. "Appendix B Closure Plans for Major DOE Sites." Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2000.
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Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites
APPENDIX B
Closure Plans for Major DOE Sites
Raymond G. Wymer
Information for the table in this appendix was taken primarily from the following sources: Baseline Environmental Management Reports (U.S. Department of Energy, 1995, 1996), Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure (U.S. Department of Energy, 1998), and From Cleanup to Stewardship (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). The Department of Energy uses the term “sites” in several ways, for example, to refer to national laboratories or to installations such as the Hanford Site or the Savannah River Site. In other instances it refers to specific areas within the major sites as sites. As a consequence the number of contaminated “sites ” can vary from several dozen to many hundreds, depending upon the definition used. In order to bound the number of “sites” to be considered, the “sites” listed in the accompanying table are those discussed in the above DOE reports.
REFERENCES CITED
U.S. Department of Energy. 1995 (March). Estimating the Cold War Mortgage: The 1995 Baseline Environmental Management Report. Office of Environmental Management, DOE/EM-0232, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1996 (June). The 1996 Baseline Environmental Management Report. Office of Environmental Management, DOE/EM-0290, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1998 (June). Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure. Office of Environmental Management DOE/EM-0362, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1999 (October). From Cleanup to Stewardship: A Companion Report to Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure and Background Information to Support the Scoping Process Required for the 1998 PEIS Settlement Study. Office of Environmental Management DOE/EM-0466, Washington, D.C.
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Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites
APPENDIX B
Closure Plans for Major DOE Sites
Raymond G. Wymer
Information for the table in this appendix was taken primarily from the following sources: Baseline Environmental Management Reports (U.S. Department of Energy, 1995, 1996), Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure (U.S. Department of Energy, 1998), and From Cleanup to Stewardship (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). The Department of Energy uses the term “sites” in several ways, for example, to refer to national laboratories or to installations such as the Hanford Site or the Savannah River Site. In other instances it refers to specific areas within the major sites as sites. As a consequence the number of contaminated “sites ” can vary from several dozen to many hundreds, depending upon the definition used. In order to bound the number of “sites” to be considered, the “sites” listed in the accompanying table are those discussed in the above DOE reports.
REFERENCES CITED
U.S. Department of Energy. 1995 (March). Estimating the Cold War Mortgage: The 1995 Baseline Environmental Management Report. Office of Environmental Management, DOE/EM-0232, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1996 (June). The 1996 Baseline Environmental Management Report. Office of Environmental Management, DOE/EM-0290, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1998 (June). Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure. Office of Environmental Management DOE/EM-0362, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1999 (October). From Cleanup to Stewardship: A Companion Report to Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure and Background Information to Support the Scoping Process Required for the 1998 PEIS Settlement Study. Office of Environmental Management DOE/EM-0466, Washington, D.C.
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TABLE B-1 Closure Plans for Major DOE Sites (Sources: U.S. Department of Energy [1995, 1996, 1998a, 1999])
State
Site
Responsibility for Site/End Use(s)
End State
Conditions of Closure
Completion Date
Alaska
Amchitka Island
Release to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or U.S. Bureau of Wildlife Mgt.
Greenfield on surface/institutional control on all sub-surface areas near shot cavities
Sub-surface soil and groundwater surveillance and monitoring planned for 100 years, but assumed to be in perpetuity; will require controlled access; surface released for uncontrolled use (open space)
2001
California
Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC)
Site will be turned over to Boeing/Rocketdyne
Probably industrial use under surveillance and monitoring and deed restrictions
Remediation of groundwater, soils and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of several bldg.; residual inorganic, PCB, semivolatile organic chemical (SVOC), mercury and dioxin left in soil; contaminated soil over 1×10−5disposed off site; facilitites require D&Dof radionuclides and sodium under RCRA
2006
California
General Atomics Site (GA)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) keeps liability until all waste is off the site then GA assumes site
Greenfield
GA responsible for post-remediation monitoring
1999
California
General Electric (GE) Vallecitos Nuclear Center
GE owns the site; after cleaning up hot cell and glove box DOE has no further responsibility
Brownfield/part of site will be zoned industrial; hot cell to be used commercially
DOE will clean up hot cell #4 and glove box; Univ CA-Davis has primary responsibility for post-closure monitoring
2005
California
Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research (LEHR)
Univ CA-Davis owns the site and is responsible for radioactive waste burial trench and 3 landfills; DOE has leased since 1958
Controlled access; decontaminated to industrial use levels
DOE responsible for decontamination of septic tanks, burial trenches, dry wells, dog pen facilities, etc.; limited institutional controls and monitoring may be necessary
2002
California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
Land leased to DOE by Univ CA; 134 acres adjacent to Univ CA-Berkeley:
Ongoing DOE mission
Groundwater treatment system in place by 2003; no cleanup level defined for tritium in groundwater; long-term monitoring through 2032; underground tanks will be removed
2003
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California
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)-Main Site
DOE will continue to own and manage site; Univ CA operates site
Brownfield/future land use to be research and industrial
Soil and groundwater remediation in progress; no solid waste disposal on site; on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national priority list; on-site groundwater must be remediated to EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCL); groundwater stewardship may last to 2015
2006
California
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)-Site 300
LLNL will occupy indefinitely
DOE ongoing mission/controlled access/mix of industrial and wildlife management areas
Groundwater treatment operational by 2006, Will continue until negotiated goals are met; groundwater monitoring for at least 23 years; landfills will require at least 23 years of surveillance and monitoring and cap inspections and repairs
2006
California
Sandia National Laboratories-CA
Ongoing mission under Defense Programs
Brownfield/ongoing mission
Designated solid waste mgt. areas remediated or under management controls such that no further action is necessary; remediation and waste disposal of 23 release sites by 2001
2001
California
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
To be returned to DOE Office of Energy Research by end of 2000
Ongoing DOE mission
Soil and groundwater will be cleaned up; network of monitoring wells installed; soil contaminated by solvents at 10 to 20 feet will stay that way
2000
Colorado
Grand Junction Office Site
No radiological restrictions
Greenfield/industrial/recreational
Administrative control of groundwater until verification that passive remediation has achieved cleanup goals (by approximately 2076)
2002
Colorado
Rio Blanco
DOE will maintain institutional control of sub-surface areas near shot cavities in perpetuity
Surface area will be released for alternative uses/no radiological restrictions
Site remains under controlled access; monitoring planned for 100 years, but assumed to be in perpetuity
2005
Colorado
Rocky Flats Buffer Zone
DOE may transfer site to another entity as cleanup becomes more complete
Final record of decision (ROD) will determine stewardship requirements; likely available for re-use as open space
2010 (2006)
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Colorado
Rocky Flats Industrial Area (consists of six operable units; 95 individual contaminated sites)1
Various end states, depending upon particulars of sites
Clean up in compliance with environmental laws and regulations; surveillance and monitoring after closure of each operable unit; monitoring for greater than 30 years after site closure; subsurface facilities will be capped and left in place
Colorado
Rulison
DOE will maintain institutional control of shot cavities
Surface area will be released for alternate uses
Site surface released for recreation; subsurface areas near no radiological restrictions; subsurface and groundwater remains under institutional controls; long-term surveillance and monitoring
1998
Idaho
Argonne National Laboratory-West
DOE Nuclear Energy is responsible for waste mgt. program
Ongoing DOE mission/brownfield/industrial, commercial/residual contamination in soil and groundwater
Groundwater remediation will be ongoing for 5 years with monitoring for at least 20 years; surveillance and maintenance for about 100 years; DOE will conduct 5-year CERCLA reviews and sampling for 20 years; after DOE departs deed restrictions will be needed to maintain industrial use levels
2000
Idaho
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL)2
Currently DOE; long-range plan is to be a national multi-program engineering and environmental laboratory
Cleanup per Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO) and all existing and future agreements; grazing and industrial use
Industrial and open space; on-site disposal cell for contact handled (CH) low-level waste (LLW); store spent fuel until 2035; treat and store high-level waste (HLW) until 2070; no residential use for 100 years; various waste area groups (WAG) handled according to need and anticipated use
2050
Illinois
Argonne National Laboratory-East
DOE Energy Research is landlord; DOE has program responsibility for environmental restoration, stewardship, and land use
Ongoing DOE mission
On-site containment of some residual contamination; annual sampling and monitoring of soil; groundwater remedial options include pump and treat after 2002; composite caps over several landfills
2002
Iowa
Ames Laboratory
Waste mgt. program transferred to DOE Energy Research in 2000
Greenfield
All waste treated and/or disposed of off site
1999
Kentucky
Maxey Flats Disposal Site
Commonwealth of KY has long-term stewardship; permanent LLW disposal site; controlled access
Controlled access
Cleanup levels in accordance with CERCLA ROD; wastes stay on site
2002
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Kentucky
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
On-going mission by US Enrichment Corp. (USEC)
Brownfield/controlled access; other land restricted industrial, open space/recreational
Contaminated burial grounds and landfills closed in place in industrial area; deed restrictions or use limitation on areas with contamination; pump and treat off-site plumes until 2070; federal government maintains stewardship forever; caps over burial grounds; soil monitoring for hundreds of years; groundwater pump and treat for at least 100 years
2010
Mississippi
Salmon Site
Site will be transferred to Mississippi
No radiological restrictions/characterization and remediation under RCRA/use as a wilderness area
Site remains under controlled access; DOE responsible for institutional controls forever; monitoring for 100 years
1999
Missouri
Kansas City Plant
Defense Programs is landlord/commercial use
Brownfield
Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL) cleaned up with innovative technology; groundwater treatment and monitoring from two to hundreds of years
1999
Missouri
Weldon Springs Site
155 acres of plant site released to unrestricted use; 9-acre quarry for recreational use; 62-acre disposal cell controlled access
Greenfield and brownfield/controlled access/engineered disposal facility with clay liner and stone cap for debris, sludge, contaminated soil, asbestos, low-level PCB
Federal government stewardship forever
2002
Multiple States
Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Sites
Site responsibilities vary: state, local, and DOE; restrictions range from uncontrolled access to restricted access
Greenfield/restricted access
Many sites rely on natural attenuation to reach EPA groundwater standards
Various
Nevada
Central Nevada Test Site
DOE responsible for institutional controls of sub-surface soil and contaminated groundwater
Future surface use with “no radiological restrictions”; No technology available for bomb crater cleanup; economic redevelopment possible in parts
Site remains under controlled access; in-situ containment; treatment for commercial disposal; indefinite term of monitoring
2006 (est)
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Nevada
Nevada Test Site (NTS) (including Tonopah test range)
DOE ongoing mission of nuclear stockpile stewardship; federal government will own the land forever
Brownfield development possible in southwestern portion/controlled access all over/final cleanup levels to be negotiated with state regulators/waste management sites used for LLW and mixed wastes
Surface and soil plumes outside of NTS will be remediated; sub-surface contaminants in and around shots will not be remediated; filled pits and trenches will be closed and capped; modeling and monitoring in perpetuity to predict movement of radionuclides in groundwater
2014 (est.)
Nevada
Project Shoal Site
DOE will not maintain an active presence but will maintain institutional controls forever for subsurface soil and groundwater
Surface soil re-use with no radiological restrictions
Site remains under controlled access; restricted access to groundwater forever; monitoring forever
2004
New Jersey
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
DOE Office of Science gets waste mgt. program in 2000
Ongoing research mission
Contaminated soil and sediment treated and disposed off site; no groundwater remediation required
1999
New Mexico
Gasbuggy
DOE will maintain institutional control of subsurface areas near shot cavities
Surface area will be released for alternate uses with no radiological restrictions
Site remains under controlled access; monitoring forever; groundwater monitoring wells refurbished or replaced every 25 years
2005
New Mexico
Gnome-Coach
DOE will not maintain an active presence, but will maintain institutional control of sub-surface areas near shot cavities; land released without restrictions or given to Bureau of Land Mgt.
Surface area will be released for alternate uses with no radiological restrictions
Site remains under controlled access; annual monitoring planned for 100 years, but assumed to be forever
2004
New Mexico
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Ongoing research mission; transfer up to 4650 acres to county and San Idelfonso Pueblo
Brownfield/industrial/commercial use/DOE mission
Legacy mixed LLW off site by 2004; environmental restoration project complete 2008; residual radioactive, metal and organic contamination; indefinite radiological contamination surveillance and monitoring; no groundwater remediation of regional aquifer deemed necessary; groundwater monitoring for over 30 years; contaminated material disposal areas closed with engineered barriers and long-term surveillance and monitoring
2008
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New Mexico
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI)
U.S. Air Force leases the land to DOE with renewal option; Office of Science is operational landlord
Brownfield
Groundwater contamination exceeds NMED 10 Tg/L level; natural attenuation of nitrates and diesel products expected to achieve standard; surveillance and monitoring until 2006
2000
New Mexico
Sandia National Laboratories-NM
Ongoing mission under Defense Programs; industrial (DOE programmatic) uses beginning in 2001
Brownfield/ongoing mission/chemical waste and mixed waste landfills and a disposal cell will remain
Controlled access of landfills and disposal cell unless wastes are sent off site; under federal control in perpetuity; long-term institutional controls; 30 years of monitoring per RCRA
2001
New Mexico
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
WIPP is neither a cleanup nor a disposal site; DOE control for ongoing waste mgt. for CH and remote handled (RH) transuranic (TRU) wastes until 2033
After completion of TRU disposal project surface area will be unrestricted for recreational and agricultural use
Monuments and markers to warn people of presence of radioactive wastes; no access to underground; 124 acres passive institutional control
2038
New York
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Office of Science is landlord; ongoing research mission
Final ROD not complete and remediation strategies are not finalized as of June 1999
Groundwater remediation and monitoring until 2031; former and current landfills capped; newly generated wastes disposed off site; institutional controls for 100 years with deed and use restrictions at site closure time
2006
New York
Separations Process Research Unit (SPRU)-Knolls
Owned by Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Greenfield/to be released by owner for unrestricted use
In standby since 1953; surveillance and monitoring in place; some transuranic wastes
2014
New York
West Valley Demonstration Project
Site and facilities owned by New York state and licensed by NRC; DOE manages oversight responsibilities; final end state not determined
Remediation strategy and final EIS not complete; after completion of project facility operational responsibilities will be transferred to New York Energy Research Development Authority
Unknown pending completion of final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Unknown
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Ohio
Ashtabula Environmental Management Project
Owned by RMI, a private company
RMI has sole responsibility for site after 2003
Future use assumed to be industrial consistent with surrounding property use and zoning; surficial soil to be remediated to <30 pCi/g; long-term sampling and monitoring of groundwater
2003
Ohio
Columbus Environmental Management Project-West Jefferson
Return to Battelle for unrestricted use by 2005
Brownfield/industrial use
Clean up for use without radiological restrictions; all waste streams to be shipped off site
2005
Ohio
Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP)
DOE or a successor federal agency maintains stewardship; use may be recreational or industrial
Brownfield/no residential or agricultural use; access to 138-acre on-site disposal facility restricted forever
Large on-site LLW disposal facility; controlled access; restore aquifer to 20 ppb uranium contamination; 23 acres set aside for future economic development; groundwater monitoring forever
2008 (2005)
Ohio
Miamisburg Environmental Management Project-(MEMP) (Mound)
Transfer to city of Miamisburg by 2004 except for Office of Nuclear Facilities for ongoing NE mission
Brownfield/cleanup to EPA industrial use standards
DOE retains responsibility for contaminated areas; DOE will remediate on-site groundwater to industrial use levels and off-site groundwater to residential levels; DOE has duty to conduct annual assessments of compliance with deed restrictions and to enforce compliance
2004
Ohio
Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
USEC will use the plant for the foreseeable future; federal government responsible for stewardship forever
Brownfield/combination of mixed industrial and recreational use
Contaminated burial grounds and landfills closed in place in industrial area; deed restrictions or use limitation on areas with contamination; complete remediation of waste sites in 2035; shut down groundwater treatment in 2050 and monitoring of passive treatment in 2055; seven capped landfills remain on site
2005
South Carolina
Savannah River Site (SRS)3
DOE Office of Environmental Management is landlord until 2038 after which an unidentified federal agency will assume responsibility
Ongoing mission/no land use policy to date/central industrial area will be used for DP activities and environ. mgt.; end state for HLW tanks is scheduled for 2024
Various, depending on specific site; all land and groundwater located on site perimeter remediated for unrestricted use; institutional controls forever; groundwater strategy is a combination of ex situ and in situ treatments; soil contamination, buried waste, and buried structures will be contained by capping
2038
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Tennessee
East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) (formerly K-25), ORR
Open space/recreational; controlled access; industrial with restrictions
Brownfield/part of site will be remediated to industrial levels as a private industrial park; part of site for restricted recreational use
Contaminated areas within re-industrialized area contained or consolidated; burial areas capped and hydrologically isolated and/or excavated; radioactive burial grounds will be capped; deed restrictions, monitoring and digging restrictions; groundwater monitoring until at least 2016
2013
Tennessee
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) 4
DOE Office of Science has ongoing mission
End states and their corresponding cleanup levels for the entire Oak Ridge Reservation are still being determined
Buried wastes isolated with engineered and institutional controls on migration; contaminated sediments stabilized; radioactive burial grounds will be capped and isolated; inactive bldg. razed to grade; stewardship will be needed for hundreds of years; federal gov’t. will be responsible for site-wide groundwater monitoring and treatment forever
2013 (Stewardship until 2070 is planning basis)
Tennessee
Y-12, ORR
DOE Defense Programs has ongoing mission
Brownfield/controlled access/restricted industrial use; controlled access; open space/recreational use/waste mgt. disposal facility for CERCLA waste
Burial ground contamination capped in place; groundwater contained and use restricted; stewardship will be needed for hundreds of years; federal government will be responsible for site-wide groundwater monitoring and treatment forever; site will maintain institutional controls and conduct CERCLA five-year reviews, inspections, monitoring and reporting; pump-and-treat systems may address on-site groundwater
2013 (Surveillance and monitoring of treatment systems through 2070)
Texas
Pantex Plant
DOE will keep control; site closure not expected in foreseeable future; current land use is called “industrial”
Brownfield/ongoing mission
Groundwater pump and treat may be required at least until 2015; identified release sites remediated to TX Risk Reduction Stds.
2002
Utah
Monticello Millsite and Vicinity Properties
Some land deeded to city for recreational use; onsite repository will remain under DOE control
Greenfield/controlled access
Remediation methods of sediments, groundwater, surface water not yet decided
2001
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Washington
Hanford Site5
560-square-mile site near the Columbia River; includes the four major areas discussed below
Federal government maintains ownership of most of the site
Two site remediation goals: unrestricted and restricted use; specific land use decisions pending completion of Hanford Remedial Action EIS and Comprehensive Land Use Plan
DOE quarterly surveillance and routine radiological surveys; repair of barricades; vegetation management; surplus facilities D&D; compliance with tri-party agreements; institutional controls indefinitely to control groundwater use; semi-annual monitoring for at least 30 years after closing last facility
2046
100 Area: nine reactors
Restricted use
Institutional controls; reactors, N-fuel basin, K basins in interim safe storage for up to 75 years
200 Area: reprocessing area
Federal government will use the area for management and disposal of nuclear materials; cleanup levels have not been established
Surface barriers over contaminated soil, waste sites and burial grounds; institutional controls; double shell and single shell tanks will remain; tanks will be closed in RCRA compliant manner; post-closure monitoring of tank farms through 2050; sanitary solid waste landfill will remain
300/400 Area: fuel fabrication and support facilities
Final end state determined by ongoing CERCLA process
Radioactive cleanup to 14 mrem/year; deed restrictions used to control industrial use; institutional controls
Abbreviations Used in Table: CERCLA—Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended; CH—contact handled; D&D—decontamination and decommissioning; DNAPL—dense nonaqueous phase liquid; EIS—Environmental Impact Statement; EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; FFACO—Federal Facilities Agreement and Consent Order; HLW—high-level waste; LLW—low-level waste; RCRA—Resouree Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended; ROD—record of decision; RH—remote handled; TRU—transuranic; UMTRA—Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action; USEC—US Enrichment Corporation; DOE—U.S. Department of Energy.
1 Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site is 6,185 acres. The majority of the land is uncontaminated and meets Residential land-use standards, but is currently limited to use as a buffer for plutonium stored on site. The core of the cleanup area is 384 acres, which will attain Industrial land-use standards to allow for environmental technology development activities. Determination of the future status of the Rocky Flats site is still very much a work in progress.
2 INEEL is the largest of the five major sites. Under the base case 99 percent of the area meets Residential use standard. Contaminated areas and facilities present only limited opportunities for alternative uses.
3 The SR site is a very complex site located in a humid environment. The majority of the surface of the site is uncontaminated. Contaminated surface waters and sediments limit the remainder of the site to Open Space use. The area north of the production area meets Agricultural use standard. The maximum feasible greenfield case for the SR site is limited by the possible end state for the five reactors, the chemical processing buildings and storage/disposal areas in the E, F, and H areas, which remain controlled access. Under some cleanup strategies most of the site could be brought to residential standards, however, most of the land will be used for resource or wildlife management.
4 The Oak Ridge site has a high water table. Although most of the site is uncontaminated the nature of the site and the three production areas limit use of that area to Open Space. A significant portion of the cost at the site is allocated to monitoring and addressing migration of contamination from numerous waste burial areas.
5 Most of the land currently meets residential standards. DOE actively uses only 8,150 acres for industrial/storage/disposal. Onsite plutonium storage is a major determinant of future land use because of buffer and emergency planning requirements. The base cleanup strategies assume complete dismantlement of reactors and core removal and extensive contaminated soil excavation. The 200 Areas remain Controlled Access for storage/disposal and waste mgt. activities.
