NORMAN F. CHEVILLE, Principal Investigator, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

DALE R. MCCULLOUGH, Principal Investigator, University of California, Berkeley, California

LEE R. PAULSON, Project Director

NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor

KATHRINE IVERSON, Project Assistant/Information Specialist

STEPHANIE PARKER, Project Assistant

NORMAN F. CHEVILLE is Chair of the Department of Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State University. He received the DVM degree from Iowa State University (1959) and MS (1963) and Ph.D. (1964) from the University of Wisconsin. In 1968, he served a sabbatical year at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, studying under Anthony Allison. The honorary degree Doctor Honoris Causa was conferred by the University of Liège in 1986 for outstanding work in veterinary pathology. Dr. Cheville began his career at Army Biological Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Md., in the Veterinary Corps of the U.S. Army, 1959-61. After 3 years as research associate at the University of Wisconsin under Dr. Carl Olsen, he moved to the National Animal Disease Center as Chief of Pathology Research, 1964-89, and later as chief of the Brucellosis Research Unit, 1989-1995, during which he led the team that developed a new vaccine for bovine brucellosis. In 1995, he was appointed chair of the Department of Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State. Dr. Cheville has been Secretary-Treasurer and President of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, President of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, and Editor of Veterinary Pathology. His honors include Outstanding Achievement Award, USDA, 1991; Distinguished Scientist Award, ARS, USDA, 1990; Alumni Merit Award, Iowa State University for "outstanding contributions to human welfare and professional accomplishment" in 1978. He has published more than 200 papers and 7 books.

DALE R. MCCULLOUGH is Professor of Wildlife Biology in the Ecosystem Sciences Division of the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management and Resource Conservation in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, where he holds the A. Starker Leopold endowed chair. He received his BS in wildlife management from South Dakota State University (1957), MS in wildlife management from Oregon State University (1960), and Ph.D. in Zoology from University of California, Berkeley

(1966). He was a Professor of Resource Ecology in the School of Natural Resources at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor from 1966 to 1979, and in 1980 he moved to his present position at the University of California. His research interests concern the behavior, ecology, conservation, and management of large mammals, in which he has endeavored to integrate new areas of conservation biology into traditional wildlife management approaches. He has spent sabbatical leaves in the outback of Australia studying three co-occurring species of kangaroos, and in Taiwan studying the elusive Reeves' muntjac, a small forest deer. He has served previously on three NAS/NRC committees reviewing wildlife management issues. He has published more than 100 papers and five books. Among his honors are three outstanding book of the year awards from the Wildlife Society and being named a distinguished alumnus by South Dakota State University and Oregon State University.

LEE R. PAULSON is Program Director for Resource Management in the Board on Environmental Sciences and Toxicology. She has served as project director or senior staff officer for numerous National Research Council studies, including Setting Priorities for Land Conservation, Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands, Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards, The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence, and Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances.

Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) has been the subject of much debate and national attention. In the conduct of this study, we had the opportunity to hear many views and deeply held convictions. But at the heart of the controversy over bison management is the need for a solid scientific underpinning. To that end, we directed our efforts to identifying current research and reviewing previous research. We made every effort to represent accurately consensus views of researchers and other experts. It is our hope that this report will provide a basis for future endeavors related to managing brucellosis in the GYA and that science can be melded with policy to resolve many of the difficult issues faced by the governmental parties involved in brucellosis management. Each entity has been faced with pressures to act in the best interests of their commercial or recreational users. We further hope that this report will provide a beginning for use of emerging technology to develop a plan appropriate to the task, and one that is in best interests of the nation.

We are deeply grateful to the many colleagues who have contributed data for the manuscript during its development. A great many people have been most generous in providing us with much data, information, and observations on brucellosis, on the Greater Yellowstone Area, and on a wide variety of animals and their behavior. We wish to acknowledge in particular Drs. Steven Olsen (USDA), Mitchell Palmer, Jack Rhyan (USDA), and Beth Williams (University of Wyoming) for contributing data, graphs, and photographs of brucellosis in bison. The perspective of Mary Meagher, who has spent a lifetime with bison, was invaluable. Tom Thorne and Terry Kreeger, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, whose studies of diseases of wildlife and initiative in organizing the Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Commission, were responsible for much of our practical understanding of brucellosis in elk of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The work of the Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee, particularly under the influence of Drs. Dan Huff and Bob Hillman, was crucial to our understanding of the cooperation and compromise that will be required to solve this brucellosis dilemma. Data obtained from the current bison study in the YNP by Keith Aune (Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and

Parks), Peter Gogan (U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division), Jack Rhyan, Tom Roffe (USGS, BRD), and Mark Taper (Montana State University, Bozeman) gave great insight into where we are going with brucellosis in Bison bison.

Additional thanks and appreciation are due to Joel Berger, University of Nevada, Reno; Mark Boyce, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point; Wayne Brewster, Yellowstone National Park; Steve Cain, Grand Teton National Park; Franz Camenzind, Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance, Wyoming; Andrew Clark, State Veterinarian, Oregon; Ron Cole, Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon; Walt Cook, University of Wyoming; Lynette Corbeil, University of California San Diego; Don Davis and James Derr, Texas A & M University; Phil Elzer and Fred Enright, Louisiana State University; Darla Ewalt, USDA, APHIS; Phillip Farnes, Snowcap Hydrology, Bozeman, Montana; Elmer Finck, Emporia State University, Kansas; Robert Garrott, Montana State University, Bozeman; Eric Gese, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Mike Gilsdorf, USDA, APHIS; Scott Grothe, Montana State University, Bozeman; Sam Holland, State Veterinarian, South Dakota; Tom Lemke, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks; John Linnell, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; Paul Nicoletti, Florida State University; Richard Ockenfels, Arizona Game and Fish Department; Rolf Peterson, Michigan Technological University, Houghton; Paul Rebich, Bigsky Beefalo, Montana; David Sands, Montana State University; D. J. Schubert, The Fund for Animals, Meyer & Glitzenstein, Washington, D. C.; Steve Sheffield, Clemson University; Bruce Smith, National Elk Refuge, Wyoming; Scott Smith, Wyoming Game and Fish Department; M. Stewart, USDA, APHIS; Ken Taylor, Alaska Department of Fish and Game; John Weaver, Wildlife Conservation Society; and Randall Zarnke, Alaska Department of Game and Fish, Fairbanks.

Several persons gave their of their time and expertise to review this document, and we thank them for their critical input: Beverly Byrum, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg; Franz Camenzind, Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance, Wyoming; Robert Ehlenfeldt, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Madison; Will Garner, Logan, Utah; Burke Healey, State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City; Daniel Jarboe, Ft. Detrick, Maryland; R. Langford, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; Robert Mead, Washington Department of Agriculture, Olympia; Gordon Orians, Seattle, Washington; David Pascual, Montana State University, Bozeman; Duncan Patten, Bozeman, Montana; George Seidel, Colorado State, Ft. Collins; Morton Swartz, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Steve Torbit, National Wildlife Federation Rocky Mountain Natural Resources Center, Boulder; Fred Wagner, Utah State.

We are also grateful to Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt for making this work possible, as well as administrators and scientists within the National Park System of the U. S. Department of Interior, and in the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Special thanks are owed to Margaret Jaeger and Thomas Kucera for their dedicated work in gathering information from scattered sources and preparation of the manuscript. Special thanks also are due to Kathy lverson for arranging meetings,

logistics, and travel and to Stephanie Parker, who designed and crafted the web page to keep the public informed of project progress.

And finally, it has been our good fortune to work with Lee Paulson as project director—incisive, enthusiastic, highly literate, and up-front, she brought to the project the capacity to shift rapidly through conflicting opinions to identify and focus on essential items.

Norman F. Cheville

Dale R. McCullough

BRUCELLOSIS IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA