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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The study was supported by Grant No. 99-7990 between the National Academy of Sciences and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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Suggested citation: National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2000) After-School Programs to Promote Child and Adolescent Development: Summary of a Workshop. Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth. J.A. Gootman, ed. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
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Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
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COMMITTEE ON COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROGRAMS FOR YOUTH
JACQUELYNNE ECCLES (Chair),
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
CHERYL ALEXANDER,
School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
BRETT BROWN,
Child Trends, Inc., Washington, D.C.
SARAH BROWN,
National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, Washington, D.C.
KENYON CHAN,
College of Liberal Arts, Loyola Marymount University
ELIZABETH COLSON,
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley
THOMAS COOK,
Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
PETER EDELMAN,
Georgetown University Law Center
CASWELL EVANS,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
RONALD FERGUSON,
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
ROBERT GRANGER,
Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, New York, N.Y.
TERESA LAFROMBOISE,
School of Education, Stanford University
REED LARSON,
Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
MILBREY McLAUGHLIN,
School of Education, Stanford University
ROBERT PLOTNICK,
School of Public Affairs, University of Washington
ZENA STEIN,
Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Jennifer A. Gootman, Study Director
Amy Gawad, Research Assistant
Drusilla Barnes, Senior Project Assistant
Elena Nightingale, Scholar-in-Residence
FORUM ON ADOLESCENCE 1999-2000
DAVID A. HAMBURG (Chair),
Carnegie Corporation of New York (President Emeritus)
HUDA AKIL,
Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
CHERYL ALEXANDER,
Center for Adolescent Health, Johns Hopkins University
CLAIRE BRINDIS,
Institute for Health Policy Studies, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
GREG DUNCAN,
Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
JACQUELYNNE ECCLES,
School of Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
ABIGAIL ENGLISH,
Center for Adolescent Health & the Law, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
EUGENE GARCIA,
School of Education, University of California, Berkeley
HELENE KAPLAN,
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher, and Flom, New York
IRIS F. LITT,
Division of Adolescent Medicine, Stanford University
JOHN MERROW,
The Merrow Report, New York
ANNE C. PETERSEN,
W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan
KAREN PITTMAN,
International Youth Foundation, Takoma Park, Maryland
ANNE PUSEY,
Jane Goodall Institute’s Center, University of Minnesota
MICHAEL RUTTER,
Institute of Psychiatry, University of London
STEPHEN A. SMALL,
Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison
CAMILLE ZUBRINSKY CHARLES,
Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania
BARUCH FISCHHOFF (Liaison, IOM Council),
Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University
ELEANOR E. MACCOBY (Liaison, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education),
Department of Psychology (emeritus), Stanford University
BOARD ON CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES 1999-2000
JACK P. SHONKOFF (Chair),
Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University
EVAN CHARNEY (Vice Chair),
Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts
JAMES A. BANKS,
Center for Multicultural Education, University of Washington
SHEILA BURKE,
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
DAVID CARD,
Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley
DONALD COHEN,
Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital, Yale University
MINDY FULLILOVE,
Columbia University
KEVIN GRUMBACH,
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Primary Care Research Center, University of California, San Francisco
MAXlNE HAYES,
Department of Community and Family Health, Washington State Department of Health
MARGARET HEAGARTY,
Department of Pediatrics, Harlem Hospital Center, Columbia University
RENEE JENKINS,
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Howard University
SHEILA KAMERMAN,
School of Social Work, Columbia University
HARRIET KITZMAN,
School of Nursing, University of Rochester
SANDERS KORENMAN,
School of Public Affairs, Baruch College
CINDY LEDERMAN,
Circuit Court, Juvenile Justice Center, Dade County, Florida
SARA McLANAHAN,
Office of Population Research, Princeton University
VONNIE McLOYD,
Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
PAUL NEWACHECK,
Institute of Health Policy Studies and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
GARY SANDEFUR,
Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
RUTH STEIN,
Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
PAUL WISE,
Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center
RUTH T. GROSS (Liaison, IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention), Professor of Pediatrics (emeritus),
Stanford University
ELEANOR E. MACCOBY (Liaison, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education),
Department of Psychology (emeritus), Stanford University
WILLIAM ROPER (Liaison, IOM Council),
Institute of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Michele D. Kipke, Director
Mary Graham, Associate Director,
Dissemination and Communications
Mary Strigari, Administrative Associate
Elena Nightingale, Scholar-in-Residence
WORKSHOP ON OPPORTUNITIES TO PROMOTE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT DURING THE AFTER-SCHOOL HOURS
PRESENTERS
JACQUELYNNE ECCLES (Workshop Chair), Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
MICHELE CAHILL, Carnegie Corporation of New York
JENNIFER DAVIS, Mayor’s Office, Boston, Massachusetts
JOY DRYFOOS, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
ROBERT HALPERN, Erickson Institute, Chicago, Illinois
KAREN HEIN, William T. Grant Foundation, New York, New York
ROBIN JARRETT, Human and Community Development, University of Illinois, Urbana-Campaign
MARY LARNER, Center for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Los Altos, California
JOAN LOMBARDI, Bush Center in Child Development and Social Policy, New Haven, Connecticut
RICHARD NEGRON, Children’s Aid Society, New York, New York
TERRY PETERSON, U.S. Department of Education
KAREN PITTMAN, International Youth Foundation, Takoma Park, Maryland
JANE QUINN, DeWitt Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund, New York, New York
ELIZABETH REISNER, Policy Studies Institute, Washington, D.C.
CARLA SANGER, LA’s BEST After School Enrichment Program, Los Angeles, California
CARTER SAVAGE, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Atlanta, Georgia
CONSTANCIA WARREN, Academy for Educational Development, New York, New York
HEATHER WEISS, Harvard Family Research Project, Cambridge, Massachusetts
NOTE: See the appendix for the full list of workshop participants.
Preface
This report summarizes the presentations and discussion at a workshop entitled Opportunities to Promote Child and Adolescent Development During the After-School Hours, convened on October 21, 1999. The workshop was organized by the Board on Children, Youth, and Families and its Forum on Adolescence of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, with funding from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.
The workshop brought together policy makers, researchers, and practitioners to examine research on the developmental needs of children and adolescents —ages 5 to 14 years—and the types of after-school programs designed to promote the health and development of these young people. Intended to provide a forum for discussion among the various stakeholders, the workshop did not generate conclusions about the types of programs that are most effective, nor did it generate specific recommendations about after-school programs or promote a particular approach.
The workshop coincided with release of the Packard Foundation’s fall 1999 issue of The Future of Children, entitled “When School Is Out.” Focusing on after-school programs, the journal provided some context for the workshop, providing a backdrop for discussing the importance of after-school programs, the types of programs that exist across the country, and the policy climate that surrounds after-school programs. Although this summary draws on “When School Is Out” to supplement specific statements made at the workshop, neither the workshop nor this summary re-
port incorporated the level of detail or scope of information contained in that publication.
This volume draws on presentations and discussion at the workshop. Of necessity, it reflects the particular emphases of the workshop presentations as well as specific statements made by presenters during the workshop. Although this report references published materials suggested or provided by workshop presenters, it is not intended to provide a comprehensive or thorough review of the field.
The workshop was an effort to take stock of the current knowledge base on after-school programs and highlight key findings from recent research. It was also convened to help inform the future work of the Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth, a new initiative of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families and its Forum on Adolescence. Given the limitations of both time and scope, the workshop could not address all issues that are certainly very important when considering the development, health, and well-being of children and adolescents during after-school hours. It is our hope that this report will help to illuminate important issues of after-school programs that deserve further attention and consideration.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the National Research Council. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: James A. Banks, Center for Multicultural Education, University of Washington, Seattle; Thomas Brock, Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, New York, New York; Doug Kirby, ETR Associates, Scotts Valley, California; Deborah Vandell, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin; and Billie Young, Child Development Programs for the City of Seattle, Department of Human Services.
Although the individuals listed above provided constructive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final
content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Many individuals deserve recognition for their contributions to the workshop and this report. The workshop and this report were funded the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Special thanks go to Mary Larner at the Packard Foundation for her assistance and support. Michele D. Kipke, director of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, conceptualized and planned the workshop. Jennifer A. Gootman, study director of the board’s Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth, helped organize the workshop and distilled its major themes into this summary report. Other staff members who assisted with the workshop and the report include Amy Gawad, Drusilla Barnes, and Zodie Makonnen. The workshop benefited enormously from the insightful comments provided by the workshop presenters.
Jacquelynne Eccles, Chair
Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth