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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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REVIEW OF THE
RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE
U.S. DRIVE PARTNERSHIP

Fifth Report

Committee on the Review of the Research Program of
the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Phase 5

Board on Energy and Environmental Systems

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

A Consensus Study Report of

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by Grant No. DE-EE0002931 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-0-45687-6
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24717.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

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Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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COMMITTEE ON THE REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE U.S. DRIVE PARTNERSHIP, PHASE 5

JOHN H. JOHNSON, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Chair

ALEXIS T. BELL, NAS1/NAE,2 University of California, Berkeley

DAVID BODDE, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina

NADY BOULES, NB Motors, LLC, Troy, Michigan

GLENN EISMAN, Eisman Technology Consultants, Bailey Island, Maine

DAVID E. FOSTER, University of Wisconsin, Madison

MATT FRONK, Matt Fronk & Associates, Honeoye Falls, New York

ROBERT NOWAK, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (retired), Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

VERNON P. ROAN, University of Florida, Gainesville3

BERNARD ROBERTSON, NAE, Daimler Chrysler Corporation (retired), Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

JAMES A. SPEAROT, Mountain Ridgeline Consulting, LLC, Breckenridge, Colorado

SATISH TAMHANKAR, Linde, LLC (retired), Scotch Plains, New Jersey

ALAN TAUB, NAE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR, NAE, General Motors Corporation (retired), Fort Myers, Florida

BRIJESH VYAS, Bell Laboratories (retired), Warren, New Jersey

Staff

JAMES J. ZUCCHETTO, Senior Board/Program Director,4 Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, Study Director

DANA CAINES, Financial Manager

LINDA CASOLA, Senior Program Assistant

LANITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator

E. JONATHAN YANGER, Research Associate

___________________

1 NAS, National Academy of Sciences.

2 NAE, National Academy of Engineering.

3 Resigned April 11, 2016.

4 Retired as Senior Board/Program Director in February 2017.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

JARED COHON, NAE,1 Carnegie Mellon University, Chair

DAVID ALLEN, NAE, University of Texas, Austin

W. TERRY BOSTON, NAE, GridLiance GP, LLC and Grid Protection Alliance, Audubon, Pennsylvania

WILLIAM BRINKMAN, NAS,2 Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

EMILY A. CARTER, NAS/NAE, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

BARBARA KATES-GARNICK, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

JoANN MILLIKEN, Independent Consultant, Alexandria, Virginia

MARGO OGE, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Environmental Protection Agency, McLean, Virginia

JACKALYNE PFANNENSTIEL3, Independent Consultant, Piedmont, California

MICHAEL RAMAGE, NAE, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (retired), New York City

DOROTHY ROBYN, Consultant, Washington, D.C.

GARY ROGERS, Roush Industries, Livonia, Michigan

KELLY SIMS-GALLAGHER, The Fletcher School, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts

MARK THIEMENS, NAS, University of California, San Diego

JOHN WALL, NAE, Cummins Engine Company (retired), Belvedere, California

ROBERT WEISENMILLER, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, California

Staff

K. JOHN HOLMES, Acting Director/Scholar

JAMES ZUCCHETTO, Senior Scientist

DANA CAINES, Financial Associate

LANITA JONES, Administrative Coordinator

JANKI PATEL, Program Assistant

MARTIN OFFUTT, Senior Program Officer

BEN WENDER, Program Officer

___________________

1 NAE, National Academy of Engineering.

2 NAS, National Academy of Sciences.

3 Deceased on April 26, 2017.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

Preface

This report contains the results of a review by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Phase 5 (see Appendix A for biographical information on the committee members). The government/industry partnership known as U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) was formed in 2011. It is very much in line with the partnerships that preceded it—namely, the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership and, prior to that, the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles.

The U.S. DRIVE vision is that “American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector.” Its mission is to “accelerate the development of precompetitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles, as well as related energy infrastructure.” The Partnership is focused on advanced technologies for all light-duty passenger vehicles: cars, sport utility vehicles, crossover vehicles, pickups, and minivans. It also addresses technologies for hydrogen production, distribution, dispensing, and storage, and the interface and infrastructure issues associated with the electric utility industry for the support of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

The National Academies Committee on Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Phase 5, reviewed the activities since the fourth review of the Partnership. The report provides an overview of the structure and management of the Partnership as well as the major achievements associated with the goals of the Partnership. Since the previous review Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda have made available within the United States a limited number of fuel

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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cell vehicle sales or leases to the general public. General Motors, a U.S. DRIVE Partnership member, has reported plans for a 2020 rollout of its latest fuel cell vehicle. The development and deployment of roadworthy fuel cell vehicles is a major accomplishment and one that will help to identify remaining technical, cost, manufacturing, and infrastructure challenges. Though the cars are still in the late stages of development, the fact that the cars have advanced to this point is due in part to research and development coordination by the Partnership and its prior organizations, as well as from decades of funding of pertinent research projects by the Department of Energy (DOE) and Partnership members.

The committee appreciates the effort by the personnel from DOE, U.S. Council for Automotive Research, and all the companies and national laboratories that prepared presentations and hosted our visits. The help of these members of the Partnership enabled us to get the latest data and information, which was very important for the committee’s preparation of this report.

John H. Johnson, Chair
Committee on Review of the Research
Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Phase 5

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Acknowledgments

The Committee on the Review of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Phase 5, is grateful to the representatives of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership, including the Department of Energy (DOE), and to the representatives of the companies and national laboratories who contributed a significant amount of their time and effort to this National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine study by giving presentations at meetings or responding to committee requests for information, as well as hosting members of the committee at site visits. The committee also acknowledges the valuable contributions of other individuals who provided information and presentations at the committee’s open meetings. Appendix C lists all of those presentations.

The committee offers its special appreciation to Christy Cooper, Director, U.S. DRIVE Partnership, Office of Vehicle Technologies, DOE, for her significant contributions in coordinating responses to the questions and in making presentations to the committee. Finally, the chair wishes to recognize the committee members and the staff of the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems for organizing and planning the committee meetings, gathering information, and drafting sections of the report. Jim Zucchetto in particular has done an outstanding job of facilitating the work of the committee and helping it to write a focused and timely report. Linda Casola provided efficient and very helpful support to its meetings and the report production and LaNita Jones provided capable support to help finish the project and this report.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
×

published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Katherine Ayers, Proton OnSite,

Jay Baron, Center for Automotive Research,

R. Stephen Berry, NAS, University of Chicago,

Paul N. Blumberg, NAE, Ford Motor Co. (retired),

Dennis A. Corrigan, DC Energy Consulting, LLC,

John M. German, International Council for Clean Transportation,

Linos J. Jacovides, NAE, Michigan State University,

Trevor O. Jones, NAE, International Development Corporation,

JoAnn Milliken, Department of Energy (retired),

John S. Newman, NAE, University of California-Berkeley,

William F. Powers, NAE, Ford Motor Co. (retired), and

Mahdi Shahbakhti, Michigan Technological University.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Douglas M. Chapin, NAE, MPR Associates, Inc., and Chris T. Hendrickson, NAE, Carnegie Mellon University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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3-17 Energy density increase and resultant cost reduction for the PHEV40 lithium-ion battery

3-18 Changes in adjusted fuel economy, horsepower, and weight in the U.S. automotive market for model years 1975-2014

3-19 Significant MTT target setting (2016-2020)

3-20 Schematic description of the full fuel cycle analysis of the ANL GREET model

3-21 Results of the full fuel cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions for different energy-vehicle combinations

3-22 Results of the full fuel cycle analysis of the cost of avoided greenhouse gas emissions for different energy-vehicle combinations

4-1 DOE EERE’s hydrogen and fuel cell budgets

4-2 DOE EERE’s Vehicle Technologies Office budgets for FY 2012 to 2016

B-1 Organizational Chart of DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

TABLES

3-1 ACECTT Stretch Goals for 2020 for Different Engine Types Currently Being Used in the Light-Duty Mobility Market

3-2 List of DOE Projects Addressing U.S. DRIVE Goals

3-3 DOE Vehicle Technologies Office U.S. DRIVE-Related Fuel and Lubricant Projects List

3-4 Summary of ACECTT Recommendations for Future SI Fuels

3-5 List of Selected DOE-Funded Fuel Cell-Related Projects

3-6 Fuel Cell System and Component Status and Targets

3-7 DOE Reported MEA Performance and Durability Metrics

3-8 Current Status of Hydrogen Storage Technologies

3-9 U.S. DOE Fuel Cell Technologies and Vehicle Technologies Offices Active Project List Related to Onboard Hydrogen Storage That Supports U.S. DRIVE Targets

3-10 Apportioned Target Costs for Centralized and Distributed Hydrogen Production and Delivery in 2020

3-11 H2 Production High-Volume Cost Projections for PEM Electrolysis Cases

3-12 DOE Projects on Hydrogen Related to U.S. DRIVE Goals

3-13 DOE Projects Related to Hydrogen Pathway Issues Relevant to U.S. DRIVE Goals

3-14 DOE Projects Related to Hydrogen Codes and Standards

3-15 Electric Traction System Technical Targets

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24717.
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Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report follows on four previous reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible.

The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.

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