National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Taking Action Against
Clinician Burnout

A Systems Approach to
Professional Well-Being

Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care
by Supporting Clinician Well-Being

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Hospital Association, Arnold P. Gold Foundation, Association of American Medical Colleges, BJC HealthCare, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, The Doctors Company Foundation, Duke University Hospital, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Johns Hopkins Health System, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Medical College of Wisconsin, Montefiore Medicine, The Mont Fund, The Ohio State University, The State University of New York System, Tulane University, University of Florida, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Michigan, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Utah Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, and Yale School of Medicine. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-49547-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-49547-4
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25521
Library of Congress Control Number: to come

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking action against clinician burnout: A systems approach to professional well-being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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COMMITTEE ON SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO IMPROVE PATIENT CARE BY SUPPORTING CLINICIAN WELL-BEING

PASCALE CARAYON (Co-Chair), Leon and Elizabeth Janssen Professor, Director of the Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison

CHRISTINE K. CASSEL (Co-Chair), Senior Advisor on Strategy and Policy, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

ELISABETH BELMONT, Corporate Counsel, MaineHealth

NEIL A. BUSIS, Director, Community Neurology, and Director, General Teleneurology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

M. LYNN CRISMON, Dean, James T. Doluisio Regents Chair and Behrens Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin

LISELOTTE DYRBYE, Professor of Medicine and Medical Education, Co-Director, Program on Physician Well-Being, Mayo Clinic

POOJA KINKHABWALA, Endocrinology Fellow, Larkin Community Hospital

WANDA LIPSCOMB, Senior Associate Dean for Diversity and Inclusion, Associate Dean for Student Affairs, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University

SARANYA LOEHRER, Head of Innovation, Institute for Healthcare Improvement

M. A. J. LEX MacNEIL, Founding Dean and Professor, College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University (Retired)

JOSÉ A. PAGÁN, Chair and Professor, Department of Public Health Policy and Management, College of Global Public Health, New York University

SHARON H. PAPPAS, Chief Nurse Executive, Emory Healthcare and Professor, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University

CYNDA HYLTON RUSHTON, Anne and George L. Bunting Professor of Clinical Ethics, Berman Institute of Bioethics and School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University

TAIT SHANAFELT, Associate Dean, Chief Wellness Officer, and Jeanie and Stew Ritchie Professor of Medicine, Stanford Medicine

GEORGE THIBAULT, Former President, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, and Daniel D. Federman Professor of Medicine and Medical Education Emeritus, Harvard Medical School

VINDELL WASHINGTON, Chief Medical Officer, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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MATTHEW B. WEINGER, Director, Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Professor, Vanderbilt University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Staff Physician, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System

Study Staff

Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

LAURA AIUPPA DENNING, Study Director

MARC MEISNERE, Associate Program Officer

RAJBIR KAUR, Senior Program Assistant (until October 2019)

MICAH WINOGRAD, Senior Finance Business Partner

SHARYL J. NASS, Board Director

Board on Human-Systems Integration, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

HEATHER KREIDLER, Associate Program Officer (until July 2019)

TOBY WARDEN, Board Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Title: Woven
Artist: Tia Calvert (Rochester, MN)

Artist Statement:

Working at a health care organization, I see the effects of burnout, but I also see resiliency in our providers. Woven represents the intricacies, layers, and complexities of feeling burnt out while serving patients. It doesn’t happen all at once, but builds over time. The shimmering threads represent life and hope that is embedded in each provider; the spirit of serving; and the belief that you will make a difference. All of these aspects woven together are the essence of the provider.

Image

This artwork was submitted as part of the National Academy of Medicine’s Expressions of Clinician Well-Being, an art exhibition that collected insights directly from clinicians, patients, loved ones, and organizations working to prevent burnout and promote well-being. For more information on the exhibition, please visit nam.edu/expressclinicianwellbeing.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report, nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by MARLA E. SALMON, University of Washington, and DON EUGENE DETMER, University of Virginia School of Medicine. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Acknowledgments

We, the members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being, wish to express our sincere gratitude to the many individuals and groups who helped with this report.

The committee appreciates the generous funding support extended by these sponsors: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Hospital Association, Arnold P. Gold Foundation, Association of American Medical Colleges, BJC HealthCare, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, The Doctors Company Foundation, Duke University Hospital, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Johns Hopkins Health System, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Medical College of Wisconsin, Montefiore Medicine, The Mont Fund, The Ohio State University, The State University of New York System, Tulane University, University of Florida, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, University of Massachusetts Medical School, University of Michigan, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Utah Health, University of Virginia Medical Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Health System, and Yale School of Medicine.

Over the course of the study, we received valuable information and insight from a number of individuals with expertise in fields related to systems approaches to clinician burnout and professional well-being. Thank you to the presenters at our public meetings:

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Many within the National Academies were helpful to study staff. We would like to thank Lauren Shern (Health and Medicine Division Executive Office); Greta Gorman, Nicole Joy, and Tina Seliber (communications and report production). We also appreciate the valuable assistance from Rebecca Morgan (National Academies Research Center); Dana Korsen and Stephanie Miceli (Office of News and Public Information). This report was also made possible by the leadership and support of the staff of the National Academy of Medicine’s Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being and Resilience, including Victor Dzau, Michael McGinnis, Charlee Alexander, Kyra Cappelucci, Ivory Clarke, Laura DeStefano, Imani Rickerby, Samantha Phillips, and Mariana Zindel.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Preface

Twenty years ago, in its two landmark reports, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System and Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) called for dramatic attention to the issue of patient safety and more broadly quality of care. The reports led to major changes in the design of health care work systems and processes to improve quality of care, and reduce preventable patient harm. This report, Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being, is a critical follow-up to these major reports and other reports in the IOM’s Quality Chasm Series, as it calls attention to the safety, health, and well-being of health care clinicians. We were pleased to co-chair the work of this consensus study committee, as our respective areas of expertise—bioethics, professionalism, and quality of care and human factors and systems engineering in health care—are both essential to understanding this complex phenomenon.

The report has two major overarching themes. First, clinician burnout is a major problem; the report calls for immediate action. Health care is going through many dramatic changes (related to technology, regulation, policy, societal trends) that have profound impact on health care delivery and consequently the organizations that deliver care and the people who work within them to care for patients. In this rapidly changing and stressful environment, the rates of burnout among clinicians are alarming. Clinicians are motivated and guided by professional oaths and values that are challenged by these profound changes in the external environment, in health care organizations, and in learning and work environments. This creates real or perceived dissonance of values and mismatch of resources

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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with job demands experienced by clinicians. Clinician burnout is bad for both clinicians and patients. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and loss of sense of professional efficacy—the three dimensions of burnout—are detrimental to quality of care. Clinician burnout is also costly for organizations experiencing workforce shortages and difficulty retaining high-quality clinicians. Clinicians suffering burnout are poor teachers and role models for students and trainees, extending these concerns throughout the learning environment. The report calls for immediate action by health care organizations, health professions educational institutions, and health care policy, regulatory, and standards-setting entities.

Second, clinician burnout is a complex multi-factorial problem that is not easily solved; the report recommends a systems approach to reducing clinician burnout and fostering professional well-being. Multiple work system factors contribute to clinician burnout (e.g., high workload, administrative burden, poorly designed technologies) and stem from decisions or actions taken at various levels in health care: the local frontline care delivery level, health care organizations, and multiple policy and regulatory actors in the external environment. The report shows that multiple interacting factors produce imbalances in job demands and resources experienced by clinicians at all stages of their professional development and career. Humanism and professionalism are two major motivating factors for most clinicians, and many aspects of the modern work environment conflict with these fundamental ethical norms. Regulatory and institutional policies, payer requirements, and intrusive, difficult technologies all challenge the basic ethical motivations that are essential to professional fulfillment of the human beings who are central to high-quality patient care. Therefore, work system transformation with meaningful, effective involvement of clinicians is necessary at multiple levels to tackle the critical problem of burnout. Health care organizations have a key role in this transformation; they need to adopt systems design principles to reduce clinician burnout and foster professional well-being.

In the context of these overarching themes, the report highlights specific key issues of clinician burnout that need to be addressed:

  • Clinician burnout needs to be tackled early in professional development, and special stressors in the learning environment need to be recognized.
  • Stakeholders in the external environment have an important role to play in preventing clinician burnout as their decisions can result in increased burden and other demands that affect clinician burnout. Every attempt at alignment and reduction of requirements to reduce redundancy is essential.
  • Technology can either contribute to clinician burnout (e.g., poorly designed electronic health record technologies) or potentially reduce clinician burnout (e.g., well-functioning patient communications,
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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  • clinical decision support) if it is well designed, implemented, and integrated into clinical workflow. The report reiterates several recommendations of previous IOM and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine reports to improve usability, workflow integration, and interoperability of health information technology.

  • Medical societies, state licensing boards, specialty certification boards, and medical education and health care delivery organizations all need to take concrete steps to reduce the stigma for clinicians of seeking help for psychological distress, and make assistance more easily available.

There were areas where the study committee wished we could go further but found insufficient evidence to support strong recommendations. One of those areas is interventions. The evidence for system interventions that significantly address clinician burnout is limited. Some organizational interventions (e.g., changes to clinical work processes) can reduce clinician burnout, and individual interventions (e.g., stress management) may also be effective, but they do not address some of the core work system factors that contribute to clinician burnout. In light of the limited evidence base, the study committee was not able to provide specific recommendations for system interventions. The report strongly recommends that health care organizations create, implement, and evaluate their own interventions by using a systematic approach to reducing clinician burnout, use rigorous methods of evaluating burnout and burnout risk, and do so while openly sharing their lessons learned with other health care organizations. The report also calls for investment in research on organizational interventions.

As co-chairs of the study committee, we thank all the members of the committee for their individual and group contributions. In our experience, neither of us has seen such intense dedication and level of contribution of volunteer committee members. We learned a great deal from this diverse group, and are extremely grateful for the opportunity to work with them. None of the work of the committee would have been possible without the professional staff of the National Academies, led by the study director, Laura Aiuppa, in collaboration with Marc Meisnere, Rajbir Kaur, Heather Kreidler, and other National Academies staff. Both personally and on behalf of the study committee, we thank them for a truly collaborative, incredibly effective, and productive process.

Pascale Carayon and Christine Cassel, Co-Chairs

Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

AACN American Association of Critical-Care Nurses
AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges
ABMS American Board of Medical Specialties
ACA Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
ACGME Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
ACP American College of Physicians
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
AI artificial intelligence
AMA American Medical Association
AMIA American Medical Informatics Association
ANCC American Nurses Credentialing Center
APM Alternative Payment Model
APN advanced practice nurse
APP advance practice provider
AUC Appropriate Use Criteria
CHIP Children’s Health Insurance Program
CMA certified medical assistant
CME continuing medical education
CMS Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
CPOE computerized physician order entry
CQMC Core Quality Measure Collaborative
CREW Civility, Respect, and Engagement at Work
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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EHR electronic health record
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FSMB Federation of State Medical Boards
HCAHPS Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
HCD human-centered design
HCO health care organization
HCP health care professional
HFE human factors engineering
HHS U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
HIE health information exchange
HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
HITECH Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act
HWE healthy work environment
ICU intensive care unit
IM-ITE Internal Medicine In-Training Examination
IOM Institute of Medicine
IT information technology
MACRA Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015
MBI Maslach Burnout Inventory
MIPS merit-based Incentive Payment System
MOC maintenance of certification
NAM National Academy of Medicine
NQF National Quality Forum
ONC The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology
PACT Patient Aligned Care Team
PCMH patient-centered medical home
PDMP prescription drug monitoring program
PES-NWI Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index
PHW Physician Worklife Study
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25521.
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SaMD software as a medical device
SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
TEFCA Trusted Exchange Framework and Common Agreement
USMLE United States Medical Licensing Examination
VA U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
WHO World Health Organization
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Patient-centered, high-quality health care relies on the well-being, health, and safety of health care clinicians. However, alarmingly high rates of clinician burnout in the United States are detrimental to the quality of care being provided, harmful to individuals in the workforce, and costly. It is important to take a systemic approach to address burnout that focuses on the structure, organization, and culture of health care.

Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being builds upon two groundbreaking reports from the past twenty years, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System and Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, which both called attention to the issues around patient safety and quality of care. This report explores the extent, consequences, and contributing factors of clinician burnout and provides a framework for a systems approach to clinician burnout and professional well-being, a research agenda to advance clinician well-being, and recommendations for the field.

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