
200 ~ 000
250~000~ee.~e
300~000e
1-4
4~338
4~865
5~346
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Table III. STANDARD ERRORS, EXPRESSED IN PERCENTAGE POINTS, OF ESTIMATED
PERCENTAGE S FOR POPULAT ION EST IMATE S
Estimated percentages
Base of
Percentages 2 5 10 25 50
Shown in or or or or
Thousands 98 95 90 75
500~. 1~1 1~8 2~4 3~5 4~0
1~000~. Oe8 1~2 1~7 2~5 2~9
2~000~e 0~6 0~9 1~2 1~S 2eO
5~000~e 0~4 0. 6 0.8 1.1 1~3
10 ~ 000. .
20~000~-~-e--~--
30~000~.
50~000.
0~3
0~2
Oel
0.1
0~4
0~3
Oe 2
0~2
0.5
0.4
0~3
0~2
Oe 8
Oe6
0.5
0.4
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
1003000 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0~3
1 - 5
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
standard errors
