Index
A
Abdominal surgery, 41
Acetaminophen, 76
Acupuncture, 84
Adaptation, 2, 7-9, 18, 29-31, 100-101
α2-Adrenergic agonists, 90-92
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 51
Age, see Maturity
Alopecia, 103
American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), 1
Amphibians, euthanasia of, 107, 113, 115-116
Amphibians: Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory Animals, 116
see also Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
Opioids
Anderson, M.D., Cancer Center, University of Texas, 103
Anemia, 103
and euthanasia, 106-107, 113, 116
and muscle relaxants, 79-82
and salivation, 81
Anesthesia in Fish, 116
Animal Welfare Regulations, 1, 96
Antibody production, 101
Antipsychotics, 86-89
Anxiolytics, see Sedatives and tranquilizers
Ascites, 103
Atropine, 64
Autolysis, 102-103
Azaperone, 89
B
maladaptive, 2, 3, 4-5, 7-9, 18, 22, 49-50, 54-55, 86, 98
signs of pain, 33-37, 41-45, 55
signs of stress and distress, 45-50, 95-98
signs of well-being, 47
stereotypic, 52
Benzodiazepines, 89-90
Biochemical processes, 4, 12, 14, 50-52
Birds, 44
Blood withdrawal, 101
Bradykinin, 11-12
Buprenorphine, 74-75
Burdizzo forceps, 115
Butorphanol, 74
Butyrophenones, 89
C
Calcitonin, 52
Cannibalization, 102-103
Carbon dioxide, 108-109, 113, 114, 115, 116
Carbon monoxide, 108
Carnivores, 59
Cats, 13-14, 42, 65, 68, 91, 107
analgesic dosages for, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 59, 63, 66
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
analgesic dosages for, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 66
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
Cephalopods, 82
Cerebral cortex, 14-15
Cervical dislocation, 110, 113, 114, 115
Chinchillas, ketamine dosages for, 66
α-Chloralose, 78
Chloroform, 108
Clinical signs
of pain, 5, 6, 33-37, 41-45, 50-52
of stress and distress, 45-52
euthanasia of, 111, 113, 115-116
Comfort, definition of, 3
Committee on Animal Research, New York Academy of Sciences, 36
Conspecific relationships, see Social relationships
Corticosteroids, 51
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 51
Cranial concussion, 109-110, 113, 114, 115
Crocodilians, euthanasia of, 113
Curiosity, 97-98
Cyclohexamines, 63-68
D
Decapitation, 104-105, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115
Defensive responses, 23-24, 96
Definitions, 2-9
Depression, 98
Descending control mechanisms, 15-16
Detomidine, 91
Diagnosis, see Clinical signs
Diarrhea, 103
Discomfort, definition of, 3
Dissociative anesthetics, 63-68
Distress
clinical signs of, 45-52
continuum of, 7-8
definition of, 4-5
models of, 7-9
analgesic dosages for, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
postsurgical pain in, 37
Dorsal column postsynaptic
spinomedullary system, 14
Dorsal horn nociceptive mechanisms, 12-14
Dosages, 56
of analgesics, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77
of anesthetics, 59-60, 63, 65, 66, 67
of ketamine, 65-68
of muscle relaxants, 79
of neuroleptanalgesics, 69, 70
of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 77, 78
of opioids, 72-75
of pancuronium, 79
of phenothiazines, 88-89
of sedatives and tranquilizers, 86-92
of xylazine, 91-92
Drug-abuse potential, 64, 106, 112
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 112
Drugs, see Pharmacologic approaches; specific types and classes
Dry ice, 108
E
Ecologic dimensions, 18, 19-28, 46, 94-98
Eicosanoids, 76
Electric shock, 29
Emesis, 72
Endorphins, 51
End-tidal alveolar concentration, 59-60
Environment
enrichment of, 25, 30, 48, 98, 99-100
predictability of, 28-29, 97-98
Epidural injection, 75
Epinephrine, 51
Equilibrium, see Adaptation; Homeostasis
Ether, 108
Ethical considerations, 38-40
Euthanasia, 102-116
Euthanasia of Amphibians and Reptiles, 115
Experimental design, 17, 46, 54-55, 100-101
and euthanasia, 102-103
F
Feeding behavior, 26-28, 47, 97
Ferrets, euthanasia of, 113, 114
Fetal surgery, 82-83
anesthesia for, 59
Food, 100
see also Feeding behavior;
Feeding puzzles;
Foraging;
Nutrition
Frogs, euthanasia of, 113, 116
G
GABA-chloride ionophore receptor complex, 90
Geese, euthanasia of, 115
Gender, and social space, 21, 95
and muscle relaxants, 80
Glucagon, 51
opioid dosages for, 75
sedative dosages for, 88
Grooming, 23
Growth hormone, 51
analgesic dosages for, 70, 73, 75
anesthetic dosages for, 63, 66
euthanasia of, 114
sedative dosages for, 88
H
Habitat, 19-20
Hamsters
anesthetic dosages for, 63, 66
euthanasia of, 114
sedative dosages for, 88
Handling, 21, 23, 29, 35, 98-99
Hepatic enzymes, 56
Herbivores, 56
anesthetic dosages for, 66
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
sedative dosages for, 88, 89, 92
Human contact, 21, 23, 29, 35, 98-99
Human drug-abuse potential, 64, 106, 112
Husbandry practices, 29, 46, 93-100
Hydrogen cyanide, 108
Hyperalgesia, 11
Hyperglycemia, 51
Hypoxia, 108
I
IACUCs, see Institutional animal care and use committees
Icterus, 103
Immature animals, 21-22, 95, 98-99
Immobility reflex, 83-84
Immunization, 101
Inbred animals, 46
Infant-parent bonds, see Maternal dependence
Inflammation, 35
and opioid synthesis, 14
see also Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Inhalational agents, anesthetic, 58-60
Insects, 82
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR), 2
Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), 36, 79, 103 , 104
Insulin, 51
Intracardiac injection, 111, 114, 116
Intraperitoneal injection, 62-63, 111, 114, 116
Intrapulmonic injection, 111
Intravenous agents, for anesthesia, 60, 62-63, 70
for euthanasia, 111-112, 114, 115, 116
Isoflurane, 59
K
Ketamine hydrochloride, 63-68, 112
L
Lesions, 103
Lethargy, 103
Leukotrienes, 11
Lizards, euthanasia of, 113, 116
M
Maladaptive behavior, 2, 3, 4-5, 7-9, 18, 49-50, 54-55, 86
caused by social deprivation, 22, 98
Maternal dependence, 21-22, 27-28, 94
Mechanoreceptors, 12
Meperidine, 74
Methylated oxybarbiturates, 61, 62
Metomidate, 89
Mice, 43
analgesic dosages for, 70, 73, 75, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 59, 63
sedative dosages for, 88
Microwave irradiation, 110-111
Midazolam, 90
Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), 59-60
Models of distress, 7-9
Monitoring, of euthanasia, 104
Monkeys, see Primates
Morbidity, 102-103
Motivational demand, 49-50
MS 222 euthanatizing agent, 113, 116
Muscle relaxants, 79-82, 89, 90
Musculoskeletal disorders, 36
Myelinated nociceptors, 11
N
Naturalistic environments, 99
Neonatal surgery, 82-83
Nesting, 24
Neuroendocrine activity, 4, 12, 14, 50-52
Neuroleptanalgesics, 68-70, 87
Neuroleptics, 86-89
Neurologic problems, 103
Neurosurgery, 54
Newts, euthanasia of, 113
New York Academy of Sciences, Committee on Animal Research, 36
1986 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia, 102
Nociception, 5-6, 10-16, 54-55
in neonates and fetuses, 82-83
Nociperception, 5
Nocturnal species, 48
Nonhuman primates, see Primates
Nonpain causes of stress, 17-31, 45, 46, 93-101
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 12, 75-78
Norepinephrine, 51
Novelty
Nurturing, see Maternal dependence
O
Operant conditioning, 55
Opioid antagonists, 52, 69, 71-75
Opioids, 14, 15-16, 51, 57, 61, 68-75, 91, 112
Outbred animals, 46
Oxymorphone, 74
P
clinical signs of, 5, 6, 33-37, 41-45, 50-52
in distress models, 8-9
sensitivity range, 6
studies of, 53-55
see also Nociception
Palpation, 35
Pancuronium, 79-80
Paralysis, 103
Paresis, 103
Pentobarbital, 61-63, 112, 114, 115, 116
Personnel
Phencyclidine hydrochloride, 64
Phenothiazine, 86-89
Physiologic response, 4, 31, 47, 50-52
Pigs, 44
anesthetic dosages for, 59, 67
euthanasia of, 107
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
Polymodal nociceptors, 11
Predator-prey relationships, 23-24, 96
Primates, 12, 13-14, 15, 41-42, 65, 98-99, 100-101
analgesic dosages for, 70, 73, 75, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 65
feeding behavior, 27
sedative dosages for, 88
social bonds among, 22-23
Prolactin, 51
Prostaglandins, 11
Q
Quadripole mass spectrometers, 60
R
analgesic dosages for, 70, 73, 75, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 63, 67
tonic immobility in, 84
Rats, 13-14, 24-25, 26, 43, 50, 99, 100
analgesic dosages for, 70, 73, 75, 77
anesthetic dosages for, 63, 67
euthanasia of, 114
sedative dosages for, 88
Regulation, 1
Relief of Pain in Cold-Blooded Vertebrates, 116
Reproduction, 94
Reptiles, 44-45
euthanasia of, 107, 113, 115-116
Respiratory problems, 103
Restraint, 35, 55, 80, 83-84, 97, 100-101, 105
Rodents, 21, 27, 43, 59, 62-63, 64
euthanasia of, 107, 109, 113, 114
see also Mice;
Rats
Ruminants, see Cattle;
Goats;
Sheep
S
Salamanders, euthanasia of, 113
Salivation, and anesthesia, 81
Scent-marking, 96
Sedatives and tranquilizers, 58, 61, 72, 86-92, 101, 105
Sensitivity range, 6
Sensitization, 11
analgesic dosages for, 75
anesthetic dosages for, 67
muscle-relaxant dosages for, 79
sedative dosages for, 88
Snakes, euthanasia of, 113, 116
Social relationships, 20-23, 95, 98-100
and euthanasia, 105
Sodium pentobarbital, 112, 114, 115, 116
Space, among animals, 20-21, 95
Spinocervical tract, 13
Spinomesencephalic tract, 13-14
Spinothalamic tract, 12-13
Stereotypic behavior, 52
Sternotomy, 41
Stimulation, environmental, 29-30, 48
social, 23
Stresnil, 89
Stress
clinical signs of, 45-52
definition of, 3-9
environmental, 4, 7, 17-31, 47-48, 86, 93-95, 97, 98
nonpain causes of, 17-31, 45, 46, 93-101
psychologic, 4
Stunning, 109-110, 113, 114, 115
Surgical procedures, 36, 37, 41, 47, 54
anesthesia in, 64, 68-69, 80-82
on neonates and fetuses, 82-83
Swine, see Pigs
Sympathoadrenal system, 51
T
Thalamocortical mechanisms, 14-15
Thoracotomy, 41
Toads
anesthesia dosages for, 59
Tolerance of pain, 6, 41, 53-55
Tonic immobility, 83-84
Tortoises, euthanasia of, 113
Tracheal intubation, 58-59, 80
Training
of laboratory personnel, 1, 50, 104, 109
Tranquilizers, see Sedatives and tranquilizers
Transportation, 29
Tremors, 103
Tricaine methanesulfate, 113, 116
T-61 euthanizing agent, 112
Tumors, 103
Turkeys, euthanasia of, 115
Turtles, euthanasia of, 113, 116
U
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 116
University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 103
Urethane, 78
Urinary dysfunction, 103
U.S. Government Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training, 33
U.S. Public Health Service Policy for Humane Care and Use of Animals , 1
V
Valium, 90
Vasopressin, 51
Veterinarians, 104
W
Weight, 103
Wide-dynamic-range neurons, 12
Wild animals, 87
World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), 116
X
Z
Zolazepam, 68