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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

URBANIZATION AND SLUMS

Infectious Diseases in the
Built Environment

PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP

V. Ayano Ogawa, Cecilia Mundaca Shah, and Anna Nicholson,
Rapporteurs

Forum on Microbial Threats

Board on Global Health

Health and Medicine Division

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (#10001249), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (#10002642), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (#10003591), U.S. Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health (#10003226), and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (#10003626), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (#10002125), and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (#10003353), and by the American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Johnson & Johnson (#10003710), Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi Pasteur, and Skoll Global Threats Fund (#1003664). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47439-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47439-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and slums: Infectious diseases in the built environment: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

images

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

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Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

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Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

PLANNING COMMITTEE ON URBANIZATION AND SLUMS: INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT1

JAMES M. HUGHES (Co-Chair), Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University

MARY E. WILSON (Co-Chair), Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

JASON CORBURN, Professor of Public Health and of City and Regional Planning; Director, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley

MARIA GLORIA DOMINGUEZ-BELLO, Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine

MARCOS A. ESPINAL, Director, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization

EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

MARK T. HERNANDEZ, Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder

ALBERT ICKSANG KO, Professor and Chair, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health

ERIC MINTZ, Team Lead, Global Epidemiology, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

THOMAS W. SCOTT, Distinguished Professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis

Health and Medicine Division Staff

CECILIA MUNDACA SHAH, Director, Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on Global Health

V. AYANO OGAWA, Program Officer, Board on Global Health

T. ANH TRAN, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Global Health

JULIE PAVLIN, Director, Board on Global Health

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1

DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan Professor, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University

JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice Chair), Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University

LONNIE J. KING (Vice Chair), Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University

KEVIN ANDERSON, Senior Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security

TIMOTHY BURGESS, Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences

DENNIS CARROLL, Director, Global Health Security and Development Unit, U.S. Agency for International Development

PETER DASZAK, President, EcoHealth Alliance

JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Health Officer and Chief, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section for Public Health, Seattle and King County, Washington

EMILY ERBELDING, Deputy Director, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health

MARCOS A. ESPINAL, Director, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization

JENNIFER GARDY, Canada Research Chair in Public Health Genomics; Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia

JESSE L. GOODMAN, Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Director, Center on Medical Product Access, Safety, and Stewardship, Georgetown University

EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley

CAROLINE S. HARWOOD, Gerald and Lyn Grinstein Professor of Microbiology, University of Washington

ELIZABETH D. HERMSEN, Head, Global Antimicrobial Stewardship, Merck & Co., Inc.

KENT E. KESTER, Vice President and Head, Translational Science and Biomarkers, Sanofi Pasteur

___________________

1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases; Director of Office of Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

MARLO LIBEL, Senior Advisor, Skoll Global Threats Fund

CARMEN T. MAHER, Assistant Surgeon General and Acting Assistant Commissioner for Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, U.S. Food and Drug Administration

JONNA MAZET, Professor of Epidemiology and Disease Ecology; Executive Director, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis

SALLY A. MILLER, Professor of Plant Pathology and State Extension Specialist for Vegetable Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University

SUERIE MOON, Director of Research, Global Health Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva

DAVID NABARRO, Advisor, Health and Sustainability, 4SD–Skills, Systems, and Synergies for Sustainable Development

GEORGE POSTE, Chief Scientist, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, SkySong

KUMANAN RASANATHAN, Coordinator, Health Systems, Office of the World Health Organization Representative in Cambodia, World Health Organization

GARY A. ROSELLE, Chief of Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National Infectious Disease Services, Veterans Health Administration

PETER A. SANDS, Executive Director, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

THOMAS W. SCOTT, Distinguished Professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis

JAY P. SIEGEL, Retired Chief Biotechnology Officer, Head of Scientific Strategy and Policy, Johnson & Johnson

JAMI TAYLOR, Senior Director, Global Public Health Systems Policy and Partnerships, Johnson & Johnson

PAIGE E. WATERMAN, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army; Director, Translational Medicine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

MARY E. WILSON, Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

EDWARD H. YOU, Supervisory Special Agent, Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff

CECILIA MUNDACA SHAH, Director, Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on Global Health

V. AYANO OGAWA, Program Officer, Board on Global Health

T. ANH TRAN, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Global Health

JULIE PAVLIN, Director, Board on Global Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

JONNA A. K. MAZET, University of California, Davis

ERIC MINTZ, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

THOMAS W. SCOTT, University of California, Davis

ALICE SVERDLIK, International Institute for Environment and Development, London

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by DAVID R. CHALLONER, University of Florida. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Acknowledgments

The Forum on Microbial Threats staff and planning committee deeply appreciate the many valuable contributions from individuals who assisted with this project. The workshop and these proceedings would not be possible without the presenters and discussants at the workshop, who gave so generously of their time and expertise. A full list of the speakers and moderators and their biographical information may be found in Appendix D.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×

Acronyms and Abbreviations

CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
DALY disability-adjusted life year
ETU Ebola treatment unit
EVD Ebola virus disease
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MTB Mycobacterium tuberculosis
SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SEPA socializing evidence for participatory action
ORS oral rehydration solution
PCR polymerase chain reaction
TB tuberculosis
UN United Nations
UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
WASH water, sanitation, and hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and Slums: Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25070.
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The urban built environment is a prime setting for microbial transmission, because just as cities serve as hubs for migration and international travel, components of the urban built environment serve as hubs that drive the transmission of infectious disease pathogens. The risk of infectious diseases for many people living in slums is further compounded by their poverty and their surrounding physical and social environment, which is often overcrowded, is prone to physical hazards, and lacks adequate or secure housing and basic infrastructure, including water, sanitation, or hygiene services.

To examine the role of the urban built environment in the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases that affect human health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a public workshop. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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