Index
[Page numbers followed by b, f, t, and n refer to boxed text, figures, tables, and footnotes, respectively.]
A
Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, 146
Administration for Children and Families, 382, 394b
Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, 67-68, 91
Affordable Care Act, 167
Allegation of harm, 238-239
American Bar Association, 162, 214
Amtrak, 329-330
Anxiety disorders, 118, 119
Area Health Education Centers, 376
Arrest records, 44
Asian Health Services, 277-278, 283, 284, 287b, 308
Awareness and understanding of CSE
among health care providers, 102-103, 273-274, 276, 290-291
among support service providers, 261-262
among victims and at-risk children, 2, 20, 49, 52-53, 64, 124, 202, 376-377
barriers to interagency or multisector collaborations, 358
in child welfare services, 239-240
commercial sector initiatives to increase, 328-330
current shortcomings in, 6, 16, 19, 20, 374, 376, 386-387b
in education system, 103-104
efforts by nongovernmental
organizations to improve, 247-248
fact sheet for schools to enhance, 152-153, 310-311
federal programs for increasing, 152-153
objectives of, 7-8, 376
obstacles to, 2, 20
recommendations for increasing, 6, 374, 386-387b
role of commercial sector in promoting, 15b
role of nongovernmental organizations in promoting, 15b
stereotypes and misperceptions in, 275-276
See also Identification of CSE victims; Training
B
Bar associations, 14b, 395b
Boys as victims of CSE, 10, 92-93, 110, 123, 144, 246-247, 261, 264, 380
Building Child Welfare Response to Child Trafficking Handbook, 240
Bullying, 300-302
Bureau of Justice Assistance, 45, 348-349, 376
C
Case management, 101, 238-239, 257-258, 258f, 264
Center for the Human Rights of the Children, 240
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 63, 382
Chicago Alliance Against Sexual
Exploitation, 248-249, 263, 310-311
Child abuse and maltreatment
in childhood histories of CSE offenders, 109, 110
CSE and, 32, 32f
as CSE risk factor, 80-84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 124, 381-382
data collection on, 68-69
health care system model of care for, 281
mandated reporting of CSE as, 278
mental health consequences of, 118
multisector and interagency approaches to intervention with, 341-344
physical health consequences, 117
public health approach to, 283-284
role of education sector in addressing, 299-305
state child welfare systems, 168-169
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, 68, 151, 165
Child advocacy centers, 283, 342-344, 345b
Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade, 72
Child Protection Act, 146
Child protection system, 99-101. See also
Child protective services; Child
welfare services
Child protective services, 239. See also Child protection system; Child welfare services
Child welfare services, 237-240, 278-279.
See also Child protection system;
Child protective services Children’s Health Care of Atlanta, 286
Children’s Health Insurance Program, 167-168
Civil lawsuits, 151-152, 190, 388b, 390b
Code of Conduct for the Protection of
Children from Sexual Exploitation
Travel and Tourism, 328, 329
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 256
Cognitive impairment, 78-80, 89-90
Collaboration, interagency and multisector, 38, 338, 363-364
barriers to communication in, 360-361
child advocacy center model, 341-344, 345b
communication among support service providers, 262
family justice center model for, 345
federal efforts and investments in, 154-155, 346-351
funding for, 359-360
guidelines and technical assistance for, 11, 383-384
incentives for, 359
information sharing among law
enforcement agencies, 327-328
information-sharing tools for, 12, 362-363, 384-385, 392-393b
national strategy for, 187
Operation Cross Country, 201b
opportunities for improving current efforts, 357-363
outcomes research, 342-343, 346, 364
President’s Interagency Task Force to
Monitor and Combat Trafficking, 240-241
private sector in, 329
in prosecution of sex trafficking cases, 214, 218
range of potential participants in, 337, 339-340, 340b
rationale for, 5, 11, 337-339, 364, 373, 383
recommendations for, 11-12, 383-385, 391-393b
in rural and tribal community areas, 362
sexual assault response team model, 346
shared understanding of CSE issues for, 358
state and local efforts, 351-357
structure and process for, 339, 340-341, 355f
for training, 357-358
Collective efficacy, 97
Colorado Network to End Human
Trafficking, 250
Commerce Clause, 144
Commercial sector
CSE offenders in, 324-326, 333
current efforts to combat CSE in, 323-324
definition, 323
laws to combat CSE applicable to, 330-333
research needs, 333
role in combating CSE, 15b, 37-38, 323, 326-330, 333-334, 396b
Commercial sexual exploitation of minors (CSE)
conceptual approach to study of, 3, 25-28, 371
consequences of, 1, 5, 19, 36-37, 77, 115-123, 372
crimes associated with, 1-2, 31
data sources on, 28-29, 41-47, 57-69, 72-73, 371-372, 372n
definitions and terminology for study of, 29-35, 48-49, 73
revenue generated by, 324-325
salient issues in study of, 4b
See also Awareness and understanding of CSE; Offenders, CSE; Prevalence and incidence; Prevention of CSE; Response to CSE; Sex trafficking of minors; Victims and survivors
Community-level risk factors, 96-99
Community Preventive Services Task Force, 298
Confidentiality, 166-167, 168
barriers to interagency or multisector collaboration, 358-359
challenges to CSE interventions in schools, 311-312
Congress, recommendations for, 13b, 394b
Consent
medical, 168
for sex, 145-146, 164
Continuum of care, 263
Cook County Human Trafficking Task Force, 347-348
Coordinated community response, 346
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 11, 383-384, 391-392b
County-based interventions, 353-356
Courtney’s House, 245-246, 250
Crime statistics, 49-51, 56-63, 73, 210
Crimes Against Children Unit, FBI, 199
Criminal justice system
allegation of harm for CSE in child welfare services, 238-239
barriers to prosecution of trafficking cases, 214-215
challenges for law enforcement responding to CSE, 205-207
civil remedy provisions, 151-152, 388b, 390b
collaborative partnerships to prosecute CSE, 352-353
CSE case law, 215
current efforts for CSE prevention and response, 37
current law enforcement practices with offenders, 210-213, 227-228
data on CSE, 44, 56-63
deterrents to solicitation, 115
evolution of CSE law enforcement in, 208-209
evolution of CSE law in, 37, 144-146
federal law enforcement interaction with victims in, 198-201
federal law enforcement practices with offenders in, 210-212
federal laws and regulations addressing CSE, 143, 144-145, 146-155, 183-184, 185, 332-333
frequency of CSE prosecutions, 214, 215
identification of CSE victims in, 216
information-sharing tools, 362-363
interpretation and use of CSE laws, 172-183
judiciary programs for juveniles arrested for prostitution, 224-226
juvenile justice system, 162-163, 197, 221-223
law enforcement in commercial sector, 330-333
legal consequences of CSE, 122-123
legal dependency, 168-169
legal representation for victims/survivors, 214-216
mandatory reporting laws, 25, 26-27b, 173-182, 278-279
“mistake of age” defense, 215-216
mistreatment of CSE victims in, 2, 8, 20, 24, 101-102, 120, 170, 184, 190, 202-203, 206-207
national strategy for CSE, 187
need for comprehensive resource for
CSE laws and programs, 149-150, 182-183, 188
obstacles to effective prevention and intervention in, 101
opportunities for improving interactions with CSE victims, 207-209
origins of CSE investigations, 205
promising interventions in, 186-187
prosecution of CSE crimes, 8-9, 216-221, 220b, 348, 378-379
prosecution of minors under prostitution laws, 8, 161-162, 190, 202, 206-207, 222-223, 224, 377-378, 387-388
recommendations for, 8-9, 13b, 377-379, 387-389b
review of CSE laws and policies in, 14b
role of, in responding to CSE, 143, 189, 197
scope of, 197
sources of evidence in CSE prosecutions, 206-207, 213, 218, 348, 378-379
specialized units for CSE investigation, 207-204
state law enforcement interaction with victims in, 202-205
state laws and regulations addressing CSE, 143, 145-146, 155-172
strengths and limitations of current legal framework, 183-186, 187-190
training of personnel in, 101, 185, 204, 207-208, 212, 216, 217b, 228
CSE. See Commercial sexual exploitation of minors
Cultural and societal norms, 104-105, 112-113
sexualization of young girls, 325-326
Cyber Tipline, 200b
D
Dallas High-Risk Victims Working Group, 345b, 360
Data collection and information management, 13b, 14-15b
barriers to interagency or multisector collaboration, 12, 358-359, 384
complications of mandated reporting, 278-279
current shortcomings, 12, 184-185, 380, 384
evaluation of support services, 253-254
on federal training efforts, 185
to identify financial behavior of offenders, 327
Innocence Lost database, 200-201
mandatory reporting, 25, 26-27b, 165-167, 173-182, 239
offender database for law enforcement agencies, 327-328
private efforts to help anti-trafficking organizations, 251
recommendations for information-sharing platform, 12, 384-385, 392-393b
tools for multisector collaboration, 362-363
See also Prevalence and incidence
Dating violence, 302-305
Definitions of key terms, 29-35
Demand for CSE, 5, 9, 10, 14b, 373, 378, 382
Department of Agriculture, 240
Department of Defense, 154, 240
Department of Education, 154, 240, 310
recommendations for, 6, 9, 374, 380, 386b, 389b
research activities in, 9
role in training and increasing awareness, 7, 152-153, 375, 376, 377
Department of Health and Human Services, 9, 240, 289, 382
recommendations for, 6, 9, 374, 380, 386b, 389b
role in training and increasing awareness, 7, 8, 152, 375, 376, 377
support programs of, 150, 151, 153-154, 241, 242, 249
Department of Homeland Security, 154, 208, 240, 329-330, 363, 382
Department of Interior, 240
Department of Justice, 152, 154-155, 211-212, 240, 252, 339, 376, 382
Office for Victims of Crime, 150, 184, 242, 254, 339, 348-350, 376
Office of Justice Programs, 348-349
recommendations for, 6, 9, 374, 380, 386b, 389b
research activities in, 9
task forces funded by, 347-350
See also Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Department of Labor, 154, 240, 243
Department of State, 152, 154, 240
Department of Transportation, 240, 329-330
Dependency, legal, 168-169
Depression, 89, 118
Deterrence, 9, 226-227, 229, 378, 388b
Development, child and adolescent
adversity experiences in, 91-92
cognitive, 89-90
consequences of CSE in, 119
considerations of, in juvenile justice system, 162-163
cultural and societal influences in, 104-105
early pubertal maturation, 90-91
effects of trauma exposure, 255-256
life course approach to CSE interventions in schools, 312
onset of sexual activity, 82
risk factors for CSE in, 78, 84-85, 124
sexualization of young girls, 104-105, 124, 325-326
Directory of Technical Assistance for Anti-Human Trafficking Task Forces and Service Providers, 376
Disability, 90
Disrupted transitions/development, 84-85
Domestic Minor Demonstration Project, 350
Domestic Trafficking in Persons, 13b
Domestic violence, 94, 109, 121, 208-209, 255-256, 277-278, 281, 345
E
ECPAT-USA, 248. See also End Child Prostitution and Trafficking-United States of America
Education sector
alternative schools and programs, 314-316
challenges in addressing CSE in, 311-312
CSE training for employees of, 104, 312-314, 317
current programs for CSE recognition and intervention in, 103-104, 157, 298, 307-311
health care delivery in, 298, 313-314
opportunities for CSE prevention and intervention in, 297-298, 312-316
prevention of CSE in, 306, 307b role in combating CSE, 14b, 37, 305-306, 317
role in preventing and addressing child abuse and violence, 299-305
safe practice in, 104
school policies and protocols to combat CSE, 306
sexual health education programs, 311
student role in CSE intervention in, 316
Empowering Young Men to End Sexual Exploitation, 310-311
End Child Prostitution and Trafficking-United States of America, 328. See also ECPAT-USA
Enhanced Collaborative Model to Combat Human Trafficking, 348
Evidence-based Mental Health Treatment for Victims of Human Trafficking, 289
Executive Orders regarding CSE, 146, 153, 155, 332
F
Facilitators of CSE, 35
Family and Youth Services Bureau, 154
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 358-359
Family justice centers, 345
Family-level risk factors, 93-95, 109
Family Planning Program, 166-167, 168
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 44, 45, 58, 198-201
Federal Education Records Protection Act, 311-312
Federal Trade Commission, 154
Financial sector interventions, 327, 329
Foster care, 86, 87-88, 100, 167, 169. See also Systems-involved youth
Foundations and philanthropic organizations, 251-252, 396b
G
Gangs, 96, 97, 109, 325
Georgia Care Connection, 243, 357
Georgia Demand Study, 114
Girls Educational and Mentoring Services (GEMS), 225, 245, 249, 259
Global Business Coalition Against Trafficking, 330
Global Oversight Analysis Linking Systems, 308
Google, 251
Grossmont Union High School District, 307-308, 309f
H
Health care professionals
barriers to CSE training for, 276-277
barriers to reporting of CSE by, 274-275
current training programs for, 285-286, 376
mandatory reporting laws for, 166-167, 278-279
misperceptions of CSE victims by, 275-276
opportunities for intervention with CSE victims, 271-273
recognition of CSE in health care
settings, 103, 273-277
in school system, 298, 313-314
tools for CSE victim identification, 287-288, 287b
training needs of, 273-275, 290-291
See also Health care system
Health care system, 37
barriers to access and utilization, 120, 166, 167
confidentiality in, 166-167, 168
current CSE victim utilization of, 272
medical consequences of CSE, 116-118, 288, 289
minor consent considerations in, 168
models of care relevant to CSE in, 281-285, 291
nondisclosure by CSE victims in, 277-278
policies and protocols for responding to CSE, 279-280
research needs, 291
risk factors for CSE victims in, 102-103
screening for CSE in, 279-280, 282, 287b, 288
shortcomings of current CSE response in, 290-291
telemedicine technology, 285
trauma-informed approaches, 255-257, 288, 289
treatment of CSE victims in, 288-290
See also Health care professionals
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 168, 358-359
Health Resources and Services Administration, 376
H.E.A.T. (Human Exploitation and Trafficking) Watch Program, 218, 352-353, 360-361
Helping Women Recover, 256-257
HIV, 117-118
Homeless youth, 10, 66-67, 78, 85-87, 88, 120, 121-122, 153-154, 164, 380.
See also Vulnerable populations
Hotels, 323, 325, 328
Hotlines, 249-251, 329
Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, 286
Human trafficking
data collection on, 58, 60
specialized law enforcement units for investigating, 203-204
state laws against, 157-160
Human Trafficking Initiative (Chicago), 218
Human Trafficking Reporting System, 45-46
I
Identification of CSE victims, 44-45
avoidance of harm in, 3, 26
in health care system, 273-276, 279-280
lack of disclosure by CSE victims and, 277-278
law enforcement practices in, 206, 208
opportunities in education sector for, 297
research needs, 382
screening policies and protocols for, 279-280, 287b, 288
shortcomings of current efforts, 5, 372
software for identifying pornography, 326-327
stereotyped thinking as barrier to, 275-276
tools for health care professionals, 287-288, 287b
training of school nurses for, 313-314
Illinois Safe Children Act, 238, 240, 348, 378
Information management. See Data collection and information management
Innocence Lost National Initiative, 45, 199-201, 201b
Innocent Images National Initiative Unit, 199
Innovation Awards to Stop Human Trafficking, 252
Institute of Education Sciences, 14b, 395b
Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, 329
International Organization for Adolescents, 240, 287b, 347
International sex trafficking, 24
Internet. See Online and digital technologies
Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force Program, 153, 199, 211-212
Interpersonal relationships, consequences of CSE in, 119
Intervention. See Response to CSE
J
Johns, 34
JPMorgan Chase, 327
Justice Appropriations Act, 211
Juvenile delinquency laws, 162-163
Juvenile justice system, 162-163, 197, 221-223, 223b
K
Kristi House, 344, 360
L
La Strada International, 251
Labor trafficking, 24
Larkin Street Youth Services, 246-247
Law enforcement. See Criminal justice system
Learning disabilities, 90
LexisNexis, 327-328
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) youth, 10, 78, 88-89, 246-247, 380. See also Vulnerable populations
Liberty Asia, 251
LIFESKILLS, 253
Locus of control, 89
Los Angeles County STAR Court, 225-226
M
Mail order bride trade, 31
Mandatory reporting, 25, 26-27b, 165-167, 173-182, 239
complications of, 278-279
Mann Act. See White Slave Traffic (Mann) Act
Measurement, 47-55, 70-71, 73, 380
Measuring Rape and Sexual Assault in Bureau of Justice Statistics Household Surveys, 72
Media portrayals of sex and violence, 105, 323, 325-326, 330
Medicaid, 167-168
Memorandum on Steps to Combat Violence against Women and Trafficking in Women and Girls, 144
Mental health
consequences of adolescent dating violence, 303
consequences of CSE, 116, 118-119, 288, 289-290
risk factors for CSE, 81-82, 89-90
trauma-informed approaches to care, 255-257
Microsoft, 326-327
Midtown Community Court Services to Access Resources and Safety (STARS) Program, 224-225
Minority youth, 10, 105, 206, 380. See also Vulnerable populations
Motivating, Inspiring, Supporting, and Serving Sexually Exploited Youth, 245
Mount Sinai Sexual Assault and Violence Intervention, 259-260, 282
Multnomah County, Oregon, 353-354, 354f, 360
My Life, My Choice, 244, 249
N
National Association of Attorneys General, 214
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 104, 199, 200b, 327
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System, 68-69
National Crime Survey, 52
National Crime Victimization Survey, 50, 51, 52, 56, 62-63, 73
National District Attorneys Association, 214
National Human Trafficking Resource Center, 153, 247-248, 249-250, 287b, 329
National ICAC Task Force Program, 211-212
National Incident-Based Reporting System, 50n, 59-60, 61-62, 73
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 13b, 382, 394b
National Institute of Justice, 14b, 253, 395b National Institute of Mental Health, 13b, 382, 394b
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 64-66
National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction, 155, 185, 187
Native Americans, 156, 361-362
Neighborhood-level risk factors for CSE, 96-99
Nongovernmental organizations, 15b, 243-251, 396b
O
Oakland High School Wellness Center, 308-310
Offenders, CSE, 5
characteristics of solicitors, 111-115
civil lawsuits against, 151-152, 190
in commercial sector, 324-326
criminal statues targeting, 147-149
current law enforcement practice with, 210-213
definitions and terminology for study of, 34-35
demographic characteristics, 108
deterrence, 226-227, 229
facilitators and, 35
financial footprints of, 327
frequency of prosecution of, 214
peer relationships among, 96
penalties, 1, 145, 147, 158-159, 161, 165, 186, 210, 219-220, 226, 331, 379
percentage of men purchasing sex, 111
preventive interventions with, 111
prosecution of, 216-221, 220b
recommendations for legal treatment of, 8-9, 378-379, 388-389b
research needs, 190
review of laws and policies applicable to, 14b, 389b
sources of evidence against, 213, 378-379
wiretapping of, 213
women as, 108
See also Risk factors for offenders
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 3, 15b, 21, 185, 211, 382, 385, 392-393b
role in information management, 12, 385
role in training and increasing awareness, 7, 245, 375, 377
Office of Safe and Healthy Schools, 14b, 395b
Office of Safe and Healthy Students, 310
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, 152
Online and digital technologies
Internet-facilitated CSE, 47, 106b
law enforcement efforts in, 199, 200b, 210, 211-212
risk and protective factors in, 105, 106-107b, 125, 325
software for identifying pornography, 326-327
training for law enforcement on, 208
Operation Cross Country, 201 b
P
Partnership for Freedom, 252
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 167
Peer relationships as risk factors for CSE, 95-96
Phoenix Project, 362
PhotoDNA, 326-327
Pimp, 34, 109-110
Polaris Project, 153, 208, 245, 247-248, 251, 286
Pornography, 24, 145
software for identifying, 326-327
Postal Inspection Office, 154
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 81, 118
Poverty, 97-98
President’s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, 240-242, 350-351
President’s Interagency Trafficking Task Force, 155
Prevalence and incidence, 25, 36
challenges in estimating, 2, 41, 47-57, 71
current data on, 41-47, 57-69, 72-73, 184-185
need for data on, 10, 71-72, 74, 380
percentage of men purchasing sex, 111
perceptions of police agencies on, 203, 206
strategies for working with current data on, 70-71
Prevention of CSE
adaptation of child advocacy center model for, 345b
current efforts for, 37, 147, 188
current shortcomings of efforts for, 5, 372
curriculum for at-risk individuals, 244
federal programs for, 152-154
intervention with potential offenders for, 111, 113-114, 115
monitoring of effectiveness of efforts for, 14-15b
multiagency and interagency coordination for, 5, 154-155
nongovernmental organizations in, 248-249
opportunities in health care settings for, 271-273
recommendations for research on, 9, 13b
research needs in, 9, 10
rewards for innovation in, 252
role of commercial sector in, 326
role of education system in, 306, 307b
role of legal system in, 143
state laws and programs for, 155-172
See also Deterrence
Private sector. See Commercial sector
Project Safe Childhood Initiative, 199, 211-212
Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act, 146
Prostitution and sex work, 24, 31, 34, 41
characteristics of solicitors, 111-113
health consequences of, 116, 120
judiciary programs for juveniles arrested for, 224-226
prosecution of minors for, 8, 33-34, 146, 161-162, 190, 202, 206-207, 222-223, 224, 377-378, 387-388b
risk factors for, 80, 83, 93, 95, 99
state laws on, 145, 146, 160-162, 189
Protective factors, 10, 83-84
family-level, 94
neighborhood-level, 96, 97, 98
online and digital technologies as, 107b
peer-level, 95
in schools, 103
Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats (PROTECT) Our Children Act, 145, 146, 155, 211-212
Psychosocial functioning. See Mental health
Public health approach to CSE, 283-284
Q
Queens County Prostitution Diversion Court, 225
R
Race/ethnicity. See Minority youth Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Act, 219-220
Rape, 25, 145-146, 164-165, 303
Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools, 310
Recommendations
for collaboration in response to CSE, 11-12, 383-385, 391-393b
goals of, 5, 373
implementation strategies for, 13-15b, 394-396b
to increase awareness and understanding of CSE, 6, 374
for information-sharing platform, 12, 385, 393b
for legal treatment of offenders, 8-9, 378-379, 388-389b
for research, 9, 380-382, 389-391b
resources for implementation of, 5-6, 373-374
scope of, 4b, 22b, 38, 372
for treatment of victims and survivors, 8, 387-388b
Reconnecting Homeless Youth Act, 66
Regional Information Sharing systems Program, 363
Reproductive health, 117-118
Rescue and Restore Campaign, 152, 185, 287b
Research
on causes and prevention of CSE, 13b
on commercial-sector initiatives, 333
with CSE offenders, 108, 111, 113, 115
on CSE reporting laws, 173-182
on current prevention and response system, 189
current shortcomings in CSE knowledge base, 9, 10, 20-21, 28, 29, 123, 371
on demand reduction, 14b
on deterrents to CSE offenders, 227, 229
goals for, 2-3, 19-20, 21, 22b
on health care role in CSE prevention and treatment, 291
on health consequences of CSE, 288-290
institutional support for, 395b
priority areas for, 10, 381
publication and dissemination of, 10, 382
recommendations for, 9, 380-382, 389-391b
on risk factors for minority youth, 105
on safe harbor laws, 186-187
on support services, 189, 265
terminology for, 29-35
on training initiatives, 185
on vulnerable populations, 10, 380
Reservations and tribal lands, 156
Response to CSE
complications of mandated reporting, 278-279
current shortcomings in, 5, 372, 373
federal programs for early intervention, 153
in health care system, 102-103, 281-291
monitoring of effectiveness of, 14-15b, 185
national strategy for, 187
need for collaborative approaches in, 5, 11-12, 154-155, 373
need for information-sharing platforms in, 12
promising legal interventions, 186-187
recommendations for research on, 9, 10, 380, 381
research needs in, 9, 10, 20-21, 189, 380, 381-382
strategies for implementing recommendations to enhance, 13b
underserved areas, 361-362
See also Collaboration, interagency and multisector; Criminal justice system; Education sector; Support services
Risk factors for offenders
characteristics of solicitors, 111-115
in cultural and societal norms, 112-113
purchasers/solicitors, 107-108, 111-115
research challenges, 108
traffickers, 106-107, 108-111
Risk factors for victims, 123-125
chronic CSE involvement, 120-122
in cultural and societal norms, 104-105
early adversity experiences as, 91-92
ecological model of, 78, 79f
family-level, 93-95
individual-level, 78-93
interaction among, 78
minority status as, 105
neighborhood-level, 96-99
online and digital technologies as, 106-107b
peer-and extrafamilial-level, 95-96
research needs on, 381-382
scope of, 77-78
socioeconomic, 94-95, 97-98
systems-level, 99-103
See also Vulnerable populations
Risk-taking behavior, 81
Role models, 96
Runaway and Homeless Youth Management Information System, 66-67, 71
Runaway youth, 81, 85-86, 93, 96, 121, 163-164
Rural youth, 10, 361-362, 380. See also Vulnerable populations
S
Safe harbor laws, 146, 170-172, 174-183t, 184, 186-187
Safe Horizon, 350
Safer Choices, 316
Salvation Army, 212-213, 246, 250, 347, 350
Sampling, 53-55
Screening for CSE, 279-280, 282, 287b, 288
Self-esteem, 89, 118
Series victimization, 51
Services to Access Resources and Safety (STARS) program, 224-225
Sex tourism, 31, 144, 328
Sex trafficking of minors
data sources, 58-59, 60
terminology for study of, 30
See also Commercial sexual exploitation of minors
Sexual assault interagency councils, 346
Sexual assault multidisciplinary response teams, 346
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner, 281-282
Sexual assault response teams, 283, 346
Sexual Exploitation of Children Community Intervention Project, 245
Sexual health education, 311
Sexualization of young girls, 104-105, 124, 325-326
Sexually-transmitted disease, 103, 117-118, 122
Shared Hope International, 245, 247
Social-ecological approach, 78, 79f, 381
Socially responsible investing, 329
Socioeconomic status, 94-95, 97-98
Standing Against Global Exploitation, 245, 350
States, U.S.
anti-human trafficking laws of, 157-160
anti-prostitution laws of, 160-162
child welfare agencies in, 168-169, 237-240
collaborative partnerships sponsored by, 356-357
data collection on CSE by, 46-47
federal support for law enforcement efforts of, 211-212
health care provisions for CSE youth in, 167-168
juvenile delinquency laws of, 162-163
law enforcement practices with CSE offenders, 212-213
law enforcement practices with CSE victims, 202-205
laws and regulations addressing CSE, 143, 145-146, 155-156, 188-189
mandatory reporting laws, 165-167, 174-183t
model antitrafficking law, 155
prosecution of cross-border CSE, 173
recommendations for, 13b, 394b
safe harbor provisions in CSE laws, 170-172, 174-183t, 184, 186-187
status offenses, 163-164
strengths and limitations of current legal framework, 184, 185-186
victim and support services in, 243
Status offenses, 163-164
Statutory rape, 145-146, 164-165
Stereotyped thinking, 275-276
Stockholm syndrome, 288
STOP-IT Program, 212-213, 246, 250, 347
Street Outreach Program, 153-154
Stripping, 31
Substance use and abuse, 82, 86, 89, 92, 118, 119, 124
Succeed Through Achievement and Resilience (STAR) Court, 225-226
Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 354-356, 355f
Suicidal ideation and behavior, 118-119
Summary Reporting System, 57
Supplemental Homicide Reports, 59, 61
Support services, 37
awareness of CSE among providers of, 261-262
case management, 101, 238-239, 257-258, 258f, 264
challenges for professionals in, 235-236
challenges in conducting research in, 253-254
challenges in delivery of, 185
child welfare, 237-240
comprehensive continuum of care, 263
comprehensive listing of resources for, 12, 149-150, 182-183, 188, 241, 384
CSE risk factors in, 99-101
current performance evaluations, 253-254
data sources, 237
effects of CSE on access and utilization of, 120
federal requirements and resources for, 149-152, 240-243
foundations and philanthropic organizations in, 251-252, 396b
hotlines and help lines, 249-251
information sharing and communication among providers of, 262
lessons from related fields, 259-260
monitoring of effectiveness of, 14-15b, 185
needs of special populations, 261
nongovernmental organizations providing, 243-251
provisions in state CSE laws for, 159-160
research needs, 189, 265, 390-391b
research on approaches to service delivery, 254-260
risk of vicarious victimization among providers of, 262, 265
scope of providers and programs, 235, 236
shelter and housing, 260-261, 264
shortcomings of current system of, 183-186, 188-189, 260-263, 264, 265
social welfare services for CSE youth, 170, 245-247
state child welfare agencies, 168-169
statewide coordinated care approach to, 243
survivor-led/-informed approaches, 258-259
training programs for professionals in, 245, 261-262
trauma-informed care, 255-257, 264
underserved areas, 361-362
Support to End Exploitation Now (SEEN) Coalition, 216, 218, 354-356, 355f, 360-361
Survival sex, 31-32, 86, 120
Survivor-led/-informed approaches to service delivery, 258-259
Systems-involved youth, 10, 78, 87-88, 380
systems-level risk factors for CSE, 99-102
See also Vulnerable populations
T
Telehealth, 285
Tourism Child-Protection Code of Conduct, 248
Tourism industry, 328
Trafficking in Persons Report, 152
Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 42, 122, 144-145, 146, 151, 155, 172, 211, 219, 226, 228, 240, 242, 243, 346, 389b
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, 57, 60, 332-333, 350, 351
Training
audiences for, 7, 375
for child welfare professionals, 240
current efforts at, 6, 187, 374
current health care system, 285-286
for health care professionals, 273-275, 276-277, 290-291, 376
implementation strategies for, 7, 375-376
interagency or multisector collaboration for, 357-358
for law enforcement and criminal justice personnel, 101, 185, 204, 207-208, 212, 216, 217b, 228
leadership and oversight of, 7
opportunities for improving, in law enforcement, 207-208
rationale, 6, 374
to recognize victims of CSE, 216
recommendations for, 6, 374
research needs, 185
resources for, in health care system, 276-277
for school personnel, 104, 312-314, 317
for support service professionals, 245, 261-262
Transparency in Supply Chains Act (California), 331
Transportation industry, 329-330, 331-332
Trauma-informed care, 255, 264, 288, 289
Truckers Against Human Trafficking, 329
Trucking industry, 329
U
Undocumented residents, 23, 149
Uniform Crime Reporting, 44, 50-51, 57-59, 61, 73
U.S. Domestic Notification Pilot Program, 150
U.S. Probation Office, 154
V
Vicarious trauma/victimization, 262, 265
Victim, Survivor, Leader™, 245
Victim services. See Support services
Victims and survivors
age classification in research on, 23-24, 33, 64
boys as, 10, 92-93, 110, 123, 144, 246-247, 261, 264, 380
citizenship classification in research on, 21-23
civil remedies available to, 151-152
cooperation with authorities, 49, 56-57, 101, 202, 204, 206
fear of disclosure in health care settings, 277-278
federal protection of and assistance to, 149-152
hotlines and help lines for, 249-251
legal representation for, in prosecution of offenders, 214-216
opportunities for improving law enforcement interaction with, 207-209
perception and treatment of, in criminal justice system, 2, 8, 20, 24, 101-102, 120, 170, 186, 188, 190, 202-203
protections in state laws for, 159-160
recommendations for treatment of, 8, 377-378, 386b, 387b
self-awareness of, as victim, 2, 20, 49, 52-53, 64, 124, 202, 376-377
special challenges for, 2
terminology in study of, 30, 33-34, 49
trauma research with, 20
treatment in juvenile justice system, 164, 387-388b
See also Prevalence and incidence; Risk factors for victims; Support services
Violence Against Women Act, 122
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 144
Vulnerable populations, 13b
estimates of, 42-43
federal programs for intervention with, 153-154
research needs, 10, 380
supportive service providers for, 246-247
types of, 2, 10, 20, 78-80, 124
W
Washington State Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking protocol, 356-357
White Slave Traffic (Mann) Act, 144, 148, 149, 219
William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act. See Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act
Wiretapping, 213, 378
Women’s Foundation of Minnesota, 251-252
World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, 115
Y
Youth Risk Behavior Study, 63-64, 71