Retention studies:

1. n=85 women with vertebral osteoporosis; aged 48–77 y (Hasling et al., 1990) (Selby, 1994)

2. n=18 women and 7 men with osteoporosis; aged 26–70 y, mean age 53

3. n=181 balance studies of ambulatory men; aged 34–71 y, mean age 54 (Spencer et al., 1984)

4. n=76 women; aged 50–85 y (Ohlson et al., 1952)

5. n=61 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (Marshall et al., 1976)

6. n=41 postmenopausal, estrogen-deprived women (white Roman Catholic nuns); mean age 46 y (Heaney and Recker, 1982; Heaney et al., 1978)

BMD studies:

1. n=9 clinical trials in postmenopausal women (Aloia et al., 1994; Chevalley et al., 1994; Dawson-Hughes et al., 1990; Elders et al., 1991; Prince et al., 1991, 1995; Recker et al., 1996; Reid et al., 1995; Riis et al., 1987)

2. n =77 men; aged 30–87 y, mean age 58; 3-y study (Orwoll et al., 1990)