DIRECT AND INDIRECT HUMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TERRESTRIAL CARBON FLUXES
A Workshop Summary
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This workshop was supported under a Task Order Contract #NASW-01008 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-09226-4 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-53254-X (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624–6242 or (202) 334–3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
STEERING COMMITTEE FOR A WORKSHOP ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT HUMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TERRESTRIAL GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES
MICHAEL J.PRATHER, Chair,
University of California, Irvine
ANN CAMP,
Yale University
JEANNE NIENABER CLARKE,
University of Arizona
RUTH S.DEFRIES,
University of Maryland
JOHN HARRINGTON, JR.,
Kansas State University
RICHARD A.HOUGHTON,
The Woods Hole Research Center
RATTAN LAL,
The Ohio State University
IAN ROY NOBLE,
The World Bank
Science Writer
ROB COPPOCK,
Washington, DC
NRC Staff
JAMIE S.JONKER, Program Officer
STEPHANIE JOHNSON, Program Officer
TANJA PILZAK, Research Associate
MONICA LIPSCOMB, Research Associate
ELIZABETH GALINIS, Senior Project Assistant
DONNA JAMEISON, Senior Project Assistant
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MAY BERENBAUM, Chair,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
SANDRA BARTHOLMEY,
University of Illinois, Chicago
DEBORAH BLUM,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
H.H.CHENG,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul
W.R. (REG) GOMES,
University of California, Oakland
ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,
University of California, Riverside
PERRY R.HAGENSTEIN,
Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts
JEAN HALLORAN,
Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York
JANET C.KING,
Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Center, Oakland, California
DANIEL P.LOUCKS,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
WHITNEY MACMILLAN,
Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
BRIAN W.MCBRIDE,
University of Guelph, Canada
TERRY MEDLEY,
DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Wilmington, Delaware
OLE NIELSEN,
Ontario Veterinary College, Canada
ROBERT PAARLBERG,
Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
ALICE N.PELL,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
BOBBY PHILLS,
Florida AandM University, Tallahassee
SHARRON S.QUISENBERRY,
Virgnia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
SONYA B.SALAMON,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
JACK WARD THOMAS,
University of Montana, Missoula
B.L.TURNER,
Clarke University, Worcester, Massachusetts
JAW-KAI WANG,
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Staff
CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director
KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant
BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE
ROBERT J.SERAFIN (Chair),
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
FREDERICK R.ANDERSON,
McKenna Long and Aldridge LLP, Washington, D.C.
ROBERT C.BEARDSLEY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ROSINA M.BIERBAUM,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
RAFAEL L.BRAS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
MARY ANNE CARROLL,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
WALTER F.DABBERDT,
Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado
KERRY A.EMANUEL,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
CASSANDRA G.FESEN,
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
JENNIFER A.LOGAN,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
WILLIAM J.RANDEL,
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
ROGER M.WAKIMOTO,
University of California, Los Angeles
JOHN C.WYNGAARD,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Ex Officio Members
ANTONIO J.BUSALACCHI, JR.,
University of Maryland, College Park
ERIC F.WOOD,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Staff
CHRIS ELFRING, Director
SHELDON DROBOT, Program Officer
AMANDA STAUDT, Program Officer
JULIE DEMUTH, Research Associate
ELIZABETH A.GALINIS, Senior Program Assistant
ROB GREENWAY, Senior Program Assistant
DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Coordinator
ANDREAS SOHRE, Financial Associate
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This workshop summary could not have been produced without the contributions of many individuals who offered their time, expertise, and knowledge. A steering committee planned the workshop. The steering committee members were Michael J.Prather (Chair), University of California, Irvine; Ann Camp, Yale University; Jeanne Nienaber Clarke, University of Arizona; Ruth S.Defries, University of Maryland; John Harrington, Jr., Kansas State University; Richard A.Houghton, Woods Hole Research Center; Rattan Lal, Ohio State University; and Ian Roy Noble, The World Bank. The committee suggested workshop topics, identified speakers, and drafted the workshop agenda. Committee members did not participate in the workshop summary. The steering committee thanks all of the speakers (see Appendixes A and B) and those who attended and contributed to the workshop.
This summary has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following individuals for their review of this summary: Richard A.Houghton, The Woods Hole Research Center, George Hurtt, University of New Hampshire, James Katzer, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (retired), Dennis Ojima, Colorado State University, Michael J.Prather, University of California, Irvine, and Ron Sass, Rice University
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see a final draft of the summary before its release. The review of the summary was overseen by Thomas Graedel of Yale University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authors and the institution.