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APPENDIX A Background Papers In the course of its work, the committee commissioned a number of papers on various aspects of research in mathematics, science, and technology education. The papers proved helpful in the preparation of this report; they are available from the individual authors. The Participation of Women and Minorities in Mathematical, Scientific, and Technical Fields Susan F. Chipman, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of Defense Veronica G. Thomas, Institute for Urban Affairs and Research, Howard University The Third Revolution in Computers and Education Andrea A. diSessa, Laboratory for Computer Science. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Conditions for Higher-Order Thinking in Teaching and Learning: An Anthropologist's Perspective on Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education Frederick Erickson, Institute for Research on Teaching, Michigan State University Instructional Grouping and Mathematics Education Maureen T. Hallinan, Department of Sociology. University of Notre Dame Aage B. Sorensen, Department of Sociology, Harvard University 85