| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Items in cart [0]
| [ Top of Page ] [ Home ] [ Contact Us ] [ Help ] [ The National Academies Home ] | ||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 17
1
Food
INTRODUCTION
Saline agriculture can provide food in several ways. Appropriate
salt-tolerant plants currently growing in saline soil or water can be
domesticated and their seeds, fruits, roots, or foliage used as food.
When the foliage is too high in salt for direct consumption, the
leaves can be processed to yield salt-free protein, which can be used
to fortify traditional foods. In addition, conventional food crops can
be bred or selected to tolerate mildly saline water.
This section will examine some of the littIe-known seed-bearing
plants that grow in saline environments and their special charac-
teristics, the use of foliage from salt-tolerant plants to produce leaf
protein, some salt-tolerant fruits, and the performance of some con-
ventional food crops with saline water.
Of conventional crops, the only ones with halophytic ancestors
are sugar-, fodder-, and culinary beets (all Beta vulgaris) and the
date palm (Phoenix daclylifera). These plants can be irrigated with
brackish water without serious loss of yield. Of about 5,000 crops that
are cultivated throughout the world, few can survive with water that
contains more than about 0.5 percent salt, and most suffer serious
losses of yield at about 0.1 percent salt. In searching for crops for
saline agriculture, those that currently comprise the bulk of human
17
OCR for page 18
18
food should be considered as models maize, wheat, rice, potatoes,
and barley. If these major crops can be grown using saline resources,
or if new, salt-tolerant crops that are acceptable substitutes can be
developed, the worId's food supply will have a more diverse and
vastly expanded base.
Along with significant technical impediments to the widespread
use of saline resources for food production, social barriers may exist
as well. Food preparation is one of mankind's most culture-bound
activities. Food selection, cooking method and participants, flavor,
consistency, and serving time and place are often established by long
tradition, and practitioners are resistant to change. New foods that
require significant changes in any of these practices are unlikely to
be readily accepted.
GRAINS AND OII SEEDS
Many seed-bearing halophytes have an interesting characteristic:
although they may have significantly greater levels of salt in their
stems, branches, and leaves than conventional plants, their seeds are
relatively salt-free. Seeds of halophytes and salt-sensitive plants have
about the same ash and salt content, as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Protein, Oil, and Ash Contents of Seeds from Salt-Sensitive
and Salt-Tolerant Plants.
Seed
Percent of Dry Weight as
Protein Oil Ash
-
Salt-Sensitive
Safflower 14.3 30.4 2.5
Sesame 18.6 49.1 5.3
Soybean 40.0 18.8 4.8
Sunflower 17.5 36.0 3.6
Salt-Tolerant
Atriplex canescens 5.4 1.0 6.5
Atriplex triangularis 16.4 9.4 3.5
Cakile edentula 28.6 52.2 5.2
Cakile maritime 21.5 47.1 5.0
Chenopodiurn quinoa 12.1 7.5 3.1
Crithmum maritimum 21.5 41.4 8.0
Kosteletzkya virginica 23.8 18.1 5.0
SOURCE: O'Leary, 1985.
OCR for page 19
19
This has valuable consequences. Although the direct consump-
tion of halophyte vegetative tissue by humans and animals can be
limited by its salt content, the seeds of many halophytes present
no such obstacle. This allows consideration of a wide variety of
seed-producing halophytes as new sources of grains or vegetable oils.
Some salt-tolerant grains and oilseeds have already been used or
examined.
Almost fifty species of seed-bearing seagrasses grow in nearshore
areas of the worId's oceans. One of these, Zostera marina, grows
fully submerged in seawater.
EeIgrass (Zostera marina) grows wed in the Gulf of California
in North America. In this region, seawater temperatures seldom fall
below 12°C and can reach 32°C in summer. Sunlight is intense. At
maturity in the spring, the reproductive stems bearing the seed break
loose and are washed ashore. Harvest involves collecting these stems
and separating the seeds. The seeds, ~3.5 mm long and weighing up
to about 5.6 ma, contain about 50 percent starch, 13 percent protein,
and 1 percent fat. The Seri Indians used this seed as one of their
major foods.
Although the potential for growing a food crop directly in seawa-
ter is attractive, there are obstacles to broader cultivation of eeIgrass.
Coastal deserts offer the best possibility, but tidal action is required;
these grasses apparently cannot grow in stagnant water. In warm,
dry climates the plants can tolerate only short exposure to the air.
Palmer saltgrass (~D"tichlis palmer)) grows in tidal flats and
marshy inlets in the Gulf of California, and thrives with tidal inun-
dations of seawater. It ~ a perennial with tough rhizomes from which
emerge densely crowded stems about 0.5 m tall. The spikelets, which
bear the seed, readily shatter and are also dislodged by tidal action.
Although this shattering is generally undesirable in a crop (because
seed on the ground ~ difficult to gather), with Pahner saltgrass, the
spikelets float and are washed ashore. These seeds were gathered by
the Yuman Indians, ground into flour, and consumed as a gruel. It
can also be used to make bread.
Once established, Pahner saltgrass should not need replanting.
Preliminary observations Antic ate that it is fast-growing and the
standing crop is extremely dense. These dense stands along with
the saline conditions should reduce competition from weeds. Field
tests with hybrid cultivars of this crop yielded about 1,000 kg of
grain per hectare when irrigated with water containing 1-3 percent
salt. Optimum yields are projected to be obtained at about 2 percent
OCR for page 20
20
TABLE 3 Nutritional Composition of D`stichl~s palmer) vs. Wheat and Barley.
Percent of
Crop Protein Fiber Fat
Ash Carbohydrate
D. palmer) 8.7 8.4 1.8 1.6 79.5
Wheat 13.7 2.6 1.9 1.9 79.9
Barley 13.0 6.0 1.9 3.4 75.7
SOURCE: Yensen, 1985.
salinity. The nutritional characteristics of D. palmer) are summarized
in Table 3.
The grain from a D. palmer) variety developed by NyPa, Inc.
has a well-balanced arn~no acid profile and three times the fiber of
common wheat. Antinutritional physic acid is very low, and gluten,
a potentially allergenic protein, is not present in detectable amounts.
Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airo']es) is a widespread perennial
grass in the western United States and northern Mexico, often oc-
curring on alkaline or semisaTine soils. Its 0.95-1.2 mm grain is edible
and was probably a significant food resource for Hopi and Palute
Indians of the North American Southwest. The grain is readily sep-
arated, produced in large quantity, and should be suitable for har-
vesting with a basket. Although S. helvolus and S. maderaspatanus
also grow on saline soils, the use of their grain as food has not been
reportecl. \
Pearl millet or bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), a popular food
grain in Africa and India, has been grown on coastal dunes near
Bhavnagar using seawater (EC = 26.~37.5 dS/m) for irrigation.
When seedlings were established with fresh water and fertilizer ap-
plied, multiple irrigations with seawater gave yields of 1.0-1.6 tons
per hectare of grain and 3.3-6.5 tons per hectare of fodder.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a staple of the Andean high-
lands. An annual herb, quinoa grows 1-2.5 m tall at altitudes of
2,500-4,000 m. The plant matures in 5-6 months, producing white
or pink seeds in large sorghum-like clusters. Although the seeds are
small, they comprise 30 percent of the dry weight of the plant. Yields
of 2,500 kg per hectare have been reported. Quinoa has a protein
content that is higher, and an amino acid composition that is better
balanced, than the major cereals. Although quinoa has bitter tasting
constituents chiefly saponins in the seed's outer layer, these can
OCR for page 21
Ha
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " r ~
Mere se~dl#~ arm Ted ~h berg Hera -lo Is v,~E
seamer AL of Onto 1~ toss her he~- ~ gob, {-~,~.~. Ace)
E f 1!~ ~Ad AMEN ~17~ ~.~^ [~ ~I of
^ , ~, ~. ~. ~. . . ~. , ~, ,
~ ~ ~ sawn tbe~ ~ c~ throne 2.~2.5 Sent sawn
~ S? poem preens ~d 22 perch all
Fran yields Boa pad
irrigated flab aver containing 2.5 percent sat kale rage Bog 0 8
to 1.5 tags pa gentle.
OCR for page 22
~ h=:~ he ~pt;:~= g:~ ~: Ache Arch 3 ~\~3. ~ p:~ 5~t
t:~ - ~ ~=~t 5 ~=~$~6 ~;~ ~-he ~=~= 5$~t ~ ~" (~.
OCR for page 23
23
TABLE 4 Acacia Seed Composition.
Percentage of
Energy Carbo
Species DcJ) Protein Fat hydrate Water Ash
A. aneura 2220 23.3 37.0 25.5 4.3 9.7
A. coruacea 1491 23.8 7.7 48.1 17.1 3.7
A. cowleana 1507 22.2 10.1 44.6 15.6 7.2
A. dictyophleba 1519 26.8 6.3 49.0 11.2 6.5
Wheat* 13.7 1.9 79.9 -- 1.9
*Water-free composition
SOURCE: Peterson, 1978.
Many Acacia seeds are rich in nutrients with higher energy,
protein, and fat contents than wheat or rice. The high protein
levels (~20 percent) suggest breadmaking potential, and the high fat
contents (up to 37 percent) indicate potential as oilseeds.
About 50 of the 800 species of Acacia found in Australia have
been used as food by Australian aborigines. Twenty of these were
staple foods. In most cases dry ripe seeds were ground to a coarse
flour that was then mixed with water to give an unleavened dough,
which was baked on hot stones or in the ashes of a fire. Table 4
provides some information on a few Acacia seeds.
Seeds from salt-tolerant Tecticornia species were also used by
Australian aborigines. The small (1.5-1.8 mm) seeds were ground to
flour and used for making bread. T. australasica and T. verrucosa
grow to about 40 cm in coastal mudflats above the normal tidal level.
Germination of the seed appears to be dependent on seasonal rains
leaching the salt from the upper soil layer. T. verrucosa also occurs
inland on moderately saline flats.
Indian almond (Terminatia catappa) is an erect tree reaching
15-25 m. It probably originated in Malaysia and was spread by its
fruits carried on ocean currents. It is cultivated in much of India and
Burma and has become common in east and west Africa, the Pacific
Islands, and in coastal areas of tropical America. Its ellipsoidal fruit
is 4-7 cm long and 2.5-3.8 cm wide, the edible kerned is 3-4 cm
long and 3-5 mm thick, and, in many varieties, the fruit is sweet
and palatable. The nut is used as an airr~ond substitute, and the
wood is valued for construction and furniture use. The tree seems
well adapted to sandy and rocky coasts. In Florida, it is known to
withstand flooding, wind, and ocean spray, as well as saline soils.
OCR for page 24
·~4
T~ :: :~ ~ ~ to ~.~:~t
Aft: -I t~i i:~) $.~.~3 - = t~$8 $~)
^$~$~ :~ ~:
t~g I' (
wem' used
OCR for page 25
Ail:
The ^# ~8 tray As. _ for ~ i~i~ lunger ~ ~I1~ ~ for its glee
nuts. ~ ~ cow to ~lt~st~ Haag Base Ha 0~= spray ~
salad sag. (J. ~)
age {ala e) Seers ~ ~eao[~s~t
~ ~ s ~ , ~ ~ ~
~a:
~ busby ~ sat ~=co. ~ cat bevel ~ a Saab or $~,
usual ~ dew clu_. ~ best ~ I rod ~ a ~ ad ~
aide ~ ~ produced ^~1~ as. P~=y ~ to dawn
t~ce~ by beer ibis ~ Ad.
^ I ~> d ~ go. SONG B~= beg ~ ~ hey
tad ~ ~, Egypt$ ad the Ch~ Bra ~ to produce
age, Is ~ a. When ^~ -~E se~^r, Taut
zig tons ~ ~t =~1~ per acts ye obtain.
Me areas
~^ ~.
1U peter ~ $be~ 1~ ~ c~$1e, gongs.> ~ Weep.
Par to planing tag ^~^f~ on sat ad new Mica, yea
~^ I tile ^1~ lead eta aver ~ auk He ~
level. -I ~= Hen an Pith seamier Rigid ad use
to ad Darius gods.
~ Shaft codd r^ up ~ ~y Baa or gap.
OCR for page 26
26
__^~ i, .. _~^~ _~ ~.~_^~_ ~ _
Meter irri~io~~ -dry -( yields ~ l? tags per beck bare
couth keg ~ the Opted St. Id he C.~be~.
Id c~_ed ~ ~t~bJ~e in Odin: Add Id _tb~m China
~ 1ocaer.
~{Fdr~ gem) is ho ups ~ a potherb
OCR for page 27
Be:
~ Mao B~S ~) ~ ~ hp~~l~ also =~61\ Meted Was
of Bow 2 togs Her mat Of claret ~ 18 tag per ~$~= of ~z
$~ ~E aster i~lg~lon Gil. Cast
Id ~ saws Id maps. lt ~ repaved to camp an lag per 1~00
vlt~n C ad a vita ^ patency ~ ?,5~ 1.~. per 1~ g.
Me awes ~ ma ~ (~= =~^~j bee Been used
Sedation gong cad ales ~ tile US o1 Dance beg
Aura ~ a cave tab ~= ~ emit dyed ~ 21~3~ kg pa
~ stag- ~l~t~ ~ Or for Satan. a. ~^e~ IS
^ ~ ~ ~ .
gouts area.
. [. .
en ~1 ~ ~
~ succulent ~ berth
Ibe ledges ad as of the play
` gnaw
data ~ be
OCR for page 39
39
the honey being used directly by the farmer or sold for added income.
Although it would probably not be cost eEective to establish salt-
tolerant plants solely for honey production, it could be a valuable
adjunct while plants are maturing for other uses. The black mangrove
(Avicennia germinans), for example, has an intense summer flow
of nectar heavily gathered by honeybees. Fourteen other tropical
and subtropical plants that are valuable honey sources are listed in
Table 7.
REFERENCES AND SELECTED READINGS
General
Downton, W. J. S. 1984. Salt tolerance of food crops: prospectives for improve-
ments. CRC Critical Rcuiews ire Plant Sciences 1~3~:183-201.
Epstein, E. and D. W. Rains. 1987. Advances in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil
99:17-29.
Gallagher5 J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant
and Soil 89:323-336.
Gamborg, O. L., R. E. B. Ketchum and M. W. Nabors. 1986. Tissue culture
and cell biotechnology for increased salt tolerance in crop plants. Pp. 81-92
in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospect for Biosalinc Research.
University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Jain, S. C., R. K. Gupta, O. P. Sharma and V. K. Paradkar. 1985. Agronomic
manipulation in saline sodic soils for economic biological yields. Current
science 54~9~:422-425.
Mans, E. V. 1986. Crop tolerance to saline soil and water. Pp. 205-219 in: R.
Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospect for Bio~alinc Research. University
of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Misrahi, Y. and D. Pasternak. 1985. Effect of salinity on quality of various
agricultural crops. Plant and Soil 89:301-307.
O'Leary, J. W. 1985. Saltwater crops. CHEMTECH 15~9~:562-566.
O'Leary, J. W. 1987. Halophytic food crops for arid lands. Pp. 1-4 in: Strategies
for Classification and Management of Native Vcgetahon for Food Production in
Arid Arca`. Report RM-150, Forest Service, USDA, Ft. Collins, Colorado
80526, US.
Pasternak, D. 1987. Salt tolerance and crop production-a comprehensive
approach. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25:271-291.
Pasternak, D. and Y. De Malach. 1987. Saline water irrigation in the Negev
Desert. in: Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East. Proceedings
of a Conference on Agriculture and Food Production in the Middle East,
Athens, Greece. January 21-26,1987.
Somers, G. F. 1982. Food and economic plants: general review. Pp. 127-148
in: A. San Pietro ted.) Bio~alincRcecarch Plenum Press, New York, New
York, US.
OCR for page 40
40
Grains and Oileeede
Zostera marina
de Cock, A. W. A. M. 1980. Flowering, pollination and fruiting in Zostcra
marina. Aquatic Botany 9~3~:210-220.
Felger, R. S. and C. P. Me Roy. 1975. Seagrasses as potential food plants. Pp.
62-69 in: C. F. Somers (ed.) Scedbearing Halophytcs as Food Plar - . College
of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, US.
Thorhaug, A. 1986. Review of seagrass restoration efforts. Ambio 15~2~:110-117.
Distichlis
Yensen, N. P., S. B. Yensen and C. W. Weber. 1985. A review of D~tichl" spp.
for production and nutritional values. Pp. 809-822 in: E. E. 17Vhitehead, C.
F. Hutchinson, B. N. Timmermann, and R. G. Varady (eds.) Arid Lands
Today and Tomorrow, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, US.
Yensen, N. P. 1988. Plants for salty soil. Arid Lands Newsletter 27:3-10. University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, US.
Yensen, N. P. 1987. Development of a rare halophyte grain: prospects for
reclamation of salt-ruined lands. Journal of the Washington Academy of Scicnece
77~4~:209-214.
Sporobolus airoides
Chadha, Y. R. (ed.~. 1976. Sporobolu`. The Wealth of India X:24-25. CSIR, New
Delhi, India.
Doebley, J. F. 1984. 'iSeeds" of wild grasses: a major food of Southwestern
Indians. Economic Botany 38:52-64.
Ezcurra, E., R. S. Felger, A. D. Russell and M. Equihua. 1988. Freshwater islands
in a desert sand sea: the hydrology, flora, and phytogeography of the G ran
Desierto oases of northwestern Mexico. Dc~crt Plank 9~2~:35-44,55-63.
Heizer, R. F. and A. B. Elsasser. 1980. The Natural World of the California Indiana.
University of California Press, Berkeley, California, US.
Quinoa
Atwell, W. A., B. M. Patrick, L. A. Johnson and R. W. Glass. 1983. Charac-
terization of quinoa starch. Cereal Chemistry 60~1~:9-11.
Risi, J. and N. W. Galwey. 1984. The Chenopodium grains of the Andes: Inca
crops for modern agriculture. Advance in Applied Biology 10:145-216.
Kosteletzkya virginica
Gallagher, J. L. 1985. Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant
and Soil 89:323-336.
Islam, M. N., C. A. Wilson and T. R. Watkins. 1982. Nutritional analysis of
seashore mallow seed, Kostdetzkya virginica. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 30~6~:1195-1198.
OCR for page 41
41
Acacias
Orr, T. M. and L. J. Hiddins. 1987. Contributions of Australian acacias to
human nutrition. Pp. 112-115 in J. W. Turnbull ted.) Australian Acacias in
Developing Countries. ACIAR Proceedings no. 16. Canberra, Australia.
Brand, J. C., V. Cherikoff and A. S. Truswell. 1985. The nutritional composition
of Australian Aboriginal bushfoods - 3, seeds and nuts. Food Technology in
Australia 37:275-279.
Peterson, N. 1978. The traditional patterns of subsistence to 1975. Pp. 22-35
in: B. S. Hetzel and H. J. E`rith teds.) 17`c Nutnhon of Aborigir~cs in Relation
to the Ecosystem of Central Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
Terminalia catappa
Morton, J. F. 1985. Indian almond ~ Tcrminalia catappa), salt-tolerant, use-
ful, tropical tree with minute worthy of improvement. Economic Botany
39:101-112.
Argan
Morton, J. F. and G. L. Voss. 1987. The argon tree (Argania ~iderozylon,
Sapotaceae), a desert source of edible oil. Economic Botany 41:221-223.
Salicornia
Charnock, A. 1988. Plants with a taste for salt. New Scientist 120~1641~:41-45.
Tubers and Foliage
Batis maritime
Glenn, E. P. and J. W. O'Leary. 1985. Productivity and irrigation requirements
of halophytes grown with seawater in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Arid
Environmcnts 9tl):81-91.
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Chadha, Y. R. (ed.~. 1972. Sc~uvium. The Wealth of India 1X:304. CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
Portulaca oleracea
Sen, D. N. and R. P. Bansal. 1979. Food plant resources of the Indian deserts.
Pp. 357-370 in: J. R. Goodin and D. K. Northington teds.) Arid Plant
Rceourecs. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, US.
Crithmum maritimum
E`ranke, W. 1982. Vitamin C in sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum), an edible wild
plant. Ecorzemic Botany 36:163-165.
OCR for page 42
42
Okusanya, O. T. 1977. The effect of sea water and temperature on the germina-
tion behavior of Crithmum maritimum. Physiologic Plantarum 41~4~:265-267.
Atriplex triangularis
Islam, M. N.,, R. R. Genuario and M. Pappas-Sirois. 1987. Nutritional and
sensory evaluation of Atriplcz triangularu leaves. Food Chemistry 25:279-284.
Khan, M. A. 1987. Salinity and density effects on demography of Atriplcz
triangularu Willd. Pakistan Journal of Botany 19~2~:123-130.
Riehl, T. E. and I. A. Ungar. 1983. Growth, water potential, and ion ac-
cumulation in the inland halophyte Atripkz trian,uIaru under saline field
conditions. Acta Occologica, Occologsa Plantarum 4:27-39.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
Sastri, B. N. (ed.~. 1962. Mcsembryanthemurn~ The Wcalth of India VI:349. CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
Suceda maritime
Chadha, Y. R. (ed.~. 1976. Suacda. 17`c Wcalth of India X:70-71. CSIR, New
Delhi, India.
Leaf Protein
Carleton, R. 1988. Leaf N?~tricr~ for Human Consumption. A Global Ovcr~new
(Swedish). University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
Carlsson, R. 1980. Quantity and quality of leaf protein concentrates from Atriplcz
horteneu, Chenopodium guinea and Amaranthue caudatw grown in southern
Sweden. Acta Agriculturac Scandina?'ica 30~4~:418-426.
Carlsson, R. 1975. Ccntro~permac Species and Other Species for Production of Leaf
Protein. Ph.D. thesis. University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
Fellows, P. 1987. Village-scale leaf fractionation in Ghana. Topical Science 27:77-
84.
Martin, C. 1987. Leaf extract boosts nutritional value. VITA News (July):11-12.
Maddison, A. and G. Davys. 1987. Leaf protein - a simple technology to improve
nutrition. Appropriate Technology 14~2~:10-11.
Pirie, N. W. 1987. Leaf Protein and its By-product in Human arid Animal Nutrition.
- Cambridge University Press, New Rochelle, New York, US.
Singh, A. K. 1985. The yield of leaf protein from some weeds. Acla Botar~ca
Indica 13(2):165-170.
Valensuela, J. 1988. Protein for the young and needy. South 88:99.
EVuit8
Salvadora
Gupta, R. K. and S. K. Saxena. 1968. Resource survey of Salvadora olcoidcs and
5. peraica for non-edible oil in western Rajasthan. Topical Ecology 9:140-152.
OCR for page 43
43
Ezmirly, S. T. and J. C. Cheng. 1979. Saudi Arabian medicinal plants: Salvadora
peraica. Plants Mcdica 35~2~:191-192.
Chadha, Y. R. (ed.~. 1972. Salvadora. WcaBh of India 1X:193-195. CSIR, New
Delhi, India
[yciums
Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1984. Pcopic of the Defeat and Sea. Elthno botany of
the Scri Indians. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, US.
Greenhouse, R. 1979. Tic Iron arid Calcium Cor~cnt of Some Ihd~honal Pima Foods
and the Facets of Preparation Methods. (Thesis) Arizona State University,
Tempe, Arizona, US.
Santalum acuminatum
Jones, G. P., D. J. Tucker, D. E. Rivett and M. Sedgley. 1985. The nutritional
potential of the quandong (Santalum acumination) kernel. Journal of Plant
Foods 6~4~:239-246.
Possingham, J. 1986. Selection for a better quandong. Awirahan Horticulture
84~2~:55-59.
Sedgley, M. 1982. Preliminary assessment of an orchard of quandong seedling
trees. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Scicnec 48:52-56.
Traditional Crops
Asparagus
Nichols, M. A. 1986. Asparagus coming into its own as a high-value field crop.
Agribu~nc" Worldwide 6~8~:15-18.
Robb, A. 1984. Asparagus production using mother fern. Asparagus Research
Newsletter (New Zealand) 2~1~:24.
Rice
Akbar, M. 1986. Breeding for salinity tolerance in rice. Pp. 37-55 in: R. Ahmad
and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects for Bio~alinc Research. University of
Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Dubey, R. S. and M. Rani. 1989. Influence of NaCl salinity on growth and
metabolic status of protein and amino acids in rice seedlings. Journal of
Agronomy and Crop Scicnec. 162~2~:97-106.
Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1984. Role of cultivar tolerance in increasing rice pro-
duction on saline lands. in: R. C. Staples & G. H. Toenniessen (eds.) Salt
Toleranec in Plank. John Wiley, New York, New York, US.
Wang, C.-K., S.-C. Woo and S.-W. Ko. 1986. Production of rice plantlets on
NaCl-stressed medium and evaluation of their progenies. Botanical Bestirs
Academia Sinica 27:11-23.
Barley
Anonymous. 1982. New variety yields 1.2 tonnes/ha when irrigated from the
ocean. International Agricultural Dcoclopmcnt 2~3) :29.
OCR for page 44
44
Iyengar, E. R. R., J. Chikara and P. M. Sutaria. 1984. Relative salinity tolerance
of barley varieties under semi-arid climate. Ihneactioru of Indian Society of
Desert Technology 9~1~:27-33.
Norlyn, J. D. and E. Epstein. 1982. Barley production: irrigation with seawater
on coastal soil. Pp. 525-529 in: A. San Pietro (ed.) Biosalir~c Research
Plenum Press, New York, New York, US.
Wheat
Dvorak, J., K. Rose and S. Mendlinger. 1985. Transfer of salt tolerance from
lytrigia Portia to wheat by the addition of an incomplete Florida genome.
Crop Scicnec 25:306-309.
Forster, B. 1988. Wheat can take on more than a pinch of salt. New Scic~t
120(1641):43.
Gorham, J., E. McDonnell and R. G. Wyn Jones. 1984. Salt tolerance in the
Triticeae: Lcymw eabulo~w. Journal of Ez~crimerdal Botany 35:1200-1209.
Gulick, P. and J. Dvorak. 1987. Gene induction and repression by salt treatment
in the roots of the salinity-sensitive Chinese Spring wheat and the salinity-
tolerant Chinese Spring x 131ytrigia elongate amphiploid. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Scicnece 84:99-103.
Mans, E. V. and J. A. Pass. 1989. Salt sensitivity of wheat at various growth
stages. Imgahon Scicnec 10:29-40.
Rana, R. S. 1986. Genetic diversity for salt-~tress resistance of wheat in India.
Rachu 5(1):32-37.
Rana, R. S. 1986. Evaluation and utilization of traditionally grown cereal
cultivars of salt affected areas of India. Indian Journal of Gcnctica 46:121-
135.
Rawson, H. M., R. A. Richards and R. Munns. 1988. An examination of
selection criteria for salt tolerance in wheat, barley and triticale genotypes.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Rcacarch 39:759-792.
Sajjad, M. S. 1986. Evaluation of wheat germplasm for salt tolerance. Rachis
5~1~:28-31.
Maize
Ahmad, R., S. Ismail and D. Khan. 1986. Use of highly saline water for irrigation
at sandy soils. Pp. 389-413 in: R. Ahmad and A. San Pietro (eds.) Prospects
for Bio~alinc Rcecarch University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Mans, E. V., G. J. Hoffman, G. D. Chaba, J. A. Poss and M. C. Shannon. 1983.
Salt sensitivity of corn at various growth stages. Imgahon Scicnec 4:45-57.
Pasternak, D., Y. De Malach and I. Borovic. 1985. Irrigation with brackish
water under desert conditions. II. Physiological and yield response of maize
(Zca mays) to continuous irrigation with brackish water and to alternat-
ing brackish-fresh-brackish water irrigation. Agricultural water Management
10:47-60.
Pessarakli, M., J. T. Huber and T. C. Tucker. 1989. Dry matter yields, nitrogen
absorption, and water uptake by sweet corn under salt stress. Journal of
Plant Nutrition 12~3~:279-290.
Totawat, K. L. and A. K. Mehta. 1985. Salt tolerance of maize and sorghum
genotypes. Annals of Arid Zone Rcacarch 24~3~:229-236.
OCR for page 45
1
45
Tomato
Misrahi, Y. 1982. Effect of salinity on tomato fruit ripening. Plard Physiology
69:966-970.
Jones, R. A. 1987. Genetic advances in salt tolerance. Pp. 125-138 in: D. J.
Nevins & R. A. Jones (eds.) Tomato Biotcch~logy. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New
York, New York, US.
Onion
Miyamoto, S. 1989. Salt effects on germination, emergence, and seedling mor-
tality of onion. Agrorwmy Journal 81~2~:202-207.
Honey
Crane, E. 1985. Bees and honey in the exploitation of arid land resources. Pp.
163-175 in: G. E. Wickens, J. R. Goodin and D. V. Field (eds.) Plants for
Arid Lands. George Allen & Unwin, London, UK.
Morton, J. F. 1964. Honeybee plants of South Florida. Procecdir~g~ of the Florida
State Horticultural Society 77:415-436.
RESEARCH CONTACTS
General
Rafiq Ahmad, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32,
Pakistan.
James Aronson, 12 rue Vanneau, 34000 Montpellier, Etrance.
Akissa Bahri, Centre de Recherches du Genie Rural, BP No. 10, Ariana 2080,
Tunisia.
John L. Gallagher, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes,
DE 19958, US.
Oluf L. Gamborg, Tissue Culture for Crops Project, Colorado State University,
Ft. Collins, CO 80523, US.
E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute,
Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
T. N. Kho~hoo, Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road,
New Delhi 110 011, India.
Gwyn Jones, Human Nutrition Section, Deakin University, Victoria 3217, Aus-
tralia.
S. Miyamoto, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1380 A&M Circle, E1
Paso, TX 79927, US.
Yosef Misrahi, Boyko Institute for Research, Ben Gurion University, PO Box
1025, Beer-Sheva 84110, Israel.
Gary P. Nabhan, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85719, US.
Dov Pasternak, Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Sede
Boger 84990, Israel.
James D. Rhoades, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92501,
US.
OCR for page 46
46
M. C. Shannon, USDA Salinity Research Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92501, US.
G. E. Wickens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE,
UK.
Xie Cheng-Tao, Institute of Soil and Fertilizers, 30 Baishiqiao Road, Beijing
100081, People's Republic of China.
Grams and Odeeede
Zostera marina
Richard S. Felger, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85719, US.
Distichlis
N. Yensen, NyPa, Inc., 727 North Ninth Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85705 US.
Quinoa
Rolf Carlsson, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Box 7007,
S-220 07 Lund, Sweden.
Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas OEA, Andean Zone, Box 478,
Lima, Peru.
John McCamant, Sierra Blanca Associates, 2560 South Jackson, Denver, CO
80210, US.
Ministerio de Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios, Biblioteca Nacional Agro-
pecuria, La Paz, Bolivia.
E. J. Weber, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Division, IDRC Regional Office,
Apartado Aereo 53016, Bogota, Colombia.
Pennisetum typhoides
E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute,
Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
Kosteletzkya virginica
J. L. Gallagher, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE
19958, US.
M. N. Islam, Department of Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
19716, US.
Acacia
Janette C. Brand, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Tecticornia
Paul G. Wilson, Western Australian Herbarium, PO Box 104, Como, WA 6152,
Australia.
OCR for page 47
47
Terminalia catappa
Julia F. Morton, Director, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral
Gables, FL 33124, US.
Argan
Julia F. Morton, Director, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral
Gables, FL 33124, US.
Salicornia
James O'Leary, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, US
Carl Hodges, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson International Airport,
Tucson, AZ 85706
Leaf Protem
Walter Bray, 13-15 Frognal, London NW3 GAP, UK.
Rolf Carlsson, Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Box 7007,
S-220 07 Lund, Sweden.
Peter Fellows, Oxford Polytechnic, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 OPB, UK
Shoaib Ismail, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi 32,
Pakistan.
Carol Martin, Find Your Feet, 345 West 21st Street, Suite 3D, New York, NY
10011, US.
A. K. Singh, S 4/50 D4, Taipur, Orderly Bazar, Varanasi, 221002, India.
Fruits
Quandong
Margaret Sedgley, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide,
Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
Lycium
Richard S. Felger, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85719, US.
Coccoloba uvifera
Cent ro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenaz a, Turrialb a, Costa
Rica.
Institute of Tropical Forestry, PO Box AQ, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928,
US.
Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Merida, Venezuela.
OCR for page 48
48
Traditional Crops
Asparagus
Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutsa
85515 Israel.
M. A. Nichols, Department of Horticulture and Plant Health, Massey University,
Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Rice
I. U. Ahmed, Department of Soil Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 2,
Bangladesh.
M. Akbar, International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, Manila, Philip-
p~nes.
F. N. Ponnamperuma, International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933,
Manila, Philippines.
R. S. Rana, Genetics Research Center, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal 132001, India.
C.-K. Wang, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
Barley
E. Epstein, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of
California, Davis, CA 95616, US.
R. T. Ramage, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721,
US.
E. R. R. Iyengar, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute,
Bhavnagar 364 002, India.
H. M. Rawson, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, PO Box 1600, Canberra,
ACT 2601, Australia
Wheat
E. Epstein, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of
California, Davis 95616, CA, US.
S. Jana, Department of Crop Science and Plant Ecology, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SN7 OWO, Canada.
R. Munns, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia
R. S. Rana, Genetics Research Center, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal 132001, India.
M. Siddique Sajjad, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, PO Box 128,
Faisalabad, Pakistan.
J. P. Srivastava, Cereal Improvement Program, International Center for Agri-
cultural Research in Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria.
R. G. Wyn Jones, Department of Biochemistry and Soil Science, University
College of North Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, UK.
Maize
D. Khan, Shoaib Ismail, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi
32, Pakistan.
OCR for page 49
49
Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutza
85515 Israel.
K. L. Totawat, Department of Soil Science, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Udaipur 313 001, India.
Tomato
Yoel De Malach, Ramat Negev Regional Experimental Station, Doar Na Halutza
85515 Israel.
Richard A. Jones, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, US.
Honey
Eva Crane, International Bee Research Association, Hill House, Gerrards Cross,
Bucks SL9 ONR, UK.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
leaf protein