National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C.20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DE-AM01-99PO80016, Task Order DE-AT01-99EE50621.A000 from the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-07251-4
Available in limited supply from:
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
HA-270
Washington, DC 20418
202-334-3344
Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313(in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON REVIEW OF DOE'S OFFICE OF HEAVY VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES
JOHN H. JOHNSON (chair),
Michigan Technological University, Houghton
CHARLES A. AMANN,
NAE,1 General Motors Research Laboratories (retired), Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR.,
Caterpillar Inc. (retired), Dunlap, Illinois
DAVID E. FOSTER,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
THOMAS A. KEIM,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
PHILLIP MYERS,
NAE,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
GARY ROGERS,
FEV Engine Technology, Inc., Auburn Hills, Michigan
DALE F. STEIN,
NAE,
Michigan Technological University (retired), Tucson, Arizona
JOHN WISE,
NAE,
Mobil Research and Development Corporation (retired), Princeton, New Jersey
GORDON WRIGHT,
Ford Motor Company (retired), Plymouth, Michigan
Project Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director,
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES)
SUSANNA E. CLARENDON, senior project assistant and financial associate (BEES)
ANA-MARIA IGNAT, project assistant (BEES)
CAROL R. ARENBERG, editor,
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
1 |
NAE = National Academy of Engineering |
BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ROBERT L. HIRSCH (chair),
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C.
RICHARD E. BALZHISER,
NAE,1
Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (retired), Menlo Park, California
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
NAE,
University of Texas, Austin
CHRISTOPHER FLAVIN,
Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM FULKERSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired) and University of Tennessee, Knoxville
EDWIN E. KINTNER,
NAE,
GPU Nuclear Corporation (retired), Norwich, Vermont
GERALD L. KULCINSKI,
NAE,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
EDWARD S. RUBIN,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
ROBERT W. SHAW, JR.,
Aretê Corporation, Center Harbor, New Hampshire
JACK SIEGEL,
Energy Resources International, Inc., Washington, D.C.
ROBERT SOCOLOW,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
K. ANNE STREET, consultant,
Arlington, Virginia
KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR,
NAE,
General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan
JACK WHITE,
The Winslow Group, LLC, Fairfax, Virginia
JOHN J. WISE,
NAE,
Mobil Research and Development Company (retired), Princeton, New Jersey
Liaison Members from Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
RUTH M. DAVIS,
NAE,
Pymatuning Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
E. GAIL DE PLANQUE,
NAE,
consultant,
Potomac, Maryland
LAWRENCE T. PAPAY,
NAE,
SAIC, San Diego, California
Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director
RICHARD CAMPBELL, program officer
SUSANNA CLARENDON, financial associate
ANA-MARIA IGNAT, project assistant
1 |
NAE = National Academy of Engineering |
Acknowledgments
The committee wishes to thank the representatives of DOE's Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies who contributed significantly of their time and effort to this National Research Council (NRC) study, either by giving presentations at meetings, responding to committee requests for information, or hosting site visits. The committee also acknowledges the valuable contributions of other individuals who provided information on advanced vehicle technologies and development initiatives (see Appendix B). Finally, the chairman wishes to recognize the committee members and the staff of the NRC Board on Energy and Environmental Systems for organizing and planning committee meetings and gathering information and writing sections of the report. Jim Zucchetto has in particular done an outstanding job of facilitating the work of the committee, which required reviewing a significant amount of background material and helping the committee to focus on writing a concise and timely report.
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Gary Borman, University of Wisconsin (retired); Norman A. Gjostein, University of Michigan, Dearborn; Jason Mark, Union of Concerned Scientists; John P. McTague, Ford Motor Company (retired); Vernon Roan, University of Florida; Dean P. Stanley, Navistar International (retired); C. Michael Walton, University of Texas.
While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
Tables and Figures
Tables
1-1 |
Emissions from Light Trucks and Heavy Vehicles in 1997, |
|||
1-2 |
Full-Life Exhaust Emission “Bins,” |
|||
1-3 |
Heavy-Duty Truck Engine Emission Standards and Complete Vehicle Standards, |
|||
1-4 |
California LEV II Exhaust Emission Standards, |
|||
1-5 |
OHVT Budget by Activity, |
|||
2-1 |
Distribution of Fuel Energy for a Truck Engine, |
|||
2-2 |
Indicated Work Distribution for a Truck Engine, |
|||
C-1 |
Funding for Projects on Combustion and Emission Control, |
|||
D-1 |
Funding for Projects on Propulsion System Materials, |
|||
D-2 |
Funding for Projects on High-Strength, Weight-Reduction Materials, |
FIGURES
1-1 |
Truck classification by gross vehicle weight (GVW), |
|||
1-2 |
Number of Class 7 and 8 trucks in use, 1982–1997, |
|||
1-3 |
Energy use by trucks, 1970–2020, |
|||
1-4 |
Comparison of current vehicle emission standards for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and final Tier 2 standards, |
|||
1-5 |
Comparison of current vehicle emission standards for particulate matter (PM) and final Tier 2 standards, |
|||
2-1 |
Average fuel-energy distribution for an automobile, |
|||
2-2 |
Accessories, aerodynamic drag, and rolling friction as a function of highway speed for a typical Class 8 tractor trailer, |
|||
2-3 |
Projected contributions of advanced technologies to diesel engine efficiency, |
|||
2-4 |
Increasing the efficiency of diesel engines and brake-specific fuel consumption for research and production engines, |