National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

ANIMAL HEALTH AT THE CROSSROADS

PREVENTING, DETECTING, AND DIAGNOSING ANIMAL DISEASES

Committee on Assessing the Nation’s Framework for Addressing Animal Diseases

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this summary was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the summary were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report was supported by the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-09259-0 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 0-309-533384 (PDF)

Library of Congress Control Number 2005932662

Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 2005 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

COMMITTEE ON ASSESSING THE NATION’S FRAMEWORK FOR ADDRESSING ANIMAL DISEASES

LONNIE J. KING, Chair,

Michigan State University, East Lansing

MARGARET A. HAMBURG, Vice Chair,

Nuclear Threat Initiative, Washington, D.C.

SHARON ANDERSON (Emeritus),

North Dakota State University, Fargo

ALFONZA ATKINSON (deceased),

Tuskegee University, Alabama

CORRIE BROWN,

University of Georgia, Athens

TIMOTHY J. HERRMAN,

Texas A&M University, College Station

SHARON K. HIETALA,

University of California, Davis

HELEN H. JENSEN,

Iowa State University, Ames

CAROL A. KEISER,

C-BAR Cattle Company, Inc., Champaign, Illinois

SCOTT R. LILLIBRIDGE,

The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston

TERRY F. MCELWAIN,

Washington State University, Pullman

N. OLE NIELSEN (Emeritus),

University of Guelph, Spruce Grove, Alberta, Canada

ROBERT A. NORTON,

Auburn University, Alabama

MICHAEL T. OSTERHOLM,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

M. PATRICIA QUINLISK,

Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines

LINDA J. SAIF,

The Ohio State University, Wooster

MARK C. THURMOND,

University of California, Davis

KEVIN D. WALKER,

Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture, Coronado, Costa Rica

National Research Council Staff

ROBIN SCHOEN, Study Director (since December 2004)

ELISABETH A. REESE, Study Director (July 2004 to December 2004)

TINA I. ROUSE, Study Director (through June 2004)

PEGGY TSAI, Research Associate (since November 2004)

TANJA PILZAK, Research Assistant (through July 2004)

DONNA WILKINSON, Research Intern

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

MAY BERENBAUM, Chair,

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

SANDRA BARTHOLMEY,

University of Illinois, Chicago

ROGER N. BEACHY,

Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri

H.H. CHENG,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

W.R. GOMES,

University of California, Oakland

ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,

University of California, Riverside

PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN,

Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts

JEAN HALLORAN,

Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York

HANS R. HERREN,

Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia

DANIEL P. LOUCKS,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

WHITNEY MACMILLAN (Emeritus),

Cargill, Incorporated, Minneapolis, Minnesota

BRIAN W. MCBRIDE,

University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

TERRY MEDLEY,

E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware

N. OLE NIELSEN (Emeritus),

Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada

ROBERT PAARLBERG,

Wellesley College, Watertown, Massachusetts

ALICE N. PELL,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

BOBBY PHILLS,

Florida A&M University, Tallahassee

PEDRO A. SANCHEZ,

The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York

SONYA SALAMON,

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

B.L. TURNER II,

Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts

TILAHUN D. YILMA,

University of California, Davis

JAW-KAI WANG,

University of Hawaii, Manoa

National Research Council Staff

CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director (through October 2004)

ROBIN SCHOEN, Director (since November 2004)

KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant

DONNA LEE JAMEISON, Senior Program Assistant

AUSTIN LEWIS, Program Officer

PEGGY TSAI, Research Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

Acknowledgments

This report represents the integrated efforts of many individuals. The committee thanks all those who shared their insight and knowledge to bring the document to fruition. We also thank all those who provided information at our public meetings and who participated in our public sessions.

During the course of its deliberations, the committee sought assistance from many people who gave generously of their time to provide advice and information that the committee considered in its deliberations. Special thanks are due the following:

Bruce Akey, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets

David Asher, United States Food and Drug Administration

John C. Bailar III, University of Chicago

Norman Crouch, Association of State Public Health Laboratories

Andrew Cupit, Embassy of Australia

Ron DeHaven, United States Department of Agriculture

Richard Dierks, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

Leland Ellis, United States Department of Homeland Security

Brian Evans, Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Nathan Flesness, International Species Information System

Glen Garris, United States Department of Agriculture

Lawrence Heider, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

Peter J. Johnson, United States Department of Agriculture

Elizabeth Krushinskie, Pilgrim’s Pride Corporation

Karen E. Lawson, United States Department of Agriculture

Andrew Maccabe, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

Curt Mann, White House Homeland Security Council

Maureen McCarthy, United States Department of Homeland Security

Thomas McKenna, United States Department of Agriculture

Lawrence E. Miller, United States Department of Agriculture/ Veterinary Services

Andrea Morgan, United States Department of Agriculture/ Veterinary Services

Mo Salman, Colorado State University

Scott Severin, Department of Defense Veterinary Service Activity

Nga Tran, Exponent, Inc. Food & Chemicals Practice

Leon Weaver, Bridgewater Dairy LLC

Gary Weber, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association

Elizabeth Williams, University of Wyoming

Terry Wilson, United States Department of Agriculture

The committee is also grateful to members of the National Research Council staff who worked diligently to maintain progress and quality in its work, and to Paula Whitacre, for editing the report.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Alex Ardans, University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab

Nancy L. Ascher, University of California, San Francisco

Peter Eyre, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

E. Paul J. Gibbs, University of Florida

George M. Gray, Harvard School of Public Health

Donald A. Henderson, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

Bob Hillman, Texas Animal Health Commission

Dennis F. Kohn, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Gary Jay Kushner, Hogan & Hartson L.L.P

F.A. (Ted) Leighton, University of Saskatchewan

James D. McKean, Iowa Pork Industry Center

Harley Moon, Iowa State University

Suzanne Kennedy Stoskopf, Pylon Research Laboratories

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Linda Cork, Stanford University, and Mary Jane Osborn, University of Connecticut Health Center. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

This report is dedicated to the memory of Alfonza Atkinson, a member of the Committee on Assessing the Nation’s Framework for Addressing Animal Diseases.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

Preface

The committee was charged to assess the country’s framework to support animal health in the context of our rapidly changing world and the contemporary challenges faced by those involved in animal health and diseases. In this report, the first of an intended three-part series, the committee members were asked to focus on the prevention, detection, and diagnosis of animal diseases and the dynamics of these systems as part of the overall animal health framework. It has also set the groundwork for two other studies and subsequent reports that will follow to assess the surveillance and response systems within the framework.

The world of animals—domestic, wildlife, and food-producing—and their health has increased in complexity and importance over the last century. In addition, the challenges and opportunities for animal health that have become especially apparent over the last several decades are unprecedented. Our animal health system is inextricably interwoven into both our national and global economy, as well as numerous societal issues including the public’s health. Animal agriculture, in particular, finds itself in the midst of fundamental change and transforming forces. The scope, scale, and potential implications of the global food-animal system and its associated infrastructure to monitor and support animal health and food safety work is without precedent. In their examination of the animal health framework, with special reference to prevention, detection, and diagnosis, the committee members were struck with the new interdependence of animal health concerns and needs with issues such as public health and medicine, economics, global trade, and national and international security. Virtually all aspects of the current animal health frame-

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

work are impacted by a related set of new challenges, relationships, and interactions that have emerged outside of traditional agricultural communities.

Because of its striking interdependence and connectiveness, animal health finds itself truly at a crossroads. This fact was made further evident as the committee examined contemporary threats and challenges, reviewed the framework from the retrospective analyses of recent disease events, and studied the gap between the current framework systems and what is needed for success. While the committee considered companion animals and wildlife as part of the animal health framework, this report emphasizes food-animals based on the nature and enormous challenges unique to this sector and the urgent need to address them.

The committee purposely had a significant human health component, which added greatly to its understanding and appreciation of the convergence of human and animal health and the strong linkage between animal and public health. The contemporary issues of emerging infectious diseases, new zoonoses, bio- and agroterrorism, antimicrobial resistant pathogens, and global health threats reaffirm the importance of the convergence and the consideration of these influences on the future of animal health and its associated framework.

The committee examined other reports and publications, listened to invited speakers, engaged in lengthy discussions, and brought together diverse perspectives and a variety of experts. Through this process and deliberations, a strong consensus developed from the current crossroads that the United States must pursue a very different path; the future of animal health and the prevention, detection, and diagnosis systems will have to be very different from the past. The animal health framework in the United States is ripe for a transformation characterized by improvements in capacity and skills, new strategic partnerships, integration of its work processes and systems, the understanding and adoption of new technologies, and a broader global perspective.

The U.S. animal population and its associated animal health framework represent an exceptional national asset that impacts the lives of people everyday. Yet, the very people whose lives are improved and who benefit from their relationship with animals and their products are progressively less aware, fail to perceive the relevancy, and consequently are seemingly less supportive of the animal health enterprise. This fact will add a significant burden to the needed transformation effort.

The National Academies convened this committee to assess and address the national animal health framework at a very special time in the history of animal health. The committee’s findings and recommendations support the compelling need for significant changes to create a new future. The decisions made today will define this future, not decisions made

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

tomorrow. The title of the report uses the analogy of a crossroads. This analogy suggests that multiple options and pathways exist to the future; however, the committee and its recommendations support the notion that an entirely new pathway needs to be created that will significantly change both the planners and implementers of the framework, and, most importantly, the ultimate destination.


Lonnie King, Chair

Margaret Hamburg, Vice Chair

Committee on Assessing the Nation’s Framework for Addressing Animal Diseases

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
   

 Recently Emergent Diseases in North America: Monkeypox and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy,

 

88

   

 Previously Unknown Agents,

 

96

   

 Endemic Diseases: Avian Influenza, Chronic Wasting Disease, and West Nile Virus,

 

102

   

 Novel and Bioengineered Pathogens,

 

114

   

 Intentionally Introduced Pathogens and Diseases of Toxicological Origin,

 

116

   

 Summary,

 

117

4

 

GAPS IN THE ANIMAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK

 

118

   

 Introduction,

 

118

   

 Coordination of Framework Components,

 

119

   

 Technological Tools for Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases,

 

121

   

 Scientific Preparedness for Diagnosing Animal Diseases: Laboratory Capacity and Capability,

 

122

   

 Animal Health Research,

 

124

   

 International Issues,

 

126

   

 Addressing Future Animal Disease Risks,

 

127

   

 Education and Training,

 

128

   

 Improving Public Awareness of the Economic, Social, and Human Health Effects of Animal Diseases,

 

130

   

 Summary,

 

131

5

 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING THE ANIMAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK

 

133

   

 Introduction,

 

133

   

 Coordination of Framework Components,

 

134

   

 Technological Tools for Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases,

 

135

   

 Scientific Preparedness for Diagnosing Animal Diseases: Laboratory Capacity and Capability,

 

137

   

 Animal Health Research,

 

140

   

 International Issues,

 

143

   

 Addressing Future Animal Disease Risks,

 

146

   

 Education and Training,

 

147

   

 Improving Public Awareness of the Economic, Social, and Human Health Effects of Animal Diseases,

 

149

   

 Summary,

 

150

 

 

REFERENCES

 

153

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Tables

2-1

 

Employment of U.S. Veterinarians Who Are AVMA Members,

 

34

2-2

 

DHS Border and Transportation Security (BTS), Bureau of Custom and Border Protection (CBP), and Other Components Addressing Animal Diseases,

 

61

2-3

 

First-Year Employment, 2004 Veterinary Graduates in Various Fields,

 

68

2-4

 

Active, Board-Certified Diplomates,

 

71

3-1

 

Timeline of 2002-2003 Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) Outbreak,

 

82

3-2

 

Timeline of Key Influenza Events,

 

104

4-1

 

Primary Federal Jurisdictions for Specific Animal Diseases,

 

120

Figures

S-1

 

Interactions of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs),

 

5

1-1

 

Interactions of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs),

 

24

2-1

 

Key Federal Agencies Addressing Animal Diseases,

 

36

Boxes

S-1

 

Impacts from Recent Disease Events,

 

3

1-1

 

Study Overview and Statement of Task for Phase One,

 

17

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×

1-2

 

Animal Diseases Addressed in This Report,

 

19

1-3

 

General Terminology Used in This Report,

 

20

2-1

 

Components of the Animal Health Framework,

 

31

2-2

 

Examples of Evolving Technologies That Enhance Prevention, Detection, and Diagnosis,

 

46

2-3

 

Definitions of Level 3 Biocontainment Facilities in the Animal Health Framework,

 

59

3-1

 

Animal Diseases Addressed in This Chapter,

 

78

3-2

 

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Epidemic in Great Britain in 2001,

 

86

3-3

 

Recent Emergence of Monkeypox in the United States,

 

89

3-4

 

Single Case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Washington State,

 

92

3-5

 

The 2003 SARS Outbreak,

 

98

5-1

 

Examples of Preparedness, Prevention, and Detection Plan of Action,

 

136

5-2

 

Government/Industry/University Research Partnership,

 

141

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R16
Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R17
Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R18
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R19
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2005. Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11365.
×
Page R20
Next: Summary »
Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $55.00 Buy Ebook | $43.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The confirmed case of "mad cow" disease (BSE) in June 2005 illustrates the economic impact of disease outbreaks, as additional countries closed their markets to U.S. beef and beef products. Emerging diseases also threaten public health--11 out of 12 of the major global disease outbreaks over the last decade were from zoonotic agents (that spread from animals to humans).

Animal Health at the Crossroads: Preventing, Detecting, and Diagnosing Animal Diseases finds that, in general, the U.S. animal health framework has been slow to take advantage of state-of-the-art technologies being used now to protect public health; better diagnostic tests for identifying all animal diseases should be made a priority. The report also recommends that the nation establish a high-level, authoritative, and accountable coordinating mechanism to engage and enhance partnerships among local, state, and federal agencies, and the private sector.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!