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Appendix A Examples of Scientific Accomplishments and Relevant Satellite Missions TABLE A.1â Examples of Landmark Satellite Missions That Have Contributed Significantly to the Scientific Accomplishments Discussed in this Report Satellite Accomplishment ATS/SMS/GOES ⢠Weather observations of the tropics and midlatitudes from geostationary altitude (2, 3) Meteosat ⢠Tropical cyclone detection and forecasting (3) GMS Aura ⢠Observing stratospheric ozone (5) ⢠Observing trace gases in the stratosphere, ozone chemistry (5) ⢠Observing trace gases in the troposphere, tropospheric chemistry and transport (5) ⢠Tropospheric ozone (5) ⢠Global climatology of aerosols (4) CloudSat ⢠Global distribution of cloud properties (4) CALIPSO Envisat ⢠Stratospheric ozone (5) ⢠Stratospheric trace gases (5) ⢠Tropospheric ozone (5) ⢠Tropospheric trace gases (5) ERS 1 and 2 ⢠Observing stratospheric ozone (5) ⢠Observing trace gases in the stratosphere (5) ⢠Tropospheric ozone (5) ⢠Observing trace gases in the troposphere (5) ⢠Glacier extent and position of equilibrium line (7) ⢠Understanding ocean tides (8) ⢠Westward-propagating sea surface height variability (8) ⢠Mapping global fires (10) ⢠First images of earthquakes (11) Explorer 7 ⢠Earth radiation budget (2, 4) GPS ⢠Plate tectonics (11) GRACE ⢠Analysis of groundwater (6) ⢠Geodesy (11) ⢠Mean Gravity Model (11) ICESat ⢠Ice shelf collapse (7) continued 121
122 APPENDIX A TABLE A.1â Continued Satellite Accomplishment LAGEOS ⢠Geodesy (11) Landsat ⢠Seasonal snow cover (6) ⢠Increasing growing season (9) ⢠Studying plant physiology (9) ⢠Monitoring agricultural lands (10) ⢠Estimating tropical deforestation (10) ⢠Mapping global land cover (2, 10) ⢠Understanding desertification (10) ⢠Monitoring urban areas (10) Nimbus series ⢠Observing stratospheric dynamics (5) ⢠Observing distribution and decrease of stratospheric ozone (5) ⢠Measuring stratospheric trace gases (5) ⢠Antarctic ozone hole (5) ⢠Tropospheric ozone (5) ⢠Declining Arctic summer sea ice (7) ⢠Satellite images corroborate Sverdrupâs theory (8) ⢠First global maps of marine primary productivity (9) ⢠First atmospheric soundings (3, 4, 5) NOAA ⢠Impact of a volcanic eruption on climate (4) ⢠Global sea surface temperature observations (8) ⢠Atmospheric temperature and moisture soundings for weather prediction (3) ⢠Monitoring global total ozone column over Antarctica (5) QuikScat ⢠Ocean wind measurements reveal two-way ocean-atmosphere interaction (8) RadarSat ⢠Nonuniform and dynamic ice streams in Antarctica (7) ⢠Declining Arctic summer sea ice (7) SRTM ⢠Use of satellite-derived elevation data in hydrology (6) ⢠First fine-resolution topography map (11) Terra/Aqua ⢠Distribution of tropospheric carbon monoxide, ozone precursor (5) ⢠Mapping global fires (10) ⢠Indirect effects of aerosols (4) ⢠Global distribution of cloud properties (4) ⢠Global climatology of aerosols (4) ⢠Global marine and terrestrial primary productivity (9) ⢠The carbon cycle (9) TIROS ⢠Weather imagery (2, 3) ⢠Numerical weather prediction (3) TOPEX/Poseidon ⢠Global mean sea level (8) ⢠Understanding ocean tides (8) ⢠Westward propagating sea-surface height variability (8) ⢠Discovery of internal tides and their contribution to ocean mixing (8) ⢠El Niño (9) TRMM ⢠Precipitation over the oceans and the tropics (6) ⢠Ligntning as source of tropospheric NOx (5) UARS ⢠Stratospheric ozone distribution (5) ⢠Role of chloride in ozone depletion (5) ⢠Transport and partitioning of chlorine species in stratosphere (5) ⢠Depiction of tropical tape recorder (5) NOTE: ERS = European Remote Sensing Satellite; GOME = Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment; GPS = Global Positioning System; GRACE = Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment; ICESat = Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite; NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; SRTM = Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; TIROS = Television InfraRed Observation Satellite; TOPEX = Topography Experiment; TRMM = Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.