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NCHRP Web-Only Document 253: Implications of Connected and Automated Driving Systems Vol. 1: Legal Landscape Tammy E. Trimble Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, VA Lisa Loftus-Otway University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX Susanna Gallun Susanna Gallun Consulting Austin, TX Contractorâs Final Report for NCHRP Project 20-102(07) Submitted July 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 253 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Gwen Chisholm Smith, Manager, Transit Cooperative Research Program Keyara Dorn, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Senior Editorial Assistant NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(07) PANEL AREA TWENTY: SPECIAL PROJECTS Robert G. Mikell, IDEMIA, Snellville, GA (Chair) Joseph Chapman, California DMV, Sacramento, CA Samer Dessouky, University of TexasâSan Antonio, San Antonio, TX Yoassry M. Elzohairy, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON Patty A. Morneault, Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles, Augusta, ME David M. Neitz, CDM Smith, Boston, MA James S. Thiel, Thiel, Vu & Associates, LLC, Madison, WI Kirk Zeringue, Louisiana DOTD, Baton Rouge, LA Carl K. Andersen, FHWA Liaison Cathie Curtis, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Liaison Bernardo Kleiner, TRB Liaison
vii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Section 1: Federal Law Review ................................................................................................. 3 Automated and Highly Automated Vehicle Policy ................................................................ 3 Cybersecurity Policy ........................................................................................................... 13 Safety and Data ................................................................................................................. 18 Event Data Recorders ............................................................................................................ 18 Privacy ............................................................................................................................... 20 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 20 Spectrum ........................................................................................................................... 21 Braking .............................................................................................................................. 22 Trucking ............................................................................................................................. 23 Section 2: State Law Review .................................................................................................. 24 Arizona .............................................................................................................................. 25 Arkansas ............................................................................................................................ 25 California ........................................................................................................................... 26 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 26 Regulations ............................................................................................................................ 27 Colorado ............................................................................................................................ 41 Connecticut ....................................................................................................................... 41 District of Columbia ........................................................................................................... 42 Florida ............................................................................................................................... 42 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 42 Georgia .............................................................................................................................. 44 Louisiana ........................................................................................................................... 44 Michigan ............................................................................................................................ 45 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 45 Nebraska ........................................................................................................................... 48 Nevada .............................................................................................................................. 48 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 48 New Jersey ........................................................................................................................ 50 North Dakota ..................................................................................................................... 51 Oklahoma .......................................................................................................................... 51 South Carolina ................................................................................................................... 51 Tennessee .......................................................................................................................... 52 Texas .................................................................................................................................. 56 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 56 Utah .................................................................................................................................. 58 Virginia .............................................................................................................................. 59 Washington ....................................................................................................................... 60 Wisconsin .......................................................................................................................... 61 Local Jurisdiction Activities ................................................................................................ 61 Section 3: Overview of Organization Activities ...................................................................... 64
viii American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) ...................................... 64 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) ................. 64 National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) ............................................................... 64 Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA) .................................................................. 64 National Governors Association (NGA) .............................................................................. 65 Industry Associations ......................................................................................................... 65 Section 4: Review of Law Articles........................................................................................... 66 Liability, Privacy, and C/AV/HAV Regulation ....................................................................... 73 Federal Safety Standards and Liability .................................................................................. 73 The EDR and Liability ............................................................................................................. 73 C/AV/HAV Modification by Third Parties and Liability .......................................................... 74 Privacy Concerns ................................................................................................................... 74 Autonomy Privacy ................................................................................................................. 75 Cyberstalking ......................................................................................................................... 75 Personal Data Privacy ............................................................................................................ 76 History of the DPPA ............................................................................................................... 78 Permissible Uses of a Driverâs Motor Vehicle Record ........................................................... 79 Federal Constitutional Privacy and Case Law ....................................................................... 80 Government Collection of Information and Law Enforcement ............................................ 80 Surveillance Privacy .............................................................................................................. 81 EDRs and Privacy ................................................................................................................... 81 Third-Party Access to Data .................................................................................................... 82 CV and V2V Regulation Moving Forward .............................................................................. 83 FTCs Authority to Protect Consumer Privacy ........................................................................ 85 Cybersecurity Concerns ........................................................................................................ 86 Wrap-Up ............................................................................................................................ 87 Section 5: International Activities .......................................................................................... 88 Canada .............................................................................................................................. 88 Mexico ............................................................................................................................... 89 Japan ................................................................................................................................. 89 Australia ............................................................................................................................ 90 European Activities ............................................................................................................ 92 EU Member States ............................................................................................................. 94 France .................................................................................................................................... 95 Finland ................................................................................................................................... 95 Germany ................................................................................................................................ 95 The Netherlands .................................................................................................................... 96 Sweden .................................................................................................................................. 96 United Kingdom .................................................................................................................... 98 Singapore ............................................................................................................................ 101 Section 6: Wrap-Up and Initial Conclusions .......................................................................... 103 References ........................................................................................................................... 104 Acronyms, Definitions, and Assumptions ............................................................................. 117 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 117
ix Definitions and Assumptions ........................................................................................... 119 Definitions of C/ADS Commercial Applications .................................................................. 119 Definition of Harmonization ............................................................................................... 120 Assumptions .................................................................................................................... 120 Assumption 1 ...................................................................................................................... 120 Assumption 2 ...................................................................................................................... 121 Assumption 3 ...................................................................................................................... 121 Assumption 4 ...................................................................................................................... 121
x L I S T O F F I G U R E S Figure 1. Framework for vehicle performance guidance. .......................................................... 4 Figure 2. SAE J3017 levels of automation ............................................................................... 10 Figure 3. Example of vehicleâs cybersecurity mitigation technologies shown along an in-vehicle network. ........................................................................................... 15 Figure 4. Map of state automated vehicle-related activities as of June 2018. ......................... 24 Figure 5. 2016 Findings on Utah code. ................................................................................... 59 Figure 6. Coeur dâAlene amendment. ..................................................................................... 62 Figure 7. Operation of C/AVs on Texas roadways. ................................................................... 68 Figure 8. NTC draft trialing policy: major feedback questions. ............................................... 90 Figure 9. Summary of NTC proposals and guidelines for trials of automated vehicles. ........... 91 Figure 10. Anticipated timeline for C/ADS deployment. ....................................................... 122 L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 1. Applicability of Guidance Areas to SAE Automation Levels 2â5 ................................... 5 Table 2. Principles for Bipartisan Legislation on Self-Driving Vehicles ....................................... 7 Table 3. NHTSAâs 2017 Policy ADS Safety Elements ................................................................ 11 Table 4. Key Practices to Identify and Mitigate Vehicle Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Identified by Industry Stakeholders ......................................................... 14 Table 5. Fundamental Vehicle Cybersecurity Protections ....................................................... 16 Table 6. Strategy Checklist for Government Promotion of Automated Driving ....................... 72
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