Guide for the Analysis of Multimodal Corridor Access Management (2018)

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2018 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 900 Guide for the Analysis of Multimodal Corridor Access Management Marc Butorac James Bonneson Kristine Connolly Paul Ryus Bastian Schroeder Kittelson & AssociAtes, inc. Portland, OR Kristine Williams Zhenyu Wang Seckin Ozkul center for UrbAn trAnsportAtion reseArch University of soUth floridA Tampa, FL Jerome Gluck AecoM, inc. New York, NY Subscriber Categories Pedestrians and Bicyclists • Operations and Traffic Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). 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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 03-120, “Assessing Interactions Between Access Management Treatments and Multimodal Users”. Kittelson & Associates, Inc. (KAI) was the contractor for this study. The Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida (CUTR), and AECOM, Inc. were subcontractors. Authors of this report are Marc Butorac, James Bonneson, Kristine Connolly, Paul Ryus, and Bastian Schroeder (KAI); Kristine Williams, Zhenyu Wang, and Seckin Ozkul (CUTR); and Jerome Gluck (AECOM, Inc.). Mr. Butorac served as the principal investigator for this project. The authors acknowledge the assistance and support of key staff members for their significant contribu- tions to the data collection and traffic simulation tasks. The KAI staff members include Elizabeth Connell, Chelsea Farnsworth, Ellen Moshier, Clarissa Dougherty, Miranda Barrus, and Lake Trask. The CUTR graduate research assistants and staff members include Dharmin Kukadia, Teerapat Charukitpaisarn, Abhijit Vasili, Rama Durga Tammayya Naidu Kolla, and Ashok Sampath. The AECOM, Inc. staff mem- bers include Jacquilyn Coelho, Gabriel Kleinfeld, Jeffrey Sandberg, and Chaithra Jagadish. The authors extend special thanks to the agency staff who provided assistance during the data collection tasks. Those individuals include Ping P. Hsu and Richard Napora (Florida Department of Transportation, District 7) and Norman D. Jester (Pinellas County, Florida). The authors also acknowledge Li Zhang and Xiang Li from New Global Systems for technical support in implementing the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (version 3.0) and express sincere thanks to the members of the project panel, who provided extremely helpful guidance and feedback on the many documents they were asked to review. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 900 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Senior Program Officer Megan A. Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Linda A. Dziobek, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 03-120 PANEL Field of Traffic—Operations and Control James L. Gattis, University of Arkansas, Springfield, MO (Chair) Barbara J. De Saint Croix, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA Gina Bonyani, Florida DOT, Tallahassee, FL Philip B. Demosthenes, Philip B. Demosthenes, LLC, Denver, CO Robert Dunphy, Arlington, VA Brian K. Gage, Minnesota DOT, Saint Paul, MN Alan Ginder, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, New York, NY Chris W. Huffman, Huffman Corridor Consulting, LLC, Topeka, KS Jean Lionel Lucien, Massachusetts DOT, Boston, MA Jeffrey B. Shaw, FHWA Liaison Richard A. Cunard, TRB Liaison

NCHRP Research Report 900 will assist in the selection of alternative access management techniques based on the safety and operation performance of each affected travel mode. The guide documents operational and safety relationships between access management techniques and the automobile, pedestrian, bicycle, public transit, and truck modes. The analyses in the guide generally reflect a suburban and urban land use context. This report will be of immediate interest to practitioners involved in how to weigh, evaluate, and under- stand the effects and trade-offs when implementing access management techniques in a multimodal corridor. The roadway system must accommodate many types of users—bicyclists, passenger cars, pedestrians, transit, and trucks. Increasingly, stakeholders are recognizing that there should be an appropriate balance between the various modes. Access connections to the roadway are a part of the system, and there is increasing recognition that the location and design of access to and from roadways affect all transportation modes. There is a need to understand better the interactions between multimodal operations and access management techniques and treatments, and the trade-off decisions that are necessary. In addition, suburban and urban land uses continually change, and access management planning for retrofitting corridors should consider the multimodal needs as well as the need to upgrade arterial performance. Past studies have shown that arterial roadway characteristics such as turning movements, unsignalized and signalized access density, median type, turn lanes, sidewalks, bike lanes, and bus turnouts can all affect corridor operations. Studies have also shown that effective access management treatments reduce conflict points along roadways, leading to reductions in delays and crashes. However, there has been limited understanding of the effects of access management treatments on multimodal operations, and vice versa, particularly treatments in combination. As a result, quantitative relationships to assess measures of effectiveness of access management techniques and multimodal interactions for, but not limited to, average travel speed, travel time reliability, and capacity preservation are needed. Under NCHRP Project 03-120, “Assessing Interactions Between Access Management Treatments and Multimodal Users,” Kittelson & Associates, Inc., was asked to identify and determine unknown relationship definitions between access management techniques and the various users and modes along multimodal corridors. Performance relationships and priorities may differ under a central business district context, and the guide does not supersede engineering judgment by the knowledgeable design professional. Specific com- binations of characteristics in other environments may produce outcomes that differ from those presented herein. The fact that new operational and safety performance relationships F O R E W O R D By Waseem Dekelbab Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

are presented does not imply that existing roadways or highways are unsafe nor does it mandate the initiation of improvement projects. The research agency’s final report, which documents the entire research effort, is available for download from TRB’s website at www.trb.org by searching NCHRP Web- Only Document 256: Assessing Interactions Between Access Management Treatments and Multimodal Users.

1 Summary 6 Chapter 1 Restrict Left-Turn Movements at an Access Point 6 Description 6 Quantitative Analysis Methods 8 Additional Information 9 References 10 Chapter 2 Non-Traversable Medians 10 Description 10 Quantitative Analysis Methods 14 Additional Information 15 References 16 Chapter 3 Continuous Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes 16 Description 16 Quantitative Analysis Methods 19 Additional Information 19 References 21 Chapter 4 Frontage and Service Roads 21 Description 21 Quantitative Analysis Methods 25 Additional Information 25 References 26 Chapter 5 Unsignalized Median Openings 26 Description 26 Quantitative Analysis Methods 28 Additional Information 29 References 30 Chapter 6 Traffic Signal Spacing 30 Description 30 Quantitative Analysis Methods 34 Additional Information 34 References 35 Chapter 7 Number and Spacing of Unsignalized Access Points 35 Description 35 Quantitative Analysis Methods 39 Additional Information 39 References C O N T E N T S

41 Chapter 8 Interchange Areas 41 Description 41 Quantitative Analysis Methods 43 Additional Information 43 References 44 Chapter 9 Left-Turn Lanes 44 Description 44 Quantitative Analysis Methods 48 Additional Information 48 References 50 Chapter 10 Right-Turn Lanes 50 Description 50 Quantitative Analysis Methods 54 Additional Information 55 References 56 Chapter 11 Driveway Channelization 56 Description 56 Quantitative Analysis Methods 58 Additional Information 58 References 59 Chapter 12 Alternative Intersections and Interchanges 59 Description 59 Quantitative Analysis Methods 63 Additional Information 63 References 64 Chapter 13 Parking and Stopping Restrictions 64 Description 64 Quantitative Analysis Methods 66 Additional Information 66 References 67 Chapter 14 Roundabouts 67 Description 67 Quantitative Analysis Methods 69 Additional Information 69 References 70 Chapter 15 Driveway Sight Distance 70 Description 70 Quantitative Analysis Methods 72 Additional Information 72 References 73 Chapter 16 One-Way Driveways 73 Description 73 Quantitative Analysis Methods 75 Additional Information 75 References

76 Chapter 17 Driveway Width 76 Description 76 Quantitative Analysis Methods 79 Additional Information 79 References 80 Chapter 18 Driveway Vertical Geometry 80 Description 80 Quantitative Analysis Methods 82 Additional Information 82 References 83 Chapter 19 Driveway Throat Length 83 Description 83 Quantitative Analysis Methods 84 Additional Information 84 References 85 Appendix Applications Guidance for Selected Quantitative Analysis Methods 85 Introduction 85 Methods Described in this Appendix 86 HCM6 Intersection Delay Methods 88 HCM6 Arterial Travel Speed Methods 93 Queue Estimation Methods in the HCM6 94 Multimodal Level of Service Methods in the HCM6 106 Pedestrian and Bicycle Delay Methods in the HCM6 107 Truck Level of Service 109 Crash Modification Factors 109 Bowman et al. Vehicle and Pedestrian Crash Models by Median Type 111 Potts et al. Pedestrian Crash Model for Right-Turn Lanes 112 Carter et al. Pedestrian and Bicycle Intersection Safety Indices 114 References Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.