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Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies (2000)

Chapter: Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
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Appendix C

Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
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Economic and Environmental Principles for Water and Related Land Resources Implementation Studies

These Principles are established pursuant to the Water Resources Planning Act of 1965 (Pub. L. 89– 80), as amended (42 U.S.C. 1962a –2 and d–1). These Principles supersede the Principles established in connection with promulgation of principles, standards and procedures at 18 CFR, Parts 711, 713, 714 and 716.

  1. Purpose and Scope

    These principles are intended to ensure proper and consistent planning by Federal agencies in the formulation and evaluation of water and related land resources implementation studies.

    Implementation studies of the following agency activities are covered by these principles:

    1. Corps of Engineers (Civil Works) water resources project plans:

    2. Bureau of Reclamation water resources project plans;

    3. Tennessee Valley Authority water resources project plans;

    4. Soil Conservation Service water resources project plans.

    Implementation studies are pre- or postauthorization project formulation or evaluation studies undertaken by Federal agencies.

  2. Federal Objective

    The Federal objective of water and related land resources project planning is to contribute to national economic development consistent with protecting the Nation's environment, pursuant to national environmental statutes, applicable executive orders, and other Federal planning requirements.

    1. Water and retated land resources project plans shall be formulated to alleviate problems and take advantage of opportunities in ways that contribute to this objective.

    2. Contributions to national economic development (NED) are increases in the net value of the national output of goods and services, expressed in monetary units. Contributions to NED are the direct net benefits that accrue in the planning area and the rest of the Nation. Contributions to NED include increases in the net value of those goods and services that are marketed, and also of those that may not be marketed.

  3. State and Local Concerns

    Federal water resources planning is to be responsive to State and local concerns. Accordingly, State and local participation is to be encouraged in all aspects of water resources planning. Federal agencies are to contact Governors or designated State agencies for each affected State before initiating studies, and to provide appropriate opportunities for State participation. It is recognized, however, that water projects which are local, regional, statewide, or even interstate in scope do not necessarily require a major role for the Federal Government; non-Federal, voluntary arrangements between affected jurisdictions may often be adequate. States and localities are free to initiate planning and implementation of water projects.

  4. International Concerns

    Federal water resources planning is to take into account international implications, including treaty obligations. Timely consultations with the relevant foreign government should be undertaken when a Federal water project is likely to have a significant impact on any land or water resources within its territorial boundaries.

  5. Alternative Plans

    Various alternative plans are to be formulated in a systematic manner to ensure that all reasonable alternatives are evaluated.

    1. A plan that reasonably maximizes net national economic development benefits, consistent with the Federal objective, is to be formulated. This plan is to be identified as the NED plan.

    2. Other plans which reduce net NED benefits in order to further address other Federal, State, local, and international concerns not fully addressed by the NED plan should also be formulated.

    3. Plans may be formulated which require changes in existing statutes, administrative regulations, and established common law; such required changes are to be identified.

    4. Each alternative plan is to be formulated in consideration of four criteria: completeness, effectiveness, efficiency, and acceptability. Appropriate mitigation of adverse effects is to be an integral part of each alternative plan.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
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  1. Existing water and related land resources plans, such as State water resources plans, are to be considered as alternative plans if within the scope of the planning effort.

  1. Plan Selection

    A plan recommending Federal action is to be the alternative plan with the greatest net economic benefit consistent with protecting the Nation's environment (the NED plan), unless the Secretary of a department or head of an independent agency grants an exception to this rule. Exceptions may be made when there are overriding reasons for recommending another plan, based on other Federal. State, local and international concerns.

  2. Accounts

    Four accounts are established to facilitate evaluation and display of effects of alternative plans. The national economic development account is required. Other information that is required by law or that will have a material bearing on the decisionmaking process should be included in the other accounts, or in some other appropriate format used to organize information on effects.

    1. The national economic development (NED) account displays changes in the economic value of the national output of goods and services.

    2. The environmental quality (EQ) account displays nonmonetary effects on significant natural and cultural resources.

    3. The regional economic development (RED) account registers changes in the distribution of regional economic activity that result from each alternative plan. Evaluations of regional effects are to be carried out using nationally consistent projections of income, employment, output, and population.

    4. The other social effects (OSE) account registers plan effects from perspectives that are relevant to the planning process, but are not reflected in the other three accounts.

  3. Discount Rate

    Discounting is to be used to convert future monetary values to present values.

  4. Period of Analysis

    The period of analysis to be be the same for each alternative plan.

  5. Risk and Uncertainty

    Planners shall identify areas of risk and uncertainty in their analysis and describe them clearly, so that decisions can be made with knowledge of the degree of reliability of the estimated benefits and costs and of the effectiveness of alternative plans.

  6. Cost Allocation

    For allocating total project financial costs among the purposes served by a plan, separable costs will be assigned to their respective purposes, and all joint costs will be allocated to purposes for which the plan was formulated. (Cost sharing policies for water projects will be addressed separately.)

  7. Planning Guidelines

    In order to ensure consistency of Federal agency planning necessary for purposes of budget and policy decisions and to aid States and the public in evaluation of project alternatives, the Water Resources Council (WRC), in cooperation with the Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and Environment, shall issue standards and procedures, in the form of guidelines, implementing these Principles. The head of each Federal agency subject to this order will be responsible for consistent application of the guidelines. An agency may propose agency guidelines which differ from the guidelines issued by WRC. Such agency guidelines and suggestions for improvements in the WRC guidelines are to be submitted to WRC for review and approval. The WRC will forward all agency proposed guidelines which represent changes in established policy to the Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and Environment for its consideration.

  8. Effective Date

    These Principles shall apply to implementation studies completed more than 120 days after issuance of the standards and procedures referenced in Section 12, and concommitant repeal of 18 CFR, Parts 711, 713, 714, and 716.

    These economic and environmental Principles are hereby approved.

February 3. 1983

Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
×
Page 193
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
×
Page 194
Suggested Citation:"Appendix C: Economic and Environmental Principles for Water Related Land Resources Implementation Studies." National Research Council. 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9971.
×
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Reducing flood damage is a complex task that requires multidisciplinary understanding of the earth sciences and civil engineering. In addressing this task the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employs its expertise in hydrology, hydraulics, and geotechnical and structural engineering. Dams, levees, and other river-training works must be sized to local conditions; geotechnical theories and applications help ensure that structures will safely withstand potential hydraulic and seismic forces; and economic considerations must be balanced to ensure that reductions in flood damages are proportionate with project costs and associated impacts on social, economic, and environmental values.

A new National Research Council report, Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies, reviews the Corps of Engineers' risk-based techniques in its flood damage reduction studies and makes recommendations for improving these techniques. Areas in which the Corps has made good progress are noted, and several steps that could improve the Corps' risk-based techniques in engineering and economics applications for flood damage reduction are identified. The report also includes recommendations for improving the federal levee certification program, for broadening the scope of flood damage reduction planning, and for improving communication of risk-based concepts.

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