URBANIZATION AND SLUMS
Infectious Diseases in the
Built Environment
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
V. Ayano Ogawa, Cecilia Mundaca Shah, and Anna Nicholson,
Rapporteurs
Forum on Microbial Threats
Board on Global Health
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (#10001249), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (#10002642), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (#10003591), U.S. Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health (#10003226), and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (#10003626), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (#10002125), and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (#10003353), and by the American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Johnson & Johnson (#10003710), Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi Pasteur, and Skoll Global Threats Fund (#1003664). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-47439-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-47439-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Urbanization and slums: Infectious diseases in the built environment: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON URBANIZATION AND SLUMS: INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT1
JAMES M. HUGHES (Co-Chair), Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
MARY E. WILSON (Co-Chair), Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
JASON CORBURN, Professor of Public Health and of City and Regional Planning; Director, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley
MARIA GLORIA DOMINGUEZ-BELLO, Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine
MARCOS A. ESPINAL, Director, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization
EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
MARK T. HERNANDEZ, Professor of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
ALBERT ICKSANG KO, Professor and Chair, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health
ERIC MINTZ, Team Lead, Global Epidemiology, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
THOMAS W. SCOTT, Distinguished Professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis
Health and Medicine Division Staff
CECILIA MUNDACA SHAH, Director, Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on Global Health
V. AYANO OGAWA, Program Officer, Board on Global Health
T. ANH TRAN, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Global Health
JULIE PAVLIN, Director, Board on Global Health
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
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FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1
DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan Professor, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University
JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice Chair), Professor of Medicine and Public Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
LONNIE J. KING (Vice Chair), Professor and Dean Emeritus, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University
KEVIN ANDERSON, Senior Program Manager, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
TIMOTHY BURGESS, Director, Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences
DENNIS CARROLL, Director, Global Health Security and Development Unit, U.S. Agency for International Development
PETER DASZAK, President, EcoHealth Alliance
JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Health Officer and Chief, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Immunization Section for Public Health, Seattle and King County, Washington
EMILY ERBELDING, Deputy Director, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
MARCOS A. ESPINAL, Director, Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization
JENNIFER GARDY, Canada Research Chair in Public Health Genomics; Assistant Professor, University of British Columbia
JESSE L. GOODMAN, Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases; Director, Center on Medical Product Access, Safety, and Stewardship, Georgetown University
EVA HARRIS, Professor, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology; Director, Center for Global Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
CAROLINE S. HARWOOD, Gerald and Lyn Grinstein Professor of Microbiology, University of Washington
ELIZABETH D. HERMSEN, Head, Global Antimicrobial Stewardship, Merck & Co., Inc.
KENT E. KESTER, Vice President and Head, Translational Science and Biomarkers, Sanofi Pasteur
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases; Director of Office of Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
MARLO LIBEL, Senior Advisor, Skoll Global Threats Fund
CARMEN T. MAHER, Assistant Surgeon General and Acting Assistant Commissioner for Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
JONNA MAZET, Professor of Epidemiology and Disease Ecology; Executive Director, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
SALLY A. MILLER, Professor of Plant Pathology and State Extension Specialist for Vegetable Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University
SUERIE MOON, Director of Research, Global Health Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva
DAVID NABARRO, Advisor, Health and Sustainability, 4SD–Skills, Systems, and Synergies for Sustainable Development
GEORGE POSTE, Chief Scientist, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, SkySong
KUMANAN RASANATHAN, Coordinator, Health Systems, Office of the World Health Organization Representative in Cambodia, World Health Organization
GARY A. ROSELLE, Chief of Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National Infectious Disease Services, Veterans Health Administration
PETER A. SANDS, Executive Director, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
THOMAS W. SCOTT, Distinguished Professor, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis
JAY P. SIEGEL, Retired Chief Biotechnology Officer, Head of Scientific Strategy and Policy, Johnson & Johnson
JAMI TAYLOR, Senior Director, Global Public Health Systems Policy and Partnerships, Johnson & Johnson
PAIGE E. WATERMAN, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army; Director, Translational Medicine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
MARY E. WILSON, Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
EDWARD H. YOU, Supervisory Special Agent, Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate, Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff
CECILIA MUNDACA SHAH, Director, Forum on Microbial Threats, Board on Global Health
V. AYANO OGAWA, Program Officer, Board on Global Health
T. ANH TRAN, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Global Health
JULIE PAVLIN, Director, Board on Global Health
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Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
JONNA A. K. MAZET, University of California, Davis
ERIC MINTZ, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
THOMAS W. SCOTT, University of California, Davis
ALICE SVERDLIK, International Institute for Environment and Development, London
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by DAVID R. CHALLONER, University of Florida. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.
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Acknowledgments
The Forum on Microbial Threats staff and planning committee deeply appreciate the many valuable contributions from individuals who assisted with this project. The workshop and these proceedings would not be possible without the presenters and discussants at the workshop, who gave so generously of their time and expertise. A full list of the speakers and moderators and their biographical information may be found in Appendix D.
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Contents
Organization of the Proceedings of a Workshop
Potential Challenges and Opportunities at the Global Level
Potential Challenges and Opportunities at the Local Level
3 UNDERSTANDING INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
The Influence of Slums on Population Health and Microbial Communities
Human Exposure to Microbes in Urban Buildings
Pathways of Pathogen Transmission in Urban Centers
4 TRANSLATING CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL INTO PRACTICE
Effect of the West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak on Other Infectious Diseases
Waterborne Diseases in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Emerging Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases in Brazilian Slums
Tuberculosis Transmission in Cape Town, South Africa
5 ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE AND HEALTH-PROMOTING URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
Global Efforts to Leverage the Sustainable Development Goals to Promote Health
Building an Investment Case for Health-Promoting Urban Environments
Fit-for-Context Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions
Engaging Communities: From Surveillance to Policy
6 BRIDGING DRIVERS AND INTERVENTIONS TO SCALE UP SUCCESSFUL PRACTICES
Promoting Health and Health Equity in Low-Income Urban Settings
Scaling Up Successful Practices: Learning from Local Communities
Building the Business Case for Investing in Health-Promoting Urban Environments
Box and Figures
BOX
5-1 Examples of Methods to Mitigate Infectious Diseases in Slum Environments in India
FIGURES
2-1 Health in relation to other Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) activities and sectors
2-2 Infant and child mortality in rural versus urban areas
3-3 Travel networks of humans and parasites between settlements and regions in Kenya
Acronyms and Abbreviations
CDC | U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
DALY | disability-adjusted life year |
ETU | Ebola treatment unit |
EVD | Ebola virus disease |
MDG | Millennium Development Goal |
MTB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
SEPA | socializing evidence for participatory action |
ORS | oral rehydration solution |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
TB | tuberculosis |
UN | United Nations |
UN-Habitat | United Nations Human Settlements Programme |
WASH | water, sanitation, and hygiene |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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