Index
A
Abandoned vessels, see Submerged and abandoned vessels
Advection, 89, 90, 98, 99, 112-113, 116
see also Volatile organic compounds
Aircraft fuel, 32, 46, 48-49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, 69, 77, 86, 88, 215-217, 254
regulatory issues, 59, 88, 219-220
Air pollution, see Aircraft fuel;
Atmospheric deposition;
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Alaska, 48, 52-53, 59, 121, 134-136, 137-138, 198, 199
extraction spills, 3, 34, 36, 38
Exxon Valdez,1, 11, 14, 22, 23, 75, 100, 128, 130-131, 134, 139-140, 149
transportation spills, 1, 3, 11, 14, 36, 44, 52-53, 59
American Petroleum Institute, ix, 1
Artificial islands, 125
Atlantic Ocean, 12-13, 35, 41, 45, 47, 49, 54, 70, 193-194, 196, 198
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 26
Atmospheric deposition, 16, 22, 30, 31, 40-41, 42, 43, 44-45, 46, 48-49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 69, 71, 76-77, 78, 84-86, 87, 115, 223-231
see also Aircraft fuel;
Volatile organic compounds
coastal zones, 77, 86, 223, 224, 227
committee research recommendations, 55, 61
marine mammals, impacts on, 133
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 223
precipitation, 85
research methodology, 223-231
two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 112, 115, 219-220
volatilization, general, 89, 113, 116, 231
B
Before-and-after and control-impact (BACI) observations, 122, 123, 156
Benthic organisms, 4, 24, 25, 33, 39
see also Sediment and sedimentation;
Shellfish
bioavailability, 31
toxic effects, 121, 125, 148, 151-156 (passim)
Benzene, see BTEX
Bioaccumulation, 128-129
Bioavailability, 22, 28, 31, 39, 90, 102-103, 125, 128-129, 131
Biodegradation, see Microbial oxidation
Birds, see Waterfowl and marine birds
Boats, see Ships and boats
C
California, 48, 51-52, 153, 200, 201
atmospheric deposition, 48, 223, 224-225
extraction spills, 3, 34, 36, 38
natural seeps, 33, 36, 70, 191-192
transportation releases, 3, 36, 44
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 198, 199
aircraft releases, 215-216
extraction spills, 3, 34-36, 38, 40-41, 70, 193-194, 198
land-based deposition, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235-237, 238
transportation releases, 44-45, 75, 211-212, 213
Chemical composition of oil, 19-21, 22
Clean Water Act, 255
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 58-59
Coastal zones, ix, 29, 46-62(passim), 77-78, 125, 148-149, 236-242
see also Estuaries;
Waterfowl and marine birds;
Recreational vessels;
Shorelines
atmospheric depositions, 77, 86, 223, 224, 227
committee study boundary definitions, 189-190
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
extraction spills, 2-3, 33-38, 193-194
Exxon Valdez,23, 24, 25, 75, 100, 128, 130-131, 134, 139-140, 149
International Maritime Organization (MARPOL), 78
land-based deposition, 16, 29, 66, 78, 79-80
mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148
Persian Gulf War, 135, 136-137
pipeline spills, 39, 42, 51, 66, 73, 77, 125, 193
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 47, 78, 79, 85, 87, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251
shoreline stranding, 22, 90, 103-104, 109, 113-114, 116
tanker spills, 14
terminal/refinery facilities, 16, 42, 44-45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 69, 77-78, 80, 101, 212-222, 242, 245, 246, 249
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 59, 77
urban areas,
atmospheric deposition, 85, 224-225
runoff, 16, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 56, 62, 66, 67, 78-79, 80, 86-87, 157, 235-242, 247-249
see also Rivers
vegetation, 26-27, 125, 142, 143
mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148
wetlands, 62, 89, 124, 125, 143-148
Coast Guard, ix, 1, 3, 4, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 75, 87, 117, 142, 194, 213
coastal facility spills, 77, 221-222
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
operational discharges, 84, 88
pipeline spills, 193
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 59
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 139
natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139
Computer technology
see also Databases
models, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139
Consumption, 1, 3-4, 7, 8, 28, 31, 32, 43, 46-47, 58, 65, 69, 86
see also Energy supply/demand;
Recreational vessels;
Urban areas
databases, 67
river runoff, 31, 47, 51, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 87, 101, 124, 153, 224, 233-236, 238-247, 249-251
Cost factors, 1
litigation and liability, 23, 255-257
natural resource damage assessments, 23
D
Databases, 1, 28, 61, 66-67, 193, 233-236, 238
see also Internet
Environmental Research Consulting Database, 75, 78, 82, 212-213
non-tank vessels, 82
pipelines, 73
Deepwater Port Act, 255
Demand for energy, see Energy supply/demand
see also North Sea
Department of Commerce, 62
see also National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of the Interior, 62
see also Geological Survey;
Minerals Management Service
Developing countries, 38
Dispersion, 89, 90, 99-100, 112-113
see also Transport processes, spills
Dissolution, 21, 89, 90, 93-94, 108, 112, 114, 115-116, 117, 127
see also Oxidation
Distillates, see Light distillates;
Heavy distillates
Dose factors, 22
E
Economic factors
see also Cost factors;
Energy supply/demand;
Foreign trade;
Funding
foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78
historical perspectives, 1, 23, 121
litigation and liability, 23, 255-257
Electric power, oil demand, 7, 8
Emulsification, 89, 90, 92-93, 112, 113-114
Energy Information Agency, 209
Energy supply/demand, 65
see also Consumption
Entrainment, 89, 90, 93, 100, 117
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ix, 1, 3, 4, 61, 62, 117
land-based disposition, 79
STORET database, 233-236, 238, 240
non-point source releases, 55
recreational vessels, two- and four-stroke engines, 4, 58, 66, 81, 82, 88, 219
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 197
Environmental Research Consulting Database, 75, 78, 82, 212-213
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
EPA, see Environmental Protection Agency
ESI, see Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps
pipelines, 73
toxicity, 124, 131-132, 151-152, 155
wetlands, 62, 89, 124, 125, 143-148
Ethyl benzene, see BTEX
Evaporation, 59, 86, 89, 90, 114, 115, 126, 216
EVOS Trustees, 23
Exports of oil, see Foreign trade
Extraction spills, see Oil wells/platforms;
Produced waters
Exxon Valdez,1, 11, 14, 22, 23, 75, 100, 128, 130-131, 134, 139-140, 149
F
Federal Aviation Administration, 59, 88
Federal government, general, 3, 4, 53, 55, 58-59, 61, 63, 87, 88, 117, 156
see also Funding;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments and agencies
Fires, coastal facility spills, 77
Fish and fisheries, 4, 14, 120, 122, 125, 130-131
see also Marine biota;
Marine mammals;
Shellfish
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
reproductive/developmental effects, 123-131 (passim), 133, 134-135, 137, 138, 142, 153-154, 155-156
Foreign countries, see Developing countries;
International perspectives
Foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78
France, 122
Funding
committee study at hand, ix,x, 1, 53
ground and abandoned vessels, salvage, 67
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 259
G
Galeta tank spill, 142
Gasoline, 22, 32, 58, 113-114, 247-248
BTEX, 127
coastal facilities, 77
two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 88, 112, 115, 219-220
Geographic factors, general, 1-4(passim), 25-53 (passim), 66, 89
see also International perspectives;
Maps and mapping;
Urban areas;
specific countries, states, and water bodies
databases, 66
definitions of regional boundaries, 189
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
worldwide releases, total, 2, 3, 12-13, 16, 28, 29, 38, 42, 46, 192, 194-196
Geological Survey, ix, 1, 4, 53, 59, 61, 62, 117, 234, 235
extraction spills, 3
non-point source releases, 55
Geopolitical factors, see Foreign trade;
International perspectives;
Political factors
Global climate change, see Climate change
Government role, see Federal government
Grease, see Oil and grease
Great Lakes, 235-236
Greenhouse effect, see Climate change
Ground truthing, 53
Gulf of Mexico, 46, 47, 49, 51, 56
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
extraction spills, 3, 23, 33, 25, 35, 38, 55, 70, 105, 193, 194
Ixtoc II, 25
Mississippi River, 47, 51, 56, 152, 153, 238, 239, 240, 244-246, 248, 249, 250, 251
natural seeps, 2, 33, 55, 56, 70, 191
produced waters, 71, 199-202(passim)
transportation releases, 3, 45, 55, 75
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 196, 198, 199
Gulf of Mexico Offshore Operations Monitoring Experiment, 153-154
H
Heavy distillates, 22, 32, 114, 253, 254
Historical perspectives, ix, 7, 61, 65-66, 69
consumption of petroleum, 43, 46-47, 69, 78
energy supply/demand, 1, 3-4, 7-11, 65
Exxon Valdez,1, 11, 14, 22, 23, 75, 100, 128, 130-131, 134, 139-140, 149
Ixtoc II, 25
North American inputs, 34-38, 40-41, 44-59 (passim), 69, 193-194, 197-199
persistence, 29
pipelines, 73
research, previous NRC studies, ix, 1, 2, 11, 14-15, 16-17, 28, 30-31, 65, 66-67, 69-70, 72, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 119, 123-125, 148, 223
submerged and abandoned vessels, 67, 68
wars and armed conflicts,
Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136-137
submerged and abandoned vessels, 67
worldwide inputs, 12-13, 16, 46, 69-70, 72, 73, 198, 199
I
Ice, 104-105
Impact of Oil and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Marine Environment, 14-15
Imports, see Foreign trade
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212
International Energy Agency, 209
International Maritime Organization, 3, 14-15, 55
coastal facility spills, 78
operational discharges, 76, 83, 84
tanker spills, 75, 87-88, 215-216
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 59, 88
International perspectives, general, 157
see also specific countries and bodies of water
databases, 66
developing countries, general, 38
energy supply/demand, 1, 4, 7, 8-11
foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78
grounded and abandoned vessels, 67
institutional cooperation, 3, 4, 14-15, 55, 59, 62
non-tank vessel spills, 82
vessel operational discharges, 75-76, 83, 84, 203-204
wars and armed conflicts,
Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136-137
submerged and abandoned vessels, 67
worldwide/international waters inputs, 12-13, 16, 46, 69-70, 72, 73, 213-215, 245-246, 251
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd., 75, 82, 213
Exxon Valdez,24
Ixtoc II, 25
J
Joint Group of Experts on the Science Aspects of Marine Pollution, 14-15
L
Land-based releases, 4, 22, 28, 43, 46, 48-49, 51, 55, 57, 65, 78-81, 86-87, 115
Canada, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235-237, 238
coastal terminal/refinery facilities, 16, 42, 44-45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 69, 77-78, 80, 101, 212-222, 242, 245, 246, 249
coastal zones, general, 16, 29, 66, 78, 79-80
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 79, 233-236, 238, 240
Gulf of Mexico, 78, 80, 237-238
Mississippi River, 47, 51, 56, 152, 153, 238, 239, 240, 244-246, 248, 249, 250, 251
loading measures, 31, 56, 115, 233-251
non-point source pollution, general, 28, 47, 51, 55, 61, 87, 89, 119
oil and grease, 78-81, 233, 234-236, 238-240, 241-242, 247-250
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 78, 79, 85, 87, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251, 253
research methodology, 78-81, 233-251
rivers, 31, 47, 51, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 87, 101, 124, 153, 224, 233-236, 238-247, 249-251;
see also Estuaries
runoff, ix, 4, 10, 16, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 56, 61, 62, 66, 67, 78-81, 80, 86-87, 157, 235-242, 247-249
urban runoff, 16, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 56, 62, 66, 67, 78-79, 80, 86-87, 157, 235-242, 247-249
Langmuir circulation, 59, 89, 92, 98-99
Legislation
see also Regulatory issues
Clean Water Act, 255
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 139
natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139
Deepwater Port Act, 255
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), 23, 66, 67, 75, 255-257
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 255
Shipowner’s Limitation of Liability Act, 255
Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, 255
Light distillates, 22, 32, 114, 127, 253, 254
Lloyd’s Register, 83, 205, 208
Loading measures, 21-22, 31-32, 56, 89-90, 115, 116, 253-254
land-based releases, 31, 56, 115, 233-251
light distillates, 114
see also Gulf of Mexico
M
Mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148
Maps and mapping
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
Exxon Valdez spill, 15
North American waters, 34-37, 40-41, 44-45, 48-49, 54, 56
population of US, 50
seaborne flow of oil, worldwide, 12-13
Marine biota, 4, 62, 91, 109, 110, 116, 119-157
see also Bioavailability;
Benthic organisms;
Fish and fisheries;
Marine mammals;
Shellfish;
Toxicity;
Waterfowl and marine birds;
Wildlife
behavioral effects, 125, 128, 135, 138
disease, 123, 127, 131-132, 133, 155, 157
food resource losses, 139
metabolic effects, 125, 127, 128-129, 149
modeling of effects, 121, 123, 128-129, 138-149
natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139
neurological/narcotic effects, 125, 133
reproductive/developmental effects, 123-131 (passim), 125, 130-131, 133, 134-135, 137, 138, 142, 153-154, 155-156
temporal factors, 119-123(passim), 129-132, 140-141, 144, 156
Marine mammals, 29, 119, 125, 132, 133, 134, 137-138
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
MARPOL, see International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
Methodology, see Research methodology
Mexico, 193, 194, 211-212, 213
see also Gulf of Mexico
production of oil, 70
tanker spills, 75
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 196, 198
Microbial oxidation, 89, 94, 95-97, 114, 149-150
Middle East
exports from, 66
Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136-137
Minerals Management Service, ix, 1, 3, 4, 15, 53, 59, 61, 62, 117, 201
model development, 111
pipelines, 73
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 196, 199
Mississippi River, 47, 51, 56, 152, 153, 238, 239, 240, 244-246, 248, 249, 250, 251
Models and modeling, 23, 59, 89, 90, 91, 108-112, 116, 119, 138
see also Dispersion
atmospheric deposition, 85, 109, 110, 223-231
biological effects, 121, 123, 128-129, 138-149
natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139
coastal habitat impacts, 138-139
computer, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139
emulsification, 112
land-based production facilities, 108, 233-251
natural resource damage assessments (NRDA), 23, 111-112, 139
non-point sources, 109
operational discharges, 109, 110
overwashing, 101
partitioning, 102
photooxidation, 95
produced water, 109
recreational boats, 109
seabirds, effects of spills on, 121
sediments, 109-110
shallow-water releases, 105-106
shoreline stranding, 103-104
spreading, 97-98
vertical dispersion and entrainment, 100
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 77, 225-226
volatilization, 112
weathering, 109
wells and platforms, 108, 109, 110
Mussels, 22, 24, 128, 131, 137, 141-143
N
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ix, 1, 4, 53, 59, 61, 62, 117
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
extraction spills, 3
land-based releases, 4
natural resource damage assessments, 23
National Oceans Industry Association, ix, 1
National Science Foundation (NSF), 2, 3
Natural gas, 2
deep subsurface releases, 59, 107-108
spills, 3
supply/demand, 8
Natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139
Natural seeps, see Seeps
Netherlands, The, 72, 200, 202
see also North Sea
Non-point source pollution, 28, 47, 51, 55, 61, 87, 89, 109, 119
see also Land-based releases;
Operational discharges;
Recreational vessels
North Cape barge spill, 92, 149
North Sea, 39, 66, 129-130, 155, 195
produced waters, 71, 72, 199, 200, 202
see also North Sea
O
Ocean dumping of waste, 31, 78
Office of Pipeline Safety, 3, 39
Oil and grease, 78-81, 233, 234-236, 238-240, 241-242, 247-250
Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects (1985), ix, 11, 14.65, 66, 81, 123, 125, 126, 148, 156, 199
Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), 23, 66, 67, 75, 255-257
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 259
Oil wells/platforms, 2-3, 16, 28, 30, 33-39, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 65, 66-67, 69, 70-71, 86, 119, 152-155, 226
committee study methodology, estimates, 193-202
coastal zones, 2-3, 33-38, 193-194
Gulf of Mexico, 3, 23, 25, 33, 35, 38, 55, 70, 105, 193, 194
Ixtoc I, 33
Ixtoc II, 25
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 47, 51
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 3, 39, 65, 70, 71, 88, 153, 196-199
Operational discharges
see also Produced waters;
Recreational vessels
International Maritime Organization, 76, 83, 84
international perspectives, 75-76, 83, 84, 203-204
regulatory issues, 15, 42-43, 55, 57, 58, 55, 58, 66, 75-76, 83, 84, 88, 203-212
ships, general, ix, 3-4, 16, 22, 31, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48-49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, 65, 69, 75-76, 78, 82-84, 114-115, 203-212
tankers, 75-76, 78, 82-83, 86, 88, 204-208, 226
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 10
OSIS, 111
OSRA, 111
Outer Continental shelf, 66, 73, 152-155, 193, 201
see also Oil wells/platforms
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 255
Oxidation, 29, 89, 90, 94-97, 112, 114, 149-150, 224
P
Pacific Ocean, 12-13, 34, 36, 40, 44, 46, 48, 51-52, 57, 58, 198, 237
PAH, see Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Partitioning, 102
Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136-137
Persistence, 22, 28, 31, 33, 89, 113, 120, 125, 135, 151-152
see also Vocalization;
Weathering processes
benthic organisms, 31, 151-152
Petrleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), 193, 199, 201
Petroleum consumption, see Consumption
Petroleum extraction, see Oil wells/platforms
Petroleum in the Marine Environment,ix, 11, 14. 65
Petroleum transportation, see Transportation
Photoactivation, 29
Photooxidation, 29, 89, 90, 94-95, 224
Pipeline Integrity Management Program, 39
Pipelines, 3, 16, 23, 28, 30, 32, 39, 42, 44-45, 51, 55, 57, 59, 66, 69, 73-74, 193-196
Coast Guard, 193
committee study methodology, estimates, 193, 194-196
databases, 67
Plants, see Vegetation
Platforms, see Oil wells/platforms
see also Legislation;
Regulatory issues
major spills, general, 23, 119
size of spill and policy, 21
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 1, 3, 4, 20, 21, 29, 32, 51, 114
atmospheric deposition, 32, 223
coastal zones, 32, 47, 78, 79, 85, 87, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251
inputs, general, 61, 85, 87, 223-231, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251, 253-254
land-based deposition, 32, 78, 79, 85, 87, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251, 253
microbial oxidation, 96
modeling of spills, 112
oil wells/platforms, 32, 47, 51
photooxidation, 95
research methodology, 238, 239-240, 243, 244-247, 250, 251, 253-254
sediments, 29, 102, 127, 131, 151-152
toxic effects, 21, 29, 31-33, 127-132, 135-136, 148, 149, 153
Precipitation, chemical, 85
Production, see Oil wells/platforms
Produced waters, 22, 30, 38, 39, 40-41, 51, 55, 57, 59, 66, 69, 71-72, 114, 150-152
databases, 67
Environmental Protection Agency, 199, 202
Gulf of Mexico, 71, 199-202(passim)
input estimate methodology, 30, 199-200
modeling, 109
North Sea, 71, 72, 199, 200, 202
oil and grease, 78-81, 200, 201
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbond (PAH), 32, 114
regulatory issues, 66, 71, 72, 151
weathering, 38
Puerto Rico, 47, 51, 53, 56, 198
R
Recreational resources
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
tarballs, effects on, 104
Recreational vessels, 29, 31, 32, 43, 48-49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 69, 78, 81, 87, 115
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4, 58, 66, 81, 82, 88, 219
regulatory issues, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220
research methodology, 219-220
two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 112, 115, 219-220
Refineries, see Terminal facilities and refineries
Regulatory issues, 23, 55, 62, 66, 255-257
see also Legislation
aircraft fuel dumping, 59, 88, 219-220
grounded and abandoned vessels, 67
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212
litigation and liability, 23, 255-257
oil wells/platforms, 39, 66, 71
pipeline safety/spills, 39, 73
produced water discharges, 66, 71, 72, 151
recreational vessels, two- and four-stroke engines, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220
regional data, 32-33
tanker safety, 39, 55, 62, 66, 75, 83, 87-88, 157
tarballs, 104
vessel operational discharges, 15, 42-43, 55, 57, 58, 55, 58, 66, 75-76, 83, 84, 88, 203-212
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 4, 71, 197
see also Computer technology;
Databases;
Models and modeling
atmospheric deposition, 84-86
before-and-after and control-impact (BACI) observations, 122, 123, 156
biological effects, 121-123, 125, 131
coastal facility inputs, 211
committee recommendations, 53, 55, 59, 61-62, 86-88, 117, 156-157
committee study at hand,ix, 15-16, 17, 119, 189-254
ground truthing, 53
input estimation, 30-31, 53, 189-254
land-based discharges, 78-81, 233-251
natural seeps, estimates, 191-192
non-tank vessel spills, 82
NRC studies, previous, ix, 1, 2, 11, 14-15, 16-17, 28, 30-31, 65, 66-67, 69-70, 72, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 119, 123-125, 148, 223
recreational vessels, two- and four-stroke engines, 219-220
remote sensing, 219-220
shallow-water releases, 105-106
tarballs, 104
time-series analyses, 122
volatile organic compound (VOC) inputs, 71, 196-199
Rivers, 31, 47, 51, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 87, 101, 124, 153, 224, 233-236, 238-247, 249-251
see also Estuaries
Runoff, ix, 4, 10, 16, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 56, 61, 62, 66, 67, 78-81, 80, 86-87, 157, 235-242, 247-249
Russia, 70
S
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
San Jacinto River, 77
Sediment and sedimentation, 4, 22, 30, 39, 59, 67, 73, 114, 117, 119
see also Benthic organisms;
Shellfish
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 29, 102, 127, 131, 151-152
toxicity, 127, 128, 130, 131, 142, 146, 151-152, 153-154
transport processes, 39, 89, 90, 100-101, 102-104, 109-110, 113-114
Seeps, 2, 16, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 33, 46-47, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61, 65, 67-70, 86, 113, 116
California, 33, 36, 70, 191-192
committee study methodology, 191-192
databases, 67
Gulf of Mexico, 2, 33, 55, 56, 70, 191
Minerals Management Service, 2, 87
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2, 87
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 33
toxicity, 32, 33, 149-150, 156
Shellfish, 22, 127, 130, 132, 144-145, 148-149, 153-154
mussels, 22, 24, 128, 131, 137, 141-143
Shipowner’s Limitation of Liability Act, 255
see also Recreational vessels;
Tankers
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 15, 43, 66
operational discharges, ix, 3-4, 16, 22, 31, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48-49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, 65, 69, 75-76, 78, 82-84, 114-115, 203-212
spills, non-tank vessels, 46, 48-49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, 69, 214-216
submerged and abandoned vessels, 67, 68
Shorelines, ix, 14, 16, 32, 89
see also Coastal zones
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 25-27
extraction spills, 2-3
shoreline stranding, 22, 90, 103-104, 109, 113-114, 116
transport processes, 22, 89, 90, 103-104, 109, 113-114, 116
SIMAP, 111-112
see also Recreational vessels
Solubility, see Dissolution
Spills, 2, 22, 59-60, 89, 113-114
see also Oil wells/platforms;
Pipelines;
Ships and boats;
Small spills;
Tankers;
Transport processes, spills;
Weathering processes
fires, 77
historical perspectives, 1, 4, 11, 12-13, 29;
see also specific spills
see also Recreational vessels
Standards, see Regulatory issues
STORET database, 233-236, 238, 240, 244, 250
Submerged and abandoned vessels, 67, 68
Supply/demand, see Energy supply/demand
T
Tankers, ix, 3, 12-13, 16, 17, 30, 39, 42, 51, 55, 57, 59, 69, 74-76, 78, 86, 87-88, 212-216
Exxon Valdez,1, 11, 14, 22, 23, 75, 100, 128, 130-131, 134, 139-140, 149
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 15, 43, 66
International Maritime Organization, 75, 87-88, 215-216
operational discharges, 75-76, 78, 82-83, 86, 88, 204-208, 226
regulatory issues, 39, 55, 62, 66, 75, 83, 87-88, 157
volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 30, 65, 76-77, 88, 225
Tarballs, 20, 22, 89, 90, 101, 104, 113-114, 115, 137
Temperature factors, 29, 89, 109, 122
see also Climate change
atmospheric deposition, general, 85, 223, 226
biological effects, 120, 121, 123
dissolution, 93
ice, 104-105
microbial oxidation, 97
volatile organic compounds (VOC), tanker releases, 76
volatilization, 115
see also Persistence;
Transport processes, ecological;
Weathering processes
atmospheric deposition, 85
biological effects, 119-123(passim), 129-132, 140-141, 144, 156
evaporation, 90
microbial oxidation, 97
pipeline spills, 39
recreational boats, 66
time-series analyses, 122
transportation related spills, 39, 43
Terminal facilities and refineries, 16, 42, 44-45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 69, 77-78, 80, 101, 212-222, 242, 245, 246, 249
see also Gulf of Mexico
Time factors, see Temporal factors
Time-series analyses, 122
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), 61, 78, 80, 87, 240
Toulene, see BTEX
Toxicity, 21, 28-29, 31, 61, 62, 125-157
bioaccumulation, 128-129
behavioral effects, 125, 128, 135, 138
benthic organisms, 121, 125, 148, 151-156 (passim)
definitional issues, 125
disease, 123, 127, 131-132, 133, 155, 157
dissolution of aromatic compounds, 93
dose factors, 22
Environmental Protection Agency, 156, 157
estuaries, 124, 131-132, 151-152, 155
food resource losses, 139
loading rates, 21-22
metabolic effects, 125, 127, 128-129, 149
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 156, 157
natural seeps, 32, 33, 149-150, 156
neurological/narcotic effects, 125, 133
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 21, 29, 31-33, 127-132, 135-136, 148, 149, 153
photooxidation, 95
produced water discharges, 38
reproductive/developmental effects, 123-131 (passim), 125, 130-131, 133, 134-135, 137, 138, 142, 153-154, 155-156
sediments, 127, 128, 130, 131, 142, 146, 151-152, 153-154
weathering, 22, 29, 126, 127-128, 144, 147
Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, 255
Transport process, spills, 4, 22, 30, 38-39, 58, 59, 89-90, 91, 97-103, 109-114, 115, 116
see also Dispersion
advection, 89, 90, 98, 99, 112-113, 116
bioavailability, 22, 28, 31, 39, 90, 102-103, 125, 128-129, 131
deep-water releases, 106-108
Langmuir circulation, 59, 89, 92, 98-99
partitioning, 89, 90, 101-102, 128
pipeline spills, 39
sediments, 39, 89, 90, 100-101, 102-104, 109-110, 113-114
shallow-water releases, 105-106
shorelines, 22, 89, 90, 103-104, 109, 113-114, 116
spreading, 89, 90, 97-98, 100, 104-105, 112-116(passim)
viscosity, 20, 74, 90, 92-93, 97, 100, 114, 231
Transportation sector, 2, 3, 16, 28, 32, 39, 42, 41-43, 44-45, 47, 53, 54, 57, 65-66, 69, 72-77, 78
see also Aircraft fuel;
Foreign trade;
Pipelines;
Ships and boats;
Tankers
atmospheric deposition, 42-43
databases, 67
energy demands of sector, 7, 8, 9-10
input assessment methodology, 203-217
maps of inputs, 36-37
motor vehicles/urban highways, 79, 80
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 32, 42, 47
Two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 112, 115, 219-220
U
United Kingdom, 72, 199, 200, 202
see also North Sea
Urban areas
atmospheric deposition, 85, 224-225
Boston Harbor, chronic contamination, 131
runoff, 16, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 56, 62, 66, 67, 78-79, 80, 86-87, 157, 235-242, 247-249
V
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 26-27
mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148
Vessels, see Recreational vessels;
Ships and boats;
Submerged and abandoned vessels;
Tankers
Viscosity, 20, 74, 90, 92-93, 97, 100, 114, 231
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4, 43, 46, 58-59, 65, 70, 71, 87, 153
see also Aircraft fuel;
Atmospheric deposition
climate change and, 58-59
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4, 197
extraction spills, 3, 39, 65, 70, 71, 88, 153, 196-199
input estimate methodology, 196-199
International Maritime Organization, 4, 59, 88
Minerals Management Service, 4, 196, 199
research methodology, 225-226
tanker releases, 4, 30, 65, 76-77, 88, 225
transportation releases, 3, 42
Volatilization, general, 89, 113, 116, 231
W
War and armed conflicts
Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136-137
submerged and abandoned vessels, 67
Waterfowl and marine birds, 11, 14, 22, 29, 119, 121, 122-123, 125, 132-140(passim)
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, 26-27
Weathering processes, 20, 21, 89, 90, 109
evaporation, 59, 86, 89, 90, 114, 115, 126, 216
pipeline spills, 39
produced water discharges, 38
submerged oil, 101
toxicity and, 22, 29, 126, 127-128, 144, 147
Wells, see Oil wells/platforms
Wetlands, 62, 89, 124, 125, 143-148
Wildlife, 11, 14, 23, 62, 89, 119, 121, 123, 125
see also Benthic organisms;
Bioavailability;
Fish and fisheries;
Marine biota;
Toxicity;
Vegetation;
Waterfowl and marine birds
sensitive habitats, 53, 87, 125, 138-139
Langmuir circulation, 59, 89, 92, 98-99
overwashing, 101
World Wide Web, see Internet
X
Xylene, see BTEX