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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25296.
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NCHRP Web-Only Document 253: Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems Vol. 1: Legal Landscape Tammy E. Trimble Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, VA Lisa Loftus-Otway University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX Susanna Gallun Susanna Gallun Consulting Austin, TX Contractor’s Final Report for NCHRP Project 20-102(07) Submitted July 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 253 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Gwen Chisholm Smith, Manager, Transit Cooperative Research Program Keyara Dorn, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Senior Editorial Assistant NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(07) PANEL AREA TWENTY: SPECIAL PROJECTS Robert G. Mikell, IDEMIA, Snellville, GA (Chair) Joseph Chapman, California DMV, Sacramento, CA Samer Dessouky, University of Texas–San Antonio, San Antonio, TX Yoassry M. Elzohairy, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON Patty A. Morneault, Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Augusta, ME David M. Neitz, CDM Smith, Boston, MA James S. Thiel, Thiel, Vu & Associates, LLC, Madison, WI Kirk Zeringue, Louisiana DOTD, Baton Rouge, LA Carl K. Andersen, FHWA Liaison Cathie Curtis, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Liaison Bernardo Kleiner, TRB Liaison

vii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Section 1: Federal Law Review ................................................................................................. 3 Automated and Highly Automated Vehicle Policy ................................................................ 3 Cybersecurity Policy ........................................................................................................... 13 Safety and Data ................................................................................................................. 18 Event Data Recorders ............................................................................................................ 18 Privacy ............................................................................................................................... 20 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 20 Spectrum ........................................................................................................................... 21 Braking .............................................................................................................................. 22 Trucking ............................................................................................................................. 23 Section 2: State Law Review .................................................................................................. 24 Arizona .............................................................................................................................. 25 Arkansas ............................................................................................................................ 25 California ........................................................................................................................... 26 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 26 Regulations ............................................................................................................................ 27 Colorado ............................................................................................................................ 41 Connecticut ....................................................................................................................... 41 District of Columbia ........................................................................................................... 42 Florida ............................................................................................................................... 42 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 42 Georgia .............................................................................................................................. 44 Louisiana ........................................................................................................................... 44 Michigan ............................................................................................................................ 45 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 45 Nebraska ........................................................................................................................... 48 Nevada .............................................................................................................................. 48 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 48 New Jersey ........................................................................................................................ 50 North Dakota ..................................................................................................................... 51 Oklahoma .......................................................................................................................... 51 South Carolina ................................................................................................................... 51 Tennessee .......................................................................................................................... 52 Texas .................................................................................................................................. 56 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 56 Utah .................................................................................................................................. 58 Virginia .............................................................................................................................. 59 Washington ....................................................................................................................... 60 Wisconsin .......................................................................................................................... 61 Local Jurisdiction Activities ................................................................................................ 61 Section 3: Overview of Organization Activities ...................................................................... 64

viii American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) ...................................... 64 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) ................. 64 National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) ............................................................... 64 Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA) .................................................................. 64 National Governors Association (NGA) .............................................................................. 65 Industry Associations ......................................................................................................... 65 Section 4: Review of Law Articles........................................................................................... 66 Liability, Privacy, and C/AV/HAV Regulation ....................................................................... 73 Federal Safety Standards and Liability .................................................................................. 73 The EDR and Liability ............................................................................................................. 73 C/AV/HAV Modification by Third Parties and Liability .......................................................... 74 Privacy Concerns ................................................................................................................... 74 Autonomy Privacy ................................................................................................................. 75 Cyberstalking ......................................................................................................................... 75 Personal Data Privacy ............................................................................................................ 76 History of the DPPA ............................................................................................................... 78 Permissible Uses of a Driver’s Motor Vehicle Record ........................................................... 79 Federal Constitutional Privacy and Case Law ....................................................................... 80 Government Collection of Information and Law Enforcement ............................................ 80 Surveillance Privacy .............................................................................................................. 81 EDRs and Privacy ................................................................................................................... 81 Third-Party Access to Data .................................................................................................... 82 CV and V2V Regulation Moving Forward .............................................................................. 83 FTCs Authority to Protect Consumer Privacy ........................................................................ 85 Cybersecurity Concerns ........................................................................................................ 86 Wrap-Up ............................................................................................................................ 87 Section 5: International Activities .......................................................................................... 88 Canada .............................................................................................................................. 88 Mexico ............................................................................................................................... 89 Japan ................................................................................................................................. 89 Australia ............................................................................................................................ 90 European Activities ............................................................................................................ 92 EU Member States ............................................................................................................. 94 France .................................................................................................................................... 95 Finland ................................................................................................................................... 95 Germany ................................................................................................................................ 95 The Netherlands .................................................................................................................... 96 Sweden .................................................................................................................................. 96 United Kingdom .................................................................................................................... 98 Singapore ............................................................................................................................ 101 Section 6: Wrap-Up and Initial Conclusions .......................................................................... 103 References ........................................................................................................................... 104 Acronyms, Definitions, and Assumptions ............................................................................. 117 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 117

ix Definitions and Assumptions ........................................................................................... 119 Definitions of C/ADS Commercial Applications .................................................................. 119 Definition of Harmonization ............................................................................................... 120 Assumptions .................................................................................................................... 120 Assumption 1 ...................................................................................................................... 120 Assumption 2 ...................................................................................................................... 121 Assumption 3 ...................................................................................................................... 121 Assumption 4 ...................................................................................................................... 121

x L I S T O F F I G U R E S Figure 1. Framework for vehicle performance guidance. .......................................................... 4 Figure 2. SAE J3017 levels of automation ............................................................................... 10 Figure 3. Example of vehicle’s cybersecurity mitigation technologies shown along an in-vehicle network. ........................................................................................... 15 Figure 4. Map of state automated vehicle-related activities as of June 2018. ......................... 24 Figure 5. 2016 Findings on Utah code. ................................................................................... 59 Figure 6. Coeur d’Alene amendment. ..................................................................................... 62 Figure 7. Operation of C/AVs on Texas roadways. ................................................................... 68 Figure 8. NTC draft trialing policy: major feedback questions. ............................................... 90 Figure 9. Summary of NTC proposals and guidelines for trials of automated vehicles. ........... 91 Figure 10. Anticipated timeline for C/ADS deployment. ....................................................... 122 L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 1. Applicability of Guidance Areas to SAE Automation Levels 2–5 ................................... 5 Table 2. Principles for Bipartisan Legislation on Self-Driving Vehicles ....................................... 7 Table 3. NHTSA’s 2017 Policy ADS Safety Elements ................................................................ 11 Table 4. Key Practices to Identify and Mitigate Vehicle Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Identified by Industry Stakeholders ......................................................... 14 Table 5. Fundamental Vehicle Cybersecurity Protections ....................................................... 16 Table 6. Strategy Checklist for Government Promotion of Automated Driving ....................... 72

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 253: Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems, Vol. 1: Legal Landscape explores federal, state, and international legal activities and practices regarding Connected and Automated Vehicles and Highly Automated Vehicles (C/AV/HAVs):

  • Section 1 reviews United States federal activities within the sphere of regulating C/AV/HAVs.
  • Section 2 reviews practices in each of the 50 states and local activities that have amended motor vehicle codes. For a review of legislation that has been introduced across all 50 states (some of which has not passed out of state legislatures as law), refer to Appendix C, which is a sortable Excel spreadsheet delineating activities at the federal and state level.
  • Section 3 highlights activities being undertaken by transportation agencies within this field, specifically highlighting the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA’s) activities.
  • Section 4 provides brief summaries of law journal articles that address subject matter focus areas for policy-makers and legislators to consider as C/AV/HAV market penetrations grow. It includes a review of privacy laws.
  • Section 5 provides a review of international activities being undertaken in this area. The team reviewed related activities taking place among our North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade partners, Canada and Mexico, as well as in European countries and the European Union, Australia, and Japan.
  • Section 6 offers conclusions based on information presented in sections 1 through 5.

View all volumes of NCHRP Web-Only Document 253:

  • Vol. 1: Legal Landscape
  • Vol. 2: State Legal and Regulatory Audit
  • Vol. 3: Legal Modification Prioritization and Harmonization Analysis
  • Vol. 4: Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan
  • Vol. 5: Developing the Autonomous Vehicle Action Plan
  • Vol. 6: Implementation Plan
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