development, testing, and validation would include studies of the use of psychophysiological measures in the implementation of these countermeasures and of the effects of microgravity on the kinetics and efficacy of pharmacologic medications. Where existing countermeasures are found to be ineffective, new countermeasures should be developed that contribute to optimal levels of crew performance, individual well-being, and mission success. These recommendations are described in more detail in Appendix A.

According to estimates provided by NASA, NRA funding for research on behavior and performance accounted for a total of $4.8 million in FY 1999, including an FY 1999 augmentation of $1.3 million for new projects (Table 9.1). This ranks among the various disciplines as the second highest in funding and in number of projects. Within the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), additional funding (much of it provided by NASA) for behavior and performance research amounted to approximately $1 million in FY 1999. There are 19 projects with FY 1999 funding that involve research on behavior and performance; 14 were funded under the auspices of a NASA Research Announcement (NRA), and 5 were funded through NSBRI. Of the 14 FY 1999 projects funded in response to an NRA, 10 projects were under the direction of other extramural investigators and 4 were under the direction of NSBRI investigators.

Many of the behavior and performance projects with FY 1999 funding involve studies that address issues identified in the Strategy report. Issues related to sleep and circadian rhythms were addressed by the greatest number (11 projects), followed by issues related to neurovestibular functioning (6 projects). Collectively, sleep and circadian rhythms and neurovestibular function were the primary emphases of 17 of the 19 behavior and performance projects with FY 1999 funding. In FY 1999, perception and