2000 PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS
We gratefully acknowledge the support of private contributors to the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Contributions to the National Academy of Engineering are recognized in the NAE Program Report and The Bridge.
The Elkan Blout Society of the National Academy of Sciences
The Elkan Blout Society, founded in 1993, honors one of the Academy 's leading philanthropists and recognizes living members of the National Academy of Sciences and individuals who have made cumulative lifetime contributions of $20,000 or more, as well as planned gifts of any size.
$1,000,00 or More
Arnold O. Beckman
Paul Berg
Cecil H. Green
William R. Hewlett *
Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.
Hinda G. Rosenthal
Bernard G. Sarnat
$100,000 - $999,999
Bruce M. Alberts
Eleanor Barschall
Elkan R. Blout
Daniel Branton
Emanuel Epstein
William T. Golden
G. Lewis Meyer
Oliver E. Nelson, Jr.
Norman F. Ness
C. Kumar N. Patel
Simon Ramo
Alexander Rich
William J. Rutter
Paul R. Schimmel
Herbert A. Simon *
$20,000 - $99,999
William F. Allen, Jr.
Lewis M. Branscomb
Ellis B. Cowling
Lee J. Cronbach
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
Ernest L. Eliel
Richard L. Garwin
T. H. Geballe
Norman H. Giles
Hermann A. Haus
Martin G. Larrabee
Maclyn McCarty
Kenneth G. McKay
Francis Daniels Moore
Arno G. Motulsky
Frank Press
Allen E. Puckett
Frederic M. Richards
Charles M. Rick, Jr.
Rudi Schmid
Robert Louis Sinsheimer
H. Guyford Stever
Lubert Stryer
John Archibald Wheeler
Jean D. Wilson
The IOM Society of the Institute of Medicine
The IOM Society, founded in 1997, recognizes living members of the Institute of Medicine and individuals who have made cumulative lifetime contributions of $20,000 or more, as well as planned gifts of any size.
$1,000,000 or More
Paul Berg
Hinda G. Rosenthal
Bernard G. Sarnat
$100,000 - $999,999
Elkan R. Blout
Jerome H. Grossman
Alexander Rich
Alejandro Zaffaroni
$20,000 - $99,999
Lewis M. Branscomb
Roger J. Bulger
Colleen Conway-Welch
Richard L. Garwin
Gerald D. Laubach
Maclyn McCarty
Robert W. Miller
Arno G. Motulsky
Mary O'Neil Mundinger
Quigg Newton
Gilbert S. Omenn
Henry W. Riecken
Frederick C. Robbins
Charles A. Sanders
Rudi Schmid
Kenneth I. Shine
Jean D. Wilson
* Recently Deceased
Rosette Society
Recognizing individuals who contributed $5,000 or more to the National Academies in 2000.
Bruce M. Alberts
Jack R. Anderson
Francisco J. Ayala
Thomas D. Barrow
Warren L. Batts
Diane Bernstein
Elkan R. Blout
Lewis M. Branscomb
Roger J. Bulger
Malin Burnham
Fletcher L. Byrom
Louis W. Cabot
John K. Castle
David Reynolds Challoner
James McConnell Clark
Harvey R. Colten
Colleen Conway-Welch
Pedro M. Cuatrecasas
Charles W. Duncan, Jr.
George C. Eads
John Everets, Jr.
Harold K. Forsen
John Brooks Fuqua
Raymond E. Galvin
Robert W. Galvin
Eugene Garfield
T. H. Geballe
William T. Golden
Jerome H. Grossman
Samuel F. Heffner, Jr.
Maureen M. Henderson
Jane Hirsh
Norman H. Horowitz
Robert S. Ingersoll
M. Blakeman Ingle
Robert L. James
Kenneth A. Jonsson
A. Dale Kaiser
Alice Kandell
William N. Kelley
William F. Kieschnick
Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.
Jill Howell Kramer
John Hammond Krehbiel, Jr.
Charlotte V. Kuh
Gerald D. Laubach
Adel A.F. Mahmoud
Margaret E. Mahoney
Thomas J. Malone
Thomas A. Mann
Burton J. McMurtry
G. William Miller
George P. Mitchell
Joe F. Moore
David T. Morgenthaler
Darla Mueller
Norman F. Ness
Quigg Newton
Guy W. Nichols
Ralph S. O'Connor
Peter O'Donnell, Jr.
Jack S. Parker
C. Kumar N. Patel
Charles M. Pigott
Robert A. Pritzker
Allen E. Puckett
Roy Radner
Simon Ramo
Charles W. Robinson
Neil R. Rolde
Hinda G. Rosenthal
F. Sherwood Rowland
Jillian Sackler
Harvey S. Sadow
Charles A. Sanders
Collin W. Scarborough
Rudi Schmid
Sara Lee Schupf
H.R. Shepherd
Herbert A. Simon *
Dorothy Simpson
Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr.
H. Guyford Stever
Deborah Szekely
Leslie L. Vadasz
Irving L. Weissman
John C. Westwater
Jean D. Wilson
Charter Society
Recognizing individuals who contributed between $1,000 and $4,999 to the National Academies in 2000.
Andreas Acrivos
Edward A. Adelberg
Clarence R. Allen
Ron J. Anderson
Wyatt W. Anderson
Nancy C. Andreasen
Robert Austrian
Mary Ellen Avery
Daniel L. Azarnoff
John R. Ball
Berkley Bedell
J. Claude Bennett
Paul Berg
H. A. Bethe
Ernest Beutler
William Bevan
E. Milton Bevington
Dennis M. Bier
Richard A. Bloch
Baruch S. Blumberg
Enriqueta C. Bond
Jo Ivey Boufford
Richard W. Bowen II
E. Cabell Brand
Harvey Brooks
Harold Brown
Herbert C. Brown
Eugenio Calabi
George Campbell, Jr.
Marvin H. Caruthers
Yu-Mei Y. Chao
Purnell W. Choppin
C.W.Chu
Ralph J.Cicerone
Leighton E.Cluff
Arthur D.Code
Morrel H.Cohen
Dollie Cole
Douglas L.Coleman
Barry S.Coller
Eric E.Conn
R.James Cook
Nicholas R.Cozzarelli
Stephen H.Crandall
C.Chapin Cutler
William H.Danforth
Worth B.Daniels, Jr.
Edward E.David, Jr.
Karen Davis
Paul M.Doty
R.Gordon Douglas, Jr.
Victor J.Dzau
Richard H.Egdahl
Lloyd C.Elam
Harold J.Fallon
James L.Ferguson
Kathleen M.Foley
George M.Foster, Jr.
Marye Anne Fox
Hans Frauenfelder
Carl Frieden
Robert E.Fuisz
David V.Goeddel
* Recently Deceased
Joseph L. Goldstein
William E. Gordon
Frances K. Graham
Ronald L. Graham
Larry A. Green
Irwin C. Gunsalus
Jack Halpern
Beatrix A. Hamburg
David A. Hamburg
William M. Haney III
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
William N. Hubbard, Jr.
Thomas S. Inui
Michael E. Johns
Philip Jonsson
Walter Kauzmann
Hans J. Kende
Sung Wan Kim
David M. Kipnis
Charles R. Kleeman
Miles V. Klein
C. Everett Koop
Konrad B. Krauskopf
James S. Langer
LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr.
C. S. Levings, III
James S. Lieberman
Hans W. Liepmann
Rodolfo R. Llinas
Gwilym S. Lodwick, II
Ruth Watson Lubic
R. Duncan Luce
Maclyn McCarty
Roger O. McClellan
Donald S. McClure
Steven L. McKnight
Robert L. Metzenberg
Albert I. Meyers
Ronald D. Miller
James K. Mitchell
Mario J. Molina
John A. Moore
Arno G. Motulsky
William W. Mullins *
Craig G. Naylor
Dianne F. Neal
Philip Needleman
Robert M. Nerem
Patricia Nettleship
Masayasu Nomura
Stuart H. Orkin
June E. Osborn
Mary Jane Osborn
John Wyn Owen
Sanford L. Palay
George W. Parshall
Gerald Paul
Robert G. Petersdorf
Bernard O. Phinney
Fred Plum
Jody Potts
Frank Press
Helen M. Ranney
George B. Rathmann
Peter H. Raven
George G. Reader
Charles M. Rick, Jr.
John D. Roberts
Robert D. Rogers
Leon E. Rosenberg
Joseph E. Scherger
Gerold L. Schiebler
Robert W. Schrier
Karen E. Segal
Thomas B.A. Senior
Richard B. Setlow
Kenneth I. Shine
Eric M. Shooter
Stephen M. Shortell
Maxine F. Singer
Emil L. Smith
Ernest K. Smith
Gloria R. Smith
Harold C. Sox, Jr.
Robert D. Sparks
Mitchell W. Spellman
Joel S. Spira
Walter O. Spitzer
Charles M. Stein
Donald F. Steiner
Joan A. Steitz
Thomas A. Steitz
Joseph E. Stiglitz
W. Ross Stone
Lubert Stryer
Patrick Suppes
Samuel O. Thier
Charles H. Townes
Martha Vaughan
Andrew J. Viterbi
Peter K. Vogt
Robert V. Waltemeyer
Peter A. Ward
Gail L. Warden
Malcolm S.M. Watts
Julia R. Weertman
W. Hall Wendel, Jr.
Margaret S. Wilson
Tadataka Yamada
Charles Yanofsky
E-an Zen
Michael Zubkoff
The Presidents' Circle
The Presidents' Circle is a support group of individuals from the private sector who advocate a greater awareness of science and technology in our society and a better understanding of the work of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine.
Bruce M. Alberts
Jack R. Anderson
Thomas D. Barrow
Warren L. Batts
Berkley Bedell
Bruce D. Benson
Diane Bernstein
R. Stephen Berry
E. Milton Bevington
Richard A. Bloch
Elkan R. Blout
Richard W. Bowen II
Herbert W. Boyer
E. Cabell Brand
Malin Burnham
Dan W. Burns
Fletcher L. Byrom
Louis W. Cabot
George Campbell, Jr.
James McConnell Clark
Dollie Cole
W. Dale Compton
Howard E. Cox, Jr.
Charles W. Duncan, Jr.
George C. Eads
James D. Ebert
John Everets, Jr.
Harold J. Fallon
James L. Ferguson
George M.C. Fisher
Harold K. Forsen
Robert E. Fuisz
John Brooks Fuqua
Raymond E. Galvin
Robert W. Galvin
Barnett Grace
Ronald L. Graham
Paul E. Gray
Cecil H. Green
E. Andrews Grinstead, III
Ruth H. Grobstein
Jerome H. Grossman
Norman Hackerman
Jack Halpern
William M. Haney III
Samuel F. Heffner, Jr.
William R. Hewlett *
Jane Hirsh
* Recently Deceased
Robert S. Ingersoll
M. Blakeman Ingle
Robert L. James
Kenneth A. Jonsson
Philip Jonsson
Alice Kandell
John F. Keane, Sr.
William F. Kieschnick
William I. Koch
Jill Howell Kramer
John Hammond Krehbiel, Jr.
Gerald D. Laubach
Steve Lazarus
James A. Lovell, Jr.
Fred W. Lyons, Jr.
Gloria C. L. Ma
Richard J. Mahoney
Thomas J. Malone
Robert H. Malott
Thomas A. Mann
Burton J. McMurtry
Charles H. McTier
Kamal K. Midha
Charles Miller
G. William Miller
George P. Mitchell
Joe F. Moore
David T. Morgenthaler
Darla Mueller
Dianne F. Neal
Patricia Nettleship
Guy W. Nichols
Ralph S. O'Connor
Peter O'Donnell, Jr.
Simon Ostrach
Jack S. Parker
Gerald Paul
Charles M. Pigott
Jody Potts
Frank Press
Robert A. Pritzker
Allen E. Puckett
George B. Rathmann
Charles W. Robinson
Robert D. Rogers
Neil R. Rolde
Hinda G. Rosenthal
F. Sherwood Rowland
Jillian Sackler
Harvey S. Sadow
Charles A. Sanders
Collin W. Scarborough
Sara Lee Schupf
H.R. Shepherd
Kenneth I. Shine
Dorothy Simpson
Joseph E. Slater
Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr.
Deborah Szekely
Robert V. Waltemeyer
W. Hall Wendel, Jr.
John C. Westwater
Sheila E. Widnall
Margaret S. Wilson
Wm. A. Wulf
Tadataka Yamada
Alejandro Zaffaroni
Other Individual Donors
Recognizing individuals who contributed up to $999 to the National Academies in 2000.
Francois M. Abboud
Faye G. Abdellah
C. Elizabeth Abeyta-Price
Herbert L. Abrams
Stephen L. Adler
John E. Affeldt
Jacqueline Agesa
Joseph P. Akpanikat
P. Bai Akridge
Aixa Alfonso
Bobby R. Alford
Joel J. Alpert
Lawrence K. Altman
Walter Alvarez
Carol Anderson
Gordon Wood Anderson
Laurens Anderson
Theodore W. Anderson
Edward M. Arnett
William A. Arnold
Kenneth J. Arrow
Sylvia B. Aust
K. Frank Austen
W. Gerald Austen
Robert H. Austin
Julius Axelrod
Howard L. Bailit
Paul T. Baker
Spencer Baker
Ransom L. Baldwin
Robert M. Ball
Herbert Bandes
Jack D. Barchas
William A. Bardeen
Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt
Clyde F. Barker
Jeremiah A. Barondess
Manuel Barrera
Anthony Barthelemy
Fred Basolo
Frederick C. Battaglia
William J. Baumol
Roger N. Beachy
John C. Beck
Steven C. Beering
Paul B. Beeson
Richard E. Behrman
Helmut Beinert
Marlene Belfort
Baruj Benacerraf
Manson Benedict
Leslie Z. Benet
Douglas H. Bennett
Michael V. L. Bennett
John A. Benson, Jr.
Charles E. Benton, Jr.
Edward J. Benz, Jr.
John E. Bercaw
David C. Berliner
Robert W. Berliner
Robert M. Berne
Kenneth I. Berns
Lionel M. Bernstein
Achal Bhatt
J. Michael Bishop
Mina J. Bissell
Robert L. Black
Allison Blakely
Peter M. Blau
Robert J. Blendon
Allan G. Bogue
Stuart Bondurant
Richard J. Bonnie
Simon M. Bourne
William H. Bowen
F. R. Boyd, Jr.
John S. Boyer
Sue V. Bransten
John I. Brauman
Robert L. Brent
Lester Breslow
Neal S. Bricker
Victoria R. Bricker
Winslow R. Briggs
Frank Brink, Jr.
William R. Brinkley
W. F. Brinkman
Lonnie R. Bristow
William A. Brock
John Brodbeck
Robert H. Brook
Daphne A. Brooks
Claire V. Broome
Carolyn T. Brown
Byron W. Brown, Jr.
John H. Bryant
Germaine M. Buck
Cathleen Coen Buckwalter
Patricia A. Buffler
Martin J. Bukovac
* Recently Deceased
Theodore H. Bullock
Ann W. Burgess
George E. Burket, Jr.
Donald L. Burkholder
Kim K. Burson
Glenn W. Burton
Roderick D. Bush
John W. Bussman
Pedro A. Caban
Eduardo Cadava
Harry P. Cain, II
John Cairns, Jr.
Stephanie M. H. Camp
Allan Campbell
Federico Capasso
Charles C. Capen
Carol Joy Cardona
William B. Carey
Vivian Carpenter
William T. Carpenter, Jr.
A. Welford Castleman, Jr.
Allen Castro
Webster K. Cavenee
Adrian Chamberlain
Merrill W. Chase
Rita K. Chow
Catherine C. Choy
Alice Clark
George Whipple Clark
Thomas W. Clarkson
Michael T. Clegg
John A. Clements
Linda Hawes Clever
Albert M. Clogston
V. Frank Cody
Michael D. Coe
D. Walter Cohen
Joel E. Cohen
Jordan J. Cohen
Mary Sue Coleman
Monica A. Coleman
Morris F. Collen
R. John Collier
A. Wayne Collins
Lisa G. Collins
Yolanda L. Comedy
Allan H. Conney
Robert E. Connick
Edward J. Connors
Esther M. Conwell
Max D. Cooper
Robert B. Copeland
Robert M. Cordova
Erminio Costa
Arthur Coury
Doria Ellis Cousens
Thomas C. Cox
Gerald R. Crabtree
David Cranford
Ralph Crawshaw
Albert V. Crewe
Jose R. Criado
Francis Crick
James F. Crow
John C. Crowell
Barbara J. Culliton
James H. Curry
G. Brent Dalrymple
John W. Daly
Jacqueline E. Darroch
Heather D. Dashen
Ingrid Daubechies
William H. Daughaday
Ezra C. Davidson, Jr.
Hoyt L. Davidson
David R. Davies
Joanne Davila
George K. Davis
James O. Davis
John H. Davis, Jr.
Raymond Davis, Jr.
Thadious M. Davis
Willard J. DeFilipps
Thomas DeFrantz
Paul M. Densen
Sheri Denslow
Miguel de Oliver
Charles H. DePuy
Robert A. Derzon
Roman W. DeSanctis
Jane F. Desforges
Thomas Detre
Peter B. Dews
Allen J. Dietrich
William H. Dietz
Charles A. Dinarello
Brenda E. Diponio
Frank J. Dixon
Jack E. Dixon
Faye Docuyanan
Jualynne E. Dodson
Sarah S. Donaldson
David L. Donoho
J. L. Doob
Harry G. Drickamer
Renato Dulbecco
Floyd Dunn
Johanna T. Dwyer
James L. Dye
Dean E. Eastman
Isidore S. Edelman
Willie J. Edwards
David S. Eisenberg
Leon Eisenberg
Mickey S. Eisenberg
Robert N. Eisenman
Neil J. Elgee
Ernest L. Eliel
Omar G. Encarnacion
Robert M. Epstein
W. G. Ernst
Carroll L. Estes
E. Harvey Estes, Jr.
William K. Estes
Charles H. Evans
Caswell A. Evans, Jr.
C. McCollister Evarts
Sandra M. Faber
Claire M. Fagin
Charles J. Fahey
Stefan S. Fajans
Stanley Falkow
Robert M. Fano
Ugo Fano *
Saul J. Farber
Edgardo T. Farinas
David Scott Farrar
Anthony S. Fauci
Donald W. Fawcett
Daniel D. Federman
Rashi Fein
Gary Felsenfeld
John D. Ferry
George B. Field
Barbara J. Fields
Stanley Fields
Clement A. Finch
Harvey V. Fineberg
Edmond H. Fischer
Paul M. Fischer
Delbert A. Fisher
Michael E. Fisher
Alfred P. Fishman
Charles D. Flagle
M. Judah Folkman
Christopher C. Fordham, III
Daniel W. Foster
Henry W. Foster, Jr.
Alan B. Fowler
T. Kenneth Fowler
Richard G. Frank
Michael Frankel
Donald S. Fredrickson
Irwin M. Freedberg
Ronald Freedman
Wendy Freedman
Emil Frei, III
William Fulkerson
William D. Fullerton
Dave Fultz
Robert F. Furchgott
Mary K. Gaillard
Joseph G. Gall
Robert C. Gallo
Andres J. Garcia
Luz S. Garcia
Stanley M. Garn
Eva Marie Garroutte
Stanley M. Gartler
Alicia Gaspar de Alba
Willard Gaylin
E. Peter Geiduschek
Robert J. Genco
Cynthia L. Gentry
John P. Geyman
Milo Gibaldi
Eleanor Jack Gibson
Barbara Ann Gilchrest
* Recently Deceased
P. Roger Gillette
David Ginsburg
Eli Ginzberg
Robert J. Glaser
H. Bentley Glass
Andrew M. Gleason
Shimon M. Glick
Richard S. Golaszewski
M. L. Goldberger
Lewis R. Goldfrank
Paul Goldhaber
Bernard D. Goldstein
Ward H. Goodenough
Leo A. Goodman
Susan Goodman
Richard M. Goody
Enoch Gordis
Leon Gordis
Peter Gordy
Eville Gorham
Katharine B. Gramling
Verne Grant
Harry B. Gray
Paul Gray
Louis C. Green
Jesse L. Greenstein
Tibor J. Greenwalt
Farah J. Griffin
Frances E. Griffiths
Robert B. Griffiths
Paul F. Griner
Alexander Grinstein
Ruth T. Gross
Michael Grossman
Melvin M. Grumbach
Ernest Grunwald
Keith Guinn
Laurie M. Gunter
Walter Guralnick
Norman Hackerman
Robert N. Hall
Robert L. Hampton
Ruth S. Hanft
William Happer
Richard L. Harlow
Don Harris
Kelly L. Harris
Jennifer A. Hart
Christine R. Hartel
Karen E. Harwell
Robert Haselkorn
Arthur D. Hasler *
James G. Haughton
Michael G. Hauser
Richard J. Havel
Darnell Hawkins
Neil F. Hawks
Elizabeth D. Hay
Rosetta R. Haynes
Jerris R. Hedges
D. S. Heeschen
Donald R. Helinski
August Carl Helmholz
Christine F. Henderson
Ernest M. Henley
Anthony Hernandez
Francisca James Hernandez
W. Conyers Herring
Ira Herskowitz
Theodore M. Hesburgh
Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
Robert L. Hill
Mahlon Hoagland
Henry M. Hoenigswald
Joseph F. Hoffman
David S. Hogness
Heinrich D. Holland
Jonathan Holloway
Edward W. Holmes
Nancy Hopkins
Thomas F. Hornbein
Donald F. Hornig
William Horrace
James S. House
Richard S. Howe
Roger Howe
Peter M. Howley
John P. Huchra
Yvette M. Huet-Hudson
Vernon W. Hughes
John R. Huizenga
Jerard Hurwitz
Peter Barton Hutt
Richard O. Hynes
Carlos E. Ibanez
Shinya Inoue
J. David Jackson
John L. Jackson, Jr.
Lisa R. Jackson
Andre T. Jagendorf
Robert W. Jamplis
Cage S. Johnson
Emilie Johnson
Jeffrey Lynn Johnson
Jennifer Johnson
Richard H. Johnson
Jill A. Johnston
Richard B. Johnston, Jr.
Yvette Richards Jordan
Robert J. Joynt
Ana M. Juarez
Richard V. Kadison
Jerome Kagan
Michael M. Karl
Isabella L. Karle
Jerome Karle
Robert W. Kates
Michael Katz
Samuel L. Katz
Joyce Keithley
Robert P. Kelch
Edmond J. Keller
Glenn M. Keller
Kenneth I. Kellermann
Arthur Kelman
Amanda Kemp
Charles F. Kennel
William B. Kerr
Cheryl L. Keyes
H. Gobind Khorana
Anne K. Kibrick
Charles A. Kiesler
Edwin D. Kilbourne
Linda M. Kilroy
Judith Kimble
Ivan R. King
Nicole R. King
Natalie King-Pedroso
James L. Kinsey
Marc W. Kirschner
Carl Kisslinger
Seymour J. Klebanoff
Nancy Kleckner
Claude B. Klee
Luella Klein
Irving M. Klotz
Richard M. Knapp
Leon Knopoff
Alfred G. Knudson, Jr.
K-W Peter Koeppel
Paul Kohlmiller
Walter Kohn
Richard D. Kolodner
Anthony L. Komaroff
Hans Kornberg
Marsha Korose
Norman M. Kroll
Sydney Kustu
Susan A. Laessig
Susan Landau
Arthur Landy
Norma M. Lang
Brian A. Larkins
Joseph Larner
Martin G. Larrabee
Elaine L. Larson
Regine Latortue
Judi Moore Latta
Judith R. Lave
Lester B. Lave
Robert S. Lawrence
Peter D. Lax
Alexander Leaf
David Lederer
Cindy Lederman
David M. Lee
Philip R. Lee
Anthony Leggett
Rudolph Leibel
Patricia Davis Lemessy
William J. Lennarz
Nelson J. Leonard
Aaron B. Lerner
Alan I. Leshner
Alphonso E. Leure-Dupree
Johanna M. H.
Levelt Sengers
Howard Leventhal
* Recently Deceased
Arnold J. Levine
Myron M. Levine
Norman G. Levinsky
Ceylon S. Lewis, Jr.
Olga F. Linares
W. Carl Lineberger
David A. Logan
Gary S. Logsdon
Richard M. Losick
Jane Lubchenco
Harold S. Luft
Joanne R. Lupton
Joanne Lynn
J. Ross Macdonald
Fred T. MacKenzie
Maureen Mahon
Anthony P. Mahowald
Donald C. Malins
Thomas F. Malone
Audrey Forbes Manley
Robert W. Mann
Vincent T. Marchesi
Rudolph A. Marcus
Paul A. Marks
Robert R. Marshak
Joseph B. Martin
Manuel Martinez-Maldonado
Yolanda Martinez-San Miguel
Teresita Martinez-Vergne
Ida M. Martinson
Bettie Sue Siler Masters
John C. Mather
Portia Maultsby
Phyllis M. May-Machunda
Angela Barron McBride
Charles A. McCallum
Audrey Thomas McCluskey
Marie C. McCormick
Blaine McCusick
Hugh O'Neill McDevitt
Clement J. McDonald
Bruce S. McEwen
W. Clark McFadden, II
Nellie Y. McKay
Christopher F. McKee
Lionel W. McKenzie
J. Alexander McMahon
Thomas L. McNaugher
Barbara J. McNeil
Marcia McNutt
Jack H. Medalie
Sherman M. Mellinkoff
W. Walter Menninger
Richard A. Merrill
Norman Metzger
Ronald E. Mickens
John W. Miles
Ronald B. Millar
David R. Miller
I. George Miller, Jr.
Mary Beth Miller
Neal E. Miller
Jacob Mincer
Beatrice Mintz
Mortimer Mishkin
Tyrone Mitchell
Harley W. Moon
Francis Daniels Moore
Peter B. Moore
Victoria Mora
James M. Moran
Cathleen S. Morawetz
Edward A. Mortimer, Jr.
Bernard Moss
John H. Moxley, III
Sezaki Kauze Mtingwa
George K. Muellner
Joan F. Mundy
Walter H. Munk
Alicia H. Munnell
Ed A. Munoz
Joseph E. Murray
Royce W. Murray
Jack Myers
Daniel Nagin
Masatoshi Nei
Oliver E. Nelson, Jr.
Graciela P. Nemes
Eugene W. Nester
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
Duncan B. Neuhauser
Maria Iandolo New
Norman D. Newell
Joseph P. Newhouse
Michelle Rae Neyman
Elena O. Nightingale
Louis Nirenberg
D. Warner North
Charles P. O'Brien
Jerrold M. Olefsky
Margarite Olmos
Gilbert S. Omenn
Gordon H. Orians
Douglas D. Osheroff
Larry E. Overman
Ingrid Padilla
Robert T. Paine
George E. Palade
Herbert Pardes
Mary S. Pardo
Charles R. Park
Robert Parker
Charles S. Parmenter
Robert G. Parr
Barbara Pastina
Robert E. Patricelli
Kenneth J. Payne
Arlene Clift Pellow
Feniosky Avelhermi
Pena-Mora
David D. Perkins
Nancy S. Petersen
Daniel W. Pettengill
Gordon H. Pettengill
Carol B. Phillips
William H. Pickering
Chester M. Pierce
Kenneth L. Pike
Elizabeth H. Pisares
Roy M. Pitkin
Jeffrey L. Platt
Mary Lake Polan
Michael I. Posner
Leopold J. Pospisil
Leo J. Postman
Deborah E. Powell
William H. Press
Joyce Purnell
Frank W. Putnam
Mitchell T. Rabkin
Ronald T. Raines
J. E. Rall
Paul G. Ramsey
Malcom Randall
John G. Ratcliffe
Marina Ratner
Albert J. Read
Carolyn Rebbert
Robert R. Reeber
Lester J. Reed
Linda Reed
Richard J. Reed
Clifford E. Reid
Howard Reiss
Richard J. Reitemeier
Jonathan E. Rhoads
Dorothy P. Rice
Paulette Richards
Steven L. Richardson
Julius B. Richmond
Burton Richter
James Riding In
Lorrin A. Riggs
Matilda White Riley
David L. Rimoin
Victor Rios, Jr.
Alicia Rivera
Frederick C. Robbins
John B. Robbins
Eugene Roberts
Lee N. Robins
Pearl Theodora Robinson
Barbara Rodriguez
Milton I. Roemer *
M.E. Bonnie Rogers
Acton D. Romig
Renato Rosaldo
Walter A. Rosenblith
Allan Rosenfield
Mark R. Rosenzweig
Lewis P. Rowland
Thomas C. Rozzell
Edward Rubenstein
Anna Marie Ruef
Erkki Ruoslahti
Sharon Stanton Russell
Stephen J. Ryan
David C. Sabiston, Jr.
* Recently Deceased
Jeremy A. Sabloff
David H. Sachs
Martin R. Saiz
Jolin Salazar-Kish
N. P. Samios
Fred Samson
Tess Samuel
Simone Sandier
Alan C. Sartorelli
David Satcher
Gordon H. Sato
Martin Saunders
Charles H. Sawyer
Laura J. Scalia
Howard K. Schachman
John A. Schellman
Harold A. Scheraga
Paul R. Schimmel
Richard M. Schoen
Katrin Scholz-Barth
William R. Schowalter
Sonja Lanehart Schutz
John H. Schwarz
Matthew P. Scott
Nevin S. Scrimshaw
Sheldon J. Segal
George E. Seidel, Jr.
Andrew M. Sessler
Andrea D. Sewell
Paul R. Shaffer
Iris R. Shannon
Ascher H. Shapiro
Aaron J. Shatkin
Carla J. Shatz
Michael L. Shelanski
Eleanor B. Sheldon
George F. Sheldon
John F. Sherman
Charles J. Sherr
Henry R. Shinefield
G. Shirane
Edward H. Shortliffe
Noenoe K. Silva
George A. Silver
Leon Theodore Silver
Samuel C. Silverstein
Yakov G. Sinai
Jeanne C. Sinkford
Robert Louis Sinsheimer
G. William Skinner
William S. Sly
Mary A. Smith
Guillermo A. Soberon
Robert R. Sokal
Louis Sokoloff
Albert J. Solnit
David H. Solomon
Daniel Solorzano
Candace M. Sorensen
Frank E. Speizer
William N. Spellacy
Margaret Beale Spencer
Hortense J. Spillers
Allan C. Spradling
Charles C. Sprague
Barbara Starfield
Nathan J. Stark
John Eugene Stauffer
Zena A. Stein
Robert Steinberg
Judith S. Stern
Audrey Stevens
Rosemary A. Stevens
John D. Stobo
Mary Wilder Stoertz
Susanne A. Stoiber
Gilbert Stork
Thomas P. Stossel
James E. Strain
Robert Straus
F. William Studier
Albert J. Stunkard
Sandra L. Suarez
Federico Subervi
Mervyn W. Susser
Norman Sutin
Morton N. Swartz
Herbert Tabor
Paul Talalay
Claudia C. Tate
Beverly Daniel Tatum
Henry Taube
Palmer W. Taylor
Susan S. Taylor
Thomas N. Taylor
Owsei Temkin
Robert G. Thomas
George A. Thompson
James C. Thompson
Gerald E. Thomson
George W. Thorn
David J. Thouless
Shirley M. Tilghman
M. Tinkham
Judith E. Tintinalli
Carlos A. Toro-Diaz
Barbara Boyle Torrey
Robert E. Tranquada
Susan Trapp
George H. Trilling
Gail Triner
John W. Tukey *
James H. Tumlinson, III
Karl K. Turekian
Michael S. Turner
Susan Turner-Lowe
J. Anthony Tyson
Carlton W. Ulbrich
Roger H. Unger
Jose H. Unpingco
Arthur C. Upton
Carl M. Urban
William N. Valentine
Abel Valenzuela, Jr.
Harold E. Varmus
Alexander Varshavsky
Aaron A. Velasco
William Velez
Ellen S. Vitetta
Paul A. Volberding
Peter H. von Hippel
Warren H. Wagner, Jr. *
David B. Wake
Salih J. Wakil
Duard L. Walker
Edward E. Wallach
Cheves Walling
Christopher T. Walsh
Diane W. Wara
David C. Ward
L. Emmerson Ward
Paul D. Ward
Kenneth E. Warner
Harry H. Wasserman
George D. Watkins
Steven Weinberg
I. Bernard Weinstein
Herbert Weissbach
Betsy G. Welch
James A. Wells
Ray J. Weymann
John R. Whinnery
Fred L. Whipple
Gilbert F. White
Raymond P. White, Jr.
Albert E. Whitford
M. Donald Whorton
Benjamin Widom
Carl E. Wieman
James T. Willerson
Bryan Williams
T. Franklin Williams
Kenneth G. Wilson
Linda S. Wilson
Ruby L. Wilson
Bruce D. Winstein
Joseph G. Wirth
Evelyn M. Witkin
Bernhard Witkop
Owen N. Witte
Jan Wlodarkiewicz
Gerald N. Wogan
Marc S. Wold
Otto F. Wolke
Peter G. Wolynes
Savio L-Y. Woo
H. Boyd Woodruff
Charles E. Woodward
Suzanne H. Woolsey
Dawn J. Wright
Lyn Wylder
James B. Wyngaarden
Keith R. Yamamoto
Richard Yarborough
Samuel S.C. Yen
Vernon R. Young
Rafia Zafar
Jan A. D. Zeevaart
George D. Zuidema
* Recently Deceased
Foundations
The W. Alton Jones Foundation Inc.
Archstone Foundation
The Breast Cancer Research Foundation
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
California HealthCare Foundation
Carnegie Corporation of New York
The Commonwealth Fund
The Ellison Medical Foundation
The Ford Foundation
Foundation for Child Development
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
William T. Grant Foundation
Greenwall Foundation
Howard Heinz Endowment
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
The Koshland Foundation
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
The Marian and Speros Martel Foundation
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Milbank Memorial Fund
The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation
National Starch and Chemical Foundation, Inc.
The New York Community Trust
Open Society Institute
The David and Lucile Packard Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation
Russell Sage Foundation
The Scherman Foundation, Inc.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
The Spencer Foundation
The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
Corporations
Advanced Tissue Sciences
The Aerospace Corporation
American Home Products, Inc.
American Petroleum Institute
Atlantic Richfield Company
ATOFINA Chemicals, Inc.
Bayer Corporation
Best Foods
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association
Boston Scientific Corporation
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Bundesamt fur Strahlenshutz
Center for Innovative Minimally Invasive Therapy
Cisco Systems, Inc.
DaimlerChrysler Corporation
The Dow Chemical Company
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Edwards Lifesciences LLC
EPRI
Exxon Mobil Corporation
Henry Ford Health System
Ford Motor Company
General Mills, Inc.
General Motors Corporation
Glaxo Wellcome Inc.
Hershey Trust Company
Hewlett-Packard Company
HPSC, Inc.
International Business Machines Corporation
Johnson & Johnson
Eli Lilly and Company
Lord Corporation
The Lubrizol Corp.
Lucent Technologies, Inc.
MCI WorldCom Foundation
Medtronic, Inc.
Merck & Co., Inc.
Merck Company Foundation
Merck Research Laboratories
Microsoft Corporation
Milliken & Company
MiniMed
Mitchell Energy & Development Corp.
Molex, Inc.
Nabisco, Inc.
Nestle USA, Inc.
NIREX, Ltd.
NORTEL
Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation
Pfizer, Inc.
PG&E Corporation
Philip Morris Companies, Inc.
Praxair, Inc.
QUALCOMM, Inc.
Research Corporation
Schering-Plough Corporation
Schlumberger Foundation, Inc.
Selznick Scientific Software, LLC
Semiconductor Research Corporation
Severn Trent Environmental Services, Inc.
SmithKline Beecham
Software Construction Co.
Stepan Company
Texaco, Inc.
TRW Foundation
The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company
Other Organizations
Alfred University
American College of Radiology
American Feed Industry Association, Inc.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
American Medical Association
American Psychological Association
American Society for Microbiology
American Society of Clinical Oncology
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners
American Trucking Association
ANDRA
Animal Nutrition Association of Canada
Annual Reviews
Association for Assessment & Accreditation of Lab Animal Care
Association of American Medical Colleges
Association of American Railroads
Brown University
Canadian International Development Agency
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science & Art
Dartmouth College
Arthur L. & Margaret Day Trust
Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc.
Gas Research Institute
Geological Society of America
German-American Academic Council
Health Industry Manufacturers of America
Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis
National Geographic Society Education Foundation
National Multiple Sclerosis Society
National Ocean Industries Association
The Parkinson's Institute
Pet Food Institute
Princeton University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
San Diego State University
Stanford University
Texas A&M University
Texas Tech University
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Illinois
Washington University
In some cases, the NAS accepts partial funding from private corporations for studies by the National Research Council. The NAS recognizes that private corporations may have a direct financial interest in the subject matter and outcome of a study. As with any NRC study however, the NRC requires that financial sponsors have no control over the appointment of the study committee or the conduct of the study. In addition, the NRC limits the amount of financial support that can be raised from private corporations, which depending on the study, is set to be between zero and 50 percent of the total funding for the project. The NRC makes decisions on permissible private funding on a project-by-project basis depending upon the circumstances involved in each particular situation. The list of sponsors for each NRC study is publicly available information