Index
A
Abortion, 287-288
Abrams, Donald, 100
Acer, David J., 62
Activism, see Advocacy and activist groups
ACT-UP, 92, 94, 96, 119, 166-168, 264-265
Advocacy and activist groups, 8, 14
cancer patients, 99
and drug development and approval, 89-92, 95-97, 101-102, 104, 107-108, 167-168
in New York City, 263-265
see also ACT-UP;
Community-based organizations;
Gay Men's Health Crisis
African Americans, 42, 171-172
churches, 123, 142-143, 149-150
and clinical research, 87, 104-105
gay men, 265-266
incarceration of, 16, 178, 179, 281
in New York City, 251-252, 275
AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), 92, 94, 95-97, 98, 102, 105-107
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, see ACT-UP
AIDS/HIV Experimental Treatment Directory, 101, 110
AIDS National Interfaith Network, 140
AIDS-related complex, 16, 91, 92
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 212, 213-214
Almarez, Rudolph, 61
American Foundation for AIDS Research, 101, 110
American Medical Association, 28, 32
Amphotericin B, 49
Antibody testing, see Testing and screening
ARC, see AIDS-related complex
Atlanta Declaration, 140
AZT, 52, 59, 67, 70, 91-92, 98, 105, 106-108, 191
B
Baltimore, Almarez case, 61
STD clinics, 40
Barrier protection, in health care settings, 12, 67-68
see also Condoms
Behavioral risks
criminal endangerment, 35-37
modification of, 25, 26, 37-38
see also Intravenous drug use and users;
Sexual behavior
Belmont report, 87-88
Bergalis, Kimberly, 62
Black Death, see Bubonic plague
Black population, see African Americans
Blacks Educating Blacks about Sexual Health issues, 150
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, 59
Blood donation, 161-162
Braschi v. Stahl Associates Co., 230, 232-235
Breast cancer, patient activism, 99
Broder, Samuel, 91
Bronchoscopies, 71
Budgets, see Costs of care;
Financing
Burroughs-Wellcome, 67, 91, 92, 167
C
Cancer
clinical trials, 100
hospice care, 52
patient activism, 99
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, 104
Caregivers, see Health care workers;
Volunteers and volunteer organizations
Case definition, expansion of, 21
in Miami, 208
in New York City, 205-206
Cases, see Incidence
Catastrophic health insurance claims, 46
Catholicism, see Roman Catholicism
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 21, 23-24, 31, 32-33, 59, 119-120
Certification of professionals, 41, 55, 68
Charitable contributions, 123, 161, 169-171
Children, 17-18, 105, 131, 203-215, 236-237, 279
in clinical trials, 18, 105, 218-219
of infected mothers, 18, 203-204, 289
in New York City, 279, 289-291
see also Foster care;
Perinatal transmission
Christian Broadcasting Network, 131
doctrinal responses to AIDS, 15, 129-149 passim
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 103-104
Churches, see Religion and religious groups
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 143-144
Citizens' Commission on AIDS, 295
Civil rights, see Rights and liberties
Clinical research, see Clinical trials;
Drugs, development of;
Experimental treatment
Clinical trials, 13, 95-97, 99-104
advisory boards for, 83, 96, 97
and alternative treatments, 99
AZT, 91
and children, 18, 105, 218-219
double-blind, 82
randomized, 81-84, 85-87, 111-112
women in, 105-108
Cocaine, 269-271
Community Advisory Boards (CABs), 97
Community-based care, 11, 47, 53-54
case management, 54-55
and clinical trials, 13, 100-102
see also Clinics
Community-based organizations (CBOs), 14-15, 38, 41, 158-161, 164-165, 168-173,
see also Gay Men's Health Crisis
Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP), 100
Community Consortium of Bay Area HIV Care Providers, 97, 100
Compassionate-plea distribution mechanism, 91
Compound Q, 101-102
Condoms, 128, 146-147, 184-185, 292-294
Confidentiality, see Privacy and confidentiality
Consumer activism, see Advocacy and activist groups
Correctional system, see Prisons and prisoners
volunteers contribution toward, 158
Counseling for HIV testing, 27-28
Criminal statutes, 36-37
Cryptococcal meningitis, 49
Cutter incident, 85
Cytomegalovirus retinitis, 52
D
Delaney, Martin, 101-102
Dentists, with AIDS, 61
Dideoxyinosine (ddI), 94-95, 97, 105
Dignity USA, 136
Disclosure, see Informed consent;
Partner notification;
Reporting of cases
Divine punishment, plagues as, 15, 125-126, 128
Doctors, see Physicians
Domestic partnerships, 18, 219-221, 237-238
San Francisco ordinance, 18, 221-230
Drugs, 67
access to, 12, 70, 91, 92, 95, 97, 100
alternative, 90
development of, 13-14, 67, 80-81, 97-99
regulation of, 13-14, 84-87, 90, 92-95, 112
see also Amphotericin B;
AZT;
Clinical trials;
Compound Q;
Dideoxyinosine;
Fluconazole;
Gancyclovir;
HPA-23;
Intravenous drug use and users;
Methadone maintenance programs;
Pentamidine;
Suramin;
Vaccines
E
Early identification and treatment, 28, 29, 30-32, 40, 42
Economic issues, see Costs of care;
Financing
Education programs, 10, 25-26, 38, 42, 68, 119-120
and religion, 15, 133-135, 146, 151, 292-294
Elixer sulfanilamide, 84
Ellenberg, Susan, 96
Emergency medical care, 66
Ethical issues
clinical trials, 82-84, 87-88, 103, 105, 107-108, 112-113
physicians' duty to inform, 33-34
professional obligation, 65-66, 66
Evangelical Lutheran Church, 144
Exceptionalist approach, 10, 26-27, 42
Experimental treatment
see also Clinical trials
F
Falwell, Jerry, 131
Families, 17-18, 201-203, 236-237
see also Children;
Domestic partnerships
Faya v. Almarez, 61
Federal aid programs
child and family, 210-212
public health agencies, 23, 33, 36, 41, 63
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Medicaid;
Medicare
Feinstein, Dianne, 222
Felony transmission, 36-37
Fetal transmission, see Perinatal transmission
Financing
charitable contributions, 123, 161, 169-171
correctional system, 17
health care, 11, 12, 47, 68-72
pediatric programs, 210-215
of volunteer groups, 14-15, 169-171
see also Costs of care;
Federal aid programs
Fluconazole, 49
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 85
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 85, 86, 87, 91, 92-93, 97, 102 , 167
Foster care, 18, 105, 210, 213-215, 218
in Miami, 209
in New York City, 206-208, 209-210
Fundamentalist beliefs, 131-136, 143
G
Gancyclovir, 52
Gay community, 8-9, 10, 26-28, 41-42, 104
activism, 92, 166-169, 263-265
domestic partnerships, 18, 219-236, 237-238
in New York City, 256, 258-268, 272-273
and religion, 15, 119, 127-149 passim, 226-227
volunteerism and volunteer groups, 14-15, 158, 160, 162-163, 168-172 , 265
Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC), 28, 101, 160, 162, 169, 170, 262-263 , 264, 267-268
Government, see Federal aid programs;
Prisons and prisoners;
Public health systems;
Regulations;
State public health and welfare systems
Greeley, Andrew, 132-133
Guidelines, clinical trials, 105, 106
HIV-positive health care workers, 62-63
infection control, 12, 59, 62-63
H
Harlem Hospital, 289-291
Hatch, Orrin, 63
Health care system, 7-8, 11-13, 46-48
in New York City, 271-279
see also Clinics;
Community-based care;
Drugs;
Health care workers;
Home health care;
Hospices;
Hospitals;
Inpatient care;
Medical devices and equipment;
Nurses;
Nursing homes;
Physicians;
Testing and screening
Health care workers, 29, 55, 72
avoidance of HIV patients, 12, 48, 56-57, 64-66
with HIV, 61-63
occupational risks, 58-61
training and certification, 41, 55-57, 68
transmission between workers and patients, 11, 12, 29, 49, 58-63
Health insurance, 11, 46, 47, 171
and case management, 54
enrollment practices, 12, 46, 69-70
and home-based care, 53
and unmarried partnerships, 223, 224, 229
see also Medicaid;
Medicare
Health Resources and Services Administration, 41
Hepatitis B, 64
Heroic interventions, 90
Heroin, 268-269
Hispanic community, 151, 171-172
gay men, 265-267
in New York City, 265-267, 277-278
Hockenberry, Clint, 228-229
Home health care, 53, 68, 71, 165
Homosexuality, viewed as a sin, 15, 127-149 passim
see also Gay community
Hospitals, 28, 48-49, 50-51, 53
in New York City, 68-69, 271-274
volunteers in, 163-164
Housing rights, New York City case, 18, 230-236
HPA-23, 90
Hudson, Rock, 90
Human experimentation, 87-88, 113,
see also Clinical trials
I
Immunization, see Vaccines
Incarnation Children's Center (ICC), 290-291
among health care workers, 61
among hospital patients, 59-60
calculation of, 19-21
in New York City, 245-259
Incubation period, 19-21
Indiana v. Haines, 37
Individual rights, see Privacy and confidentiality;
Rights and liberties
Infants, see Children;
Maternity and pregnancy;
Perinatal transmission
Infection, see Incidence;
Transmission of HIV
Influenza pandemic, 6
Informed consent
for invasive procedures, 63
Inmates, see Prisons and prisoners
Institutional review boards, 88
Insurance, see Health insurance;
Uninsured population
Interferon, 103-104
Internal medicine, 56-57
International AIDS Conference, 95-96
Intravenous drug use and users, 9, 10, 42, 104, 141
community-based organizations, 171-173
in New York City, 256-257, 268-271, 272
see also Methadone maintenance programs
Intravenous pumps, 53
Invasive procedures, 29, 62-63
Investigational new drug (IND) mechanisms, 91, 93-94
Isolation, see Quarantine;
Segregation of HIV-positive population
J
Journals, peer-reviewed, 13-14, 38, 108-109
Jungle, The, 84
K
Kaposi's sarcoma, 90
Kefauver-Harris amendments, 85, 86-87
Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth, 161
L
Latinos, see Hispanic community
Law, see Criminal statutes;
Public health systems;
Quarantine;
Regulations
Lawsuits, 61
Legal services, 165
Local health departments, 38-40
Los Angeles, 151
M
Male nurses, 58
Mandatory testing
of government employees, 28
of health care workers, 29, 62, 63
of pregnant women, 17-18, 28-29
of prison inmates, 180, 181-182
Marketing of products and services, 67-68
Marriage, 220-221
Mass media, 111
Maternity and pregnancy, 17-18, 26, 247, 251, 286-289
and AZT, 106-108
and clinical trials, 105-108
among prison inmates, 179
see also Perinatal transmission
Medicaid, 31, 40, 69, 70, 210-211
Medical devices and equipment, 53, 67-68
Methadone maintenance programs, 39, 184
Methodists, 148-149
Miami, family and child programs, 208-210
Military recruits, testing policies, 28
Modeling of incidence, 20-21
Models and model programs, 33, 39-40, 50, 54, 58
Montefiore Medical Center, 40, 188
Moral Majority, 131
Mormons, 143-144
Mothers, see Maternity and pregnancy
N
Named reporting, 30-31
National AIDS Information and Education Program, 119-120
National Black Church Consortium on Critical Health Care Needs, 143
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 91, 97, 100, 109
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects, 87-88
National Commission on AIDS, 63
National Community AIDS Partnership, 170
National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 129
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 96, 101
see also AIDS Clinical Trials Groups
National Partnership Program, 119-120
Newborns, see Maternity and pregnancy;
Perinatal transmission
New England Journal of Medicine, 87, 109
New Jersey, case reporting, 31
New York City, 19, 243-245, 295-296
correctional system, 280-285 passim
domestic partnerships, 18, 230-236
drug use and users, 256-257, 268-271, 272
family and child programs, 205-208, 212-213
gay community, 256, 258-268, 272-273
health care system and policies, 30-31, 32, 35, 246, 271-279
incidence and distribution of HIV, 245-259
sex education, 292-294
New York City Task Force on Single-Disease Hospitals, 50-51
with AIDS, 61
Nursing homes, 52
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 59
Opportunistic diseases
drug development, 98-99
see also Pneumocystis carinii
Ordination of gays and lesbians, 140-141
Orphan Drug Act, 67
see also Clinics;
Home health care
P
Parallel track mechanism, 13, 93-95
Pare, Ambrose, 125
Parents, rights of, 17-18, 216-218
Parole, 194
Partner notification, 26, 32-34
Patient activism, see Advocacy and activist groups
Patient rights, 11, 26, 89, 90
Peer-review process, 13-14, 108-110
Perinatal transmission, 17, 106-108, 202, 288-289
Pestilence, see Epidemics;
Plagues
with AIDS, 61
avoidance of HIV patients, 12, 48, 56-57, 64-66
career choices impacts of AIDS, 11-12, 56-57, 72
duty to inform, 33-34
in New York City, 273-274
occupational risks, 58-59
professional obligation, 65-66
Plagues, 1, 5-6, 9, 58-59, 158
bubonic (Black Death), 5, 6, 7, 125
as divine punishment, 15, 125-126, 128
physicians's duties during, 65-66
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 29, 51, 71, 90, 91, 92, 98
Polio, 98
Poverty and the poor
experimental drug access, 95
in New York City, 267-268, 275-276, 279
pregnancy and children, 217, 279
see also Indigent care
Pregnancy, see Maternity and pregnancy;
Perinatal transmission
Presbyterian Church, U.S.A., 145-146
Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic, 36
Preventive medicine, 37-38, 40
Primary care
and clinical trials, 100
specialties, 56-57
health care systems, 17, 188-194, 283-285
isolation of HIV-positive inmates, 16-17, 177, 185-187
in New York, 16, 17, 180-181, 190, 280-285
screening of inmates, 16, 176-177, 180-182
seroprevalence of inmates, 16, 180-181
transfer and release, 193-194
Privacy and confidentiality, 11, 17-18, 26, 217
and case reporting, 25, 26, 30-31
and contact tracing, 32
and physicians' duty to inform, 33-34
in prisons, 181
Professional obligation, 65-66
Project Inform, 28, 101-102, 110
Prostitution, 37
Protocol 076, 106-108
Provider referral model, 33
Psychological support services, 165-166
Publications, see Journals, peer-reviewed;
Newsletters
Public Health Service, 70, 110
Public health systems, 5-6, 9-11, 21, 23-27, 41-43
criminal statutes, 36-37
in New York City, 274-279
as primary care provider, 24, 38-40, 42-43
testing policies, 28-29
see also Clinics;
Contact tracing;
Medicaid;
Partner notification;
Preventive medicine;
Quarantine;
Reporting of cases;
State public health and welfare systems
Puerto Ricans, 277-278
Pure Food and Drug Act, 84
Q
Quarantine, 5, 25, 26-27, 34-36
Quinn, John R., 138-139
R
Racial and ethnic groups, 29, 42
community-based organizations, 171-172
gay men, 265-267
incarceration of, 16, 179, 281
in New York, 265-267, 273, 275-276, 277-278, 288-289
see also specific groups
Randomized clinical trials, 81-84, 85-87, 111-112
Ratzinger, Cardinal, 146
Recruitment of professionals, 55-58
Regulations
drugs, 13-14, 84-87, 90, 92-95, 112
home-based care, 53
prisoner protection, 17, 192-193
Religion and religious groups, 15-16, 117-124
as care providers, 15, 130, 139-140, 149-153
doctrinal responses to AIDS, 15-16, 129-149, 152-153
and epidemics, 5, 6, 124-127, 128-129
and gay community and lifestyle, 15, 119, 127-149 passim, 226-227
Rent-controlled housing, New York City case, 230-236
Reporting of cases, 21, 25, 26, 30-31
Research, see Clinical trials;
Drugs, development of;
Experimental treatment;
Human experimentation;
Peer-review process
Rights and liberties, 8, 25-26, 216
and mandatory testing, 17-18
and quarantine, 35
see also Privacy and confidentiality
Rikers Island, New York City, 188, 283-284
Risk of infection, see Behavioral risks;
Intravenous drug use and users;
Sexual behavior;
Transmission of HIV
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 170
Roman Catholicism, 128, 129-130, 134-135, 136, 139, 146-147, 151-152, 292-293
Rossi v. Almarez, 61
Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act, 36, 41, 54, 211
S
Salk, Jonas, 83
Sammons, James, 32
domestic partnership ordinance, 18, 221-230
San Francisco General Hospital, 50, 58
Screening, see Testing and screening
Second Presbyterian Church, Kansas City, Mo., 149
Segregation of HIV-positive population
in hospitals, 50-51
in prisons, 16-17, 177, 185-187
Sex education, religious objections to, 15, 292-294
Sexual behavior, 38, 202, 255-256, 261-263, 266
and contact tracing, 32
religious censure of, 15, 126, 127-149 passim
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 5-6, 38, 262, 275
clinics, 39-40
as public health model, 28, 32-33
Shanti Project, 165
Sider, Ronald, 135
Sierra Health Foundation, 55
Single-disease medical centers, 50-51, 70
Socially marginalized groups, see Gay community;
Intravenous drug use and users;
Poverty and the poor;
Racial and ethnic groups
Soluble CD4, 97
Southern Baptist Convention, 123, 135, 138, 140
Specialization of health care, 11-12, 49-51, 55-57
Spousal notification, 34
Staffing, see Health care workers;
Nurses;
Physicians
Stanley, Charles, 138
State public health and welfare systems, 23, 40-41, 212-214, 218-219
case reporting, 31
contact tracing, 32-33
criminal statutes, 36-37
quarantine, 35-36
see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Medicaid
State v. Kearns, 37
Stigmatized groups, see Gay community;
Intravenous drug use and users;
Poverty and the poor;
Racial and ethnic groups
Streptomycin trials, 83
Suicide, 165-166
Sullivan, Louis, 63
Suramin, 90-91
Surrogate markers, 103-104
Surveillance systems, 21, 23-24
Swing, William E., 138
Syphilis, Tuskegee experiment, 87
T
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 33
Telephone hotlines, 110
Televangelism, 130
Testing and screening, 27-29
behavior modification role of, 27
of government employees, 28
of health care workers, 29, 62
for health insurance, 69-70
of infants and children, 204, 215-218
informed consent, 26, 27-28, 29
of military recruits, 28
of newborns, 28-29
of pregnant women, 17-18, 28-29, 215-216
for tuberculosis, 39
Thalidomide, 85
Theology, see Religion and religious groups
Therapeutic agents, see Drugs
Therapeutic indifference, 82-83
Transmission of HIV
perinatal, 17, 106-108, 202, 288-289
between providers and patients, 11, 12, 29, 49, 58-63
Treatment Issues, 101
Tuberculosis, 36, 39, 188-189, 275-277
as public health practices model, 30-31
streptomycin trials, 83
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 87
U
Uninsured population, 11, 12-13, 46, 69
Union of American Hebrew Congregations, see Judaism
United Methodist Church, 148-149
Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches, 129
Universal precautions, 12, 59, 62, 68
University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, 60
Unmarried couples, see Domestic partnerships
U.S. Catholic Conference, 146, 147
V
Vaccines, 67
Venereal diseases, see Sexually transmitted diseases
Volunteers and volunteer organizations, 8, 14-15, 158-166, 173, 265
and drug users, 172-173
and minorities, 171-172
see also Advocacy and activist groups;
Community-based organizations;
Gay Men's Health Crisis
W
Whitman-Walker Clinic, 165
Women
in clinical trials, 105-108
and cocaine, 269-271
incarceration of, 179, 280-281
in New York City, 251-253, 257, 258, 269-271, 278, 286-289
see also Maternity and pregnancy
Workers' compensation, 60-61
Y
Yarchoan, Robert, 91
Yellow fever, 125-126
Z
Zidovudine, see AZT