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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
A Healthy NIH Intramural Program
Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
Report of a Study by a Committee of the Institute of Medicine
Division of Health Sciences Policy
National Academy Press
Washington D.C.
1988
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy’s 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an advisor to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education.
This project (Evaluation Project No. NIH 88–310 for Contract Number NO1-OD-8-2104) received support from the evaluation set-aside Section 513, Public Health Service Act.
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
(202) 334-3300
IOM 88-08
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
COMMITTEE TO STUDY STRATEGIES TO STRENGTHEN THE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
HAROLD T.SHAPIRO, (Chairman), President,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
MICHAEL S.BROWN,* Professor of Genetics,
University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas.
JOHN T.DUNLOP,* Lamont University Professor, Emeritus,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
GERALD D.FISCHBACH, Chairman of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
MARIAN E.KOSHLAND, Professor and Chair,
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
CHARLOTTE V.KUH, Executive Director,
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey.
ROBERT I.LEVY,* President and Chief Executive Officer,
Sandoz Research Institute, East Hanover, New Jersey.
WALTER E.MASSEY, Vice President for Research and for Argonne National Laboratory,
The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
ROBERT G.PETERSDORF,* President,
Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, D.C.
PAUL GRANT ROGERS,* Partner,
Hogan & Hartson, Washington, D.C.
BENNO C.SCHMIDT,* Managing Partner,
J.H.Whitney & Company, New York, New York.
LLOYD H.SMITH,* Associate Dean and Professor of Medicine,
University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
ELMER B.STAATS, Former U.S. Comptroller General,
Washington, D.C.
P.ROY VAGELOS,* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey.
*
Member, Institute of Medicine
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
STUDY STAFF
RUTH ELLEN BULGER, Director,
Division of Health Sciences Policy
MICHAEL L.MILIMAN, Study Director
JESSICA TOWNSEND, Associate Study Director
CARLOTTA C.MOLITOR, Research Associate
WALLACE K.WATERFALL, Editor,
Institute of Medicine
CONSULTANTS
ALAN L.DEAN
MICHAEL FINN
HELEN HOFER GEE
HAROLD SEIEMAN
ROBERT A.WALKINGTON
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
1
INTRODUCTION
11
The Charge to the Committee
11
The Committee’s Interpretation of Their Charge
11
Scope of the Study
12
Conduct of the Study
13
Origins of the Study
13
Structure and Funding of NIH and Its Intramural Program
16
CHAPTER 1.
MISSION AND PURPOSES OF THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM
23
Role as a Government Laboratory
24
The Environment
24
Research Training
25
Basic and Clinical Research
26
The Application and Communication of Research
27
Long-Term Research
28
The Intramural Program in Relation to the Extramural Program
28
Conclusion
29
CHAPTER 2.
SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE OF NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM
33
Important Discoveries by Scientists in the NIH Intramural Program
33
Bibliometric Analysis of Publications in Scientific Journals
35
Peer Judgment of Scientific Contribution
38
New Young Talent
39
Administrative Measures to Strengthen the Current Program
40
Conclusion
44
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
CHAPTER 3.
SIZING UP ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS
47
Personnel
48
Compensation
49
Beginning Researchers
50
Mid-Level Researchers
53
Senior Researchers
59
Support Staff
63
Summary of Compensation Findings
64
The Personnel System
65
Barriers to a Productive Work Environment
68
Coping with a Changing Environment
72
Summary of Administrative Problems
73
Endnotes
75
Tables
83
CHAPTER 4.
SOLVING ADMINISTRATTVE PROBLEMS
119
The Policy Background
120
Models for Organizational Reform
121
Addressing Problems that Exist under the Present Organization
126
Improving the NIH Managerial Environment
133
Conclusions and Recommendations
134
APPENDIXES
A
ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS PROVIDING TESTIMONY REGARDING THE NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAM
143
B
NIH VISIT ON MAY 25, 1988
146
C
SUMMARY OF ACHIEVEMENTS OF NIH INTRAMURAL PROGRAMS
148
D
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
156
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
FIGURES
Figure I-1
NIH Organizational Chart
17
Figure 3-1
U.S. and Foreign Fellows, 1983 and 1988
51
Figure 3-2
Attrition Rates 1983–1987 for Tenured M.D.s and Ph.D.s
55
Figure 3-3
Salaries for M.D.s and Ph.D.s, 1987, NIH vs Academic Centers,
60
Figure 4-1
NBS Personnel Management Demonstration Project
128
TABLES
Table I-1
NIH Obligations by Institute 1977–1987
21
Table 2-1
Percent Papers Among Most Highly Cited 10 Percent
37
Table 2-2
Ratio Intramural to Academic Average Citations Per Paper
37
Table 3-1a
Personnel Systems Under Which NIH Tenured Scientists Are Employed
83
Table 3-1b
Salary Rates for Permanent NIH Scientists Under the General Schedule and Senior Executive Service
86
Table 3-2
NIH Fellows by Title and Degree as of End of Fiscal Years 1983–1988
87
Table 3-3
Non-Tenured Intramural Employment
88
Table 3-4
Time Line for Trainees at NIH
90
Table 3-5
NIH Medical Staff Fellowship Program Statistics, 1977–1988
91
Table 3-6a
Rates of Conversion of NIH Staff Fellows to Permanent GS and CO Appointments
92
Table 3-6b
Conversions of NIH Fellows to Full-Time Permanent Appointments in General Schedule (GS/GM), Commissioned Corps (CO) Positions. Fiscal Years 1983–1987
93
Table 3-7
Grades Within Senior Investigator Category
94
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
Table 3-8
Selected Employment Data for Current Full-Time Permanent NIH Tenured Scientists in Intramural Positions by Grade, 1983–1988
95
Table 3-9
Selected Employment Data for Full-Time Permanent NIH Tenured Scientists Who Left NIH Intramural Positions by Grade, Fiscal Years 1983–1987
101
Table 3-10
Attrition of NIH Full-Time Permanent Tenured Scientists (M.D.s and Ph.D.s) in Intramural Positions by Grade, Fiscal Years 1983–1987
106
Table 3-11
Appointments of Scientists to NIH Intramural Positions by Grade and Degree. Fiscal Years 1983–1987
111
Table 3-12
Appointment of Scientists to NIH Intramural Programs. Distribution by Grade. 1983–1987
112
Table 3-13
Comparative Salaries of Research Scientists
113
Table 3-14
Change in Average Annual Salaries Reported by Doctorates at NIH in 1981 by Type of Employer in 1987
114
Table 3-15
Comparison of Physician Compensation: NIH and American Medical Schools
115
Table 3-16
Comparison of Ph.D. Pay: NIH and American Medical Schools
116
Table 3-17
Allied Health Specialists Salary Comparison—Washington, D.C. Area. January 1988
117
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The committee appreciates the cooperation and assistance it received from many individuals and organizations. Space prevents acknowledging them all, although every input contributed to the overall report. A few warrant special mention.
More than 50 organizations and individuals (Appendix A) provided testimony to the committee regarding the NIH Intramural Program within a very brief timeframe; we offer them each our thanks.
The National Institutes of Health responded to our many requests for data. We would like to thank Philip S.Chen, Associate Director for Intramural Affairs; Richard G.Wyatt, Special Assistant for Intramural Affairs; Kurt Habel, Chief, Program Planning Branch; John D.Mahoney, Associate Director for Administration; Norman D.Mansfield; Director, Division of Financial Management; and Robert T.Dillon, Chief, Staffing Management Branch, Division of Personnel Management, and his staff. Our thanks extend to the other NIH staff who generously provided insights for the committee, and especially to Sean Donohue, Office of Science Policy and Legislation, Program Planning Branch, who, by facilitating our many requests, smoothed project progress.
Bradie Methany, Coordinator of the Delegation for Basic Biomedical Research, offered direction leading to staff interviews with private biomedical research laboratories, while Susan Racca, Director of Special Projects, Industrial Biotechnology Association, provided yet other insights into this sector.
Representatives of a number of the nation’s most prestigious postdoctoral fellowships gave generously of their time for interviews: The American Cancer Society, Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Cancer, Helen Hay Whitney, Jane Coffin Childs, Leukemia Society of America, Markey Charitable Trust, and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Foundation, Inc.
A very special acknowledgement must go to Jean M.Haddock, Manager, American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI), who through a major effort made possible a survey of the more than 2,000 ASCI members, to which its membership responded overwhelmingly. Lynn Morrison, Director for Public Policy, American Federation for Clinical Research, provided the committee with additional perspectives.
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A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?
Paul Jolly, Associate Vice President for Operational Studies, Association of American Medical Colleges, provided valuable data. Mark Abramson, Executive Director, Center for Excellence in Government, offered his observations.
Among the staff of government agencies who shared their experiences with the IOM staff and committee, we wish to recognize Harold J.Reese, Chief, Labor Management Relations and Staff Services, National Bureau of Standards (presently the National Institute of Standards and Technology) ; Kenneth E.Kinnamon, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Charles Levine, Deputy Director of the National Commission on the Public Service; William M.Tolles, Associate Director of Research, Strategic Planning, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; and Sheldon B. Clark, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, Labor and Policy Studies Program; Manpower, Education, Research, and Training Division, Oak Ridge Associated Universities.
Harold T.Shapiro
Chairman
Committee to Study Strategies to Strengthen the Scientific Excellence of the NIH Intramural Research Program
