We used subject terms from the Institute for Biotechnology Information (IBI), which is an independent research and consulting firm that provides comprehensive information on commercial biotechnology. The firm has been in existence since 1986 and is headed by Mark D. Dibner, who holds a Ph.D. in neurobiology and pharmacology and an MBA in strategic planning. Dibner has written over 75 articles and 6 books on commercial biotechnology. He has served on the boards of directors of three biotechnology companies: the Association of Biotechnology Companies, the Council of Biotechnology Centers, and the Emerging Companies Section of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO). One of the services that IBI provides is the U.S. Companies Database, which provides, for our purposes, a listing of subject terms that define company research expertise and topic areas. We used this as an independent source to define the subject terms that would be used in biotechnology or, more broadly bioscience, research abstracts ¹⁹. We eliminated common terms that IBI listed that are not specific to bioscience, such as food, cosmetics, energy, equipment, imaging, and services. In addition, we condensed some categories. For example, whereas IBI lists 11 types of cancers, such as colon or skin cancer, our search used the main term cancer. Finally, we read the abstracts of all of the awards that matched our search terms in order to ensure that the projects were appropriate. We eliminated projects that did not substantially involve research, development, or manufacture of (1) biologically active molecules, (2) devices that employ or affect biological processes, or (3) devices and software for production or management of biological information. We excluded projects that focused on health information management systems, test batteries, and training methods.