National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Appendix D: Glossary
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

Index

A

A-bomb, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb detonations

Absorbed dose units, see Gray units;

Rad units

Accidents, see Incidents and accidents

Actinides, 31, 41-42

Activity units, see Becquerel units;

Curie units

Ad hoc epidemiologic studies, 14

Advisory committees, 3, 13, 15, 19, 80, 88-89

Hanford, 14, 109

Aeolian processes, see Wind

Age, 8, 37, 44, 46, 47, 66, 71, 77

Agriculture, 9, 10, 28, 32-33, 35

Air, see Atmospheric releases and contamination

Ambient exposures, see Background radiation;

External exposure

Analytic records, 22, 24

Animals, 31, 32, 33, 35

Aquifers, see Groundwater contamination

Assays, see Biologic markers

Ataxia telangiectasia, 58, 125

Atmospheric releases and contamination, 16, 20

bias and uncertainty in measurement, 23

Fernald, 108

ground-level releases, 20, 28, 30

Handford, 108, 109

pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28-33, 38, 108

uncertainty, 29, 30

B

Background radiation, 8, 46, 125

as exposure baseline, 8, 14, 44

Becquerel (Bq) units, 15, 125

Behavior and lifestyle, 2, 5, 8, 9, 37, 45, 48, 67, 105, 110

Bias, 46, 84-85, 125

and epidemiologic studies, 9, 11, 67, 68, 69, 75-78, 80

and public concern, 11, 67, 75

in release estimates, 18, 23, 24, 26, 90

Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, 34, 35

Biologic markers, 2, 51-52, 58-61

of dose or exposure, 2, 51, 52-57, 58, 59, 126

of effect, 2, 51, 57-58, 126

in epidemiology, 53, 59-60, 61, 91

recommendations, 60-61, 90-91

of susceptibility, 2, 51-52, 58, 61, 91, 126

Bombs, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

detonations ;

Weapons plants;

Weapons testing

Bones, 35, 41-42, 47, 65

Bounding calculations, 10, 17

Breathing, see Inhalation exposure

Buildings, 29, 30, 31, 38, 111

C

Calcium, 35, 41

Calibration curves, 60, 91

Cancer and carcinogens, 8, 43, 44, 45, 51, 57-58, 59, 64-66, 72-74, 76, 79-80, 126

and Nevada Test Site, 103-104

Chernobyl (Ukraine) reactor accident, 5, 31, 62, 103, 105-107

Chromosome damage, see Biologic markers;

Mutation

Chronic contamination, 31, 35, 39, 90

Classified information, see Security information

Clusters, 70, 75, 80, 83, 126

Cohorts, 46, 68, 69, 70, 80, 126, 129

Colon, 43, 45, 47, 57, 64

Columbia River, 108-109

Committees, see Advisory committees

Computer codes, 36, 39, 90

Confidence intervals and limits, 2, 9, 37, 77, 79, 126

Confounding and confounders, 57, 69-70, 75-77, 78, 80, 126

Conversion factors, 50, 91

Correlation studies, 69-70, 80

Cost-effectiveness, 5, 43-44, 85

Credibility, see Public acceptance and confidence

Curie units, 15

Cytogenetic markers, 52-54

D

Data, see Bias;

Dose assessment;

Engineering estimates;

Environmental monitoring data;

Environmental pathway analysis;

Extrapolation of data;

Historic records;

Interpolation of data;

Models and modeling;

Public disclosure;

Quality of data;

Risk assessment;

Samples and sampling;

Source term analysis;

Uncertainty

Decision-making criteria, 11, 49, 50, 83, 84, 85-86, 91, 92

Defense Nuclear Agency, 44

Department of Defense, 44

Department of Energy (DOE), 4, 7, 32

Department of Health and Human Services, 4

Deposition velocity, 30

Dicentric aberrations, 52, 53, 54, 60

Dietary patterns, 5, 8, 9, 37, 38, 45, 48, 67, 105

following accidents, 33, 39, 90

Dispersion, 18, 22, 28, 29, 34

Disposal, see Waste and disposal

DNA damage, see Biologic markers;

Mutation

Dose, dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF), 64-65, 127

Dose assessment, 5, 9, 40-50

Chernobyl, 105-106

Goiana, 110-111

"high"-versus-"low" ranges, 7-8, 11, 14, 49

Nevada Test Site, 44, 46, 49, 50, 91, 104

E

Effluent, see Waste and disposal

Employees, 10, 22

Engineering estimates, 17, 18, 22

Environmental monitoring data, 19, 20, 22, 23-24, 31

Nevada Test Site, 103

in source term analysis, 17-18, 22, 23-24, 25, 89

Three Mile Island, 107

Environmental pathway analysis, 2, 5, 9, 27-39, 48

Fernald, 107-108

Goiana, 111

modeling, 19-20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 90

original versus derived data, 28, 29, 31, 39, 90

recommendations, 39, 90

in scoping studies, 11, 12, 25, 27, 46, 89

and source term, 17, 25, 26, 27, 89, 90

uncertainty, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36-38, 39, 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 64, 65

Epidemiologic studies, 8, 9, 14, 48, 62-81

coordination with dosimetric studies, 2, 7, 8, 10-11, 15, 28, 46-48, 50, 63, 67-68, 78-79, 80-81, 89, 91-92

data quality, 9, 19, 84, 86, 92

design, 68-78, 80

formal, 62, 68

monitoring, 62, 68

recommendations, 80-81, 91-92

and scoping studies, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12-13, 15, 18, 63, 68, 79, 81, 85-86, 89, 92

and source term analysis, 16, 17

statistical analyses, 77-78, 80

uncertainty in, 37, 67, 78

Episodic releases and single events, 9, 21, 23, 25-26, 31, 35, 39, 89-90, 127.

See also Incidents and accidents

Estuaries, 34-35

Evacuation, see Relocation and evacuation

Evaporation, 20

Excess risk, 44-45, 66, 77, 81, 83, 92

Exhaust paths, 20

Expert judgment, 37

Exposure, see Background radiation;

Dose assessment;

External exposure;

Gamma exposure;

Ingestion exposure;

Inhalation exposure

External exposure, 5, 8, 14, 40-41, 46, 47, 49, 61, 91

Chernobyl, 106

Goiana, 110-111

Nevada Test Site, 104, 105

pathway analysis, 14, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 103, 107-108

F

Fertilizers, 33

Filtration, 20, 29, 47

incomplete sample collection, 24, 107

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 53-54, 59, 60, 127

Follow-up, 15, 71, 72-73, 75, 88, 127

Food, see Agriculture;

Dietary patterns;

Food distribution practices;

Ingestion exposure

Food distribution practices, 9, 33, 38, 39, 46, 90

Freshwater systems, 34-35

Full-scale dose reconstruction studies, 2, 12, 27-28, 81, 86, 92

G

Gamma exposure, 31, 39, 42, 73, 90

Goiana, 110-111

Nevada Test Site, 103, 104

Techa River, 109, 110

Gases, 20, 28, 30-31, 41, 107

Gastrointestinal tract, 41, 42, 43

Genetic markers, 54-56

Genotoxicity, 60, 127

Geography and terrain, 6, 10, 30

Glycophorin A assay, 54-55, 57, 60

Goiana (Brazil) careless disposal, 5, 32, 103, 110-111

Gravitational settling, 30

Gray (Gy) units, 8, 15, 42, 127

Grazing, 31, 32, 33

Ground and soil deposition, 16, 21, 28, 48

pathway analysis, 5, 9, 23, 28, 30-33, 38

sampling and monitoring, 30, 31, 39, 90, 104-105, 106

Groundwater contamination, 6, 7, 16, 20-21

Hanford, 108

pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28, 30-31, 32, 35

H

Hanford (Washington) Nuclear Site, 4, 5, 24, 45, 103, 108-109

Health and medicine, see Health effects;

Medical radiation;

Public health policy

Health effects, 8-9, 52, 63

Japanese A-bomb survivors, 8, 43, 45, 53, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65

of low doses, 8, 63-65, 66-67

risk assessment, 7, 43-45, 46, 63-67

in scoping studies, 2, 10, 83

suspected or observed by public, 11

Health physics departments, 22

Heuristic models, 36

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan) A-bomb detonations, 5, 8, 43, 45, 53, 55, 56, 63, 64, 65

Historic records, 8, 10, 13

facility logs, 10, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24

monitoring data, 19, 22

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

Nevada Test Site, 104-105

quality, 10, 19, 24

searches, 10, 18, 25, 89

in source term analysis, 17, 18, 22

versus derived data, 2, 10, 19, 22, 25, 31, 32, 39, 49, 89, 90

HLA-A genes, 55-56

Hot spots, 30

Hydraulic fracture zones, 20-21

Hydrosphere, see Water contamination

Hypocanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt), 55, 57, 59-60

I

Incidents and accidents, 22, 23, 58-59

countermeasures, 29-30, 33, 39, 46, 90

see also Chernobyl reactor accident;

Three Mile Island reactor accident;

Waste and disposal

Independent confirmation, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 36, 89

Individual doses, 8, 27, 29, 38, 45-47, 48, 50, 91

Chernobyl, 105

Hanford, 108-109

modeling, 37

Indoor concentrations, 29, 31

Industrial hygiene departments, 22

Ingestion exposure, 5, 14, 28, 38, 40, 42-43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 90

Chernobyl, 106

Nevada Test Site, 104

Techa River, 109-110

Inhalation exposure, 5, 14, 40, 41-42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 90

Fernald, 107-108

Nevada Test Site, 104

pathway analysis, 28, 29, 31, 32, 38

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 47, 64 , 65

International System of Units (SI), 15n, 42.

See also Becquerel units

Gray units

Sievert units

Interpolation of data, 20, 24

Investigation reports, 22

Iodine (I) and iodides, 24, 31, 39, 48, 90, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 , 109

Ion-exchange resins, 21

Irrigation, 28, 32

Iterative procedures, 11, 17, 27, 83, 86, 92

J

Japan, see Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bomb detonations

K

Kyshtym-Techa River (Russia) waste releases, 5, 103, 109-110

L

Lagoons, 20, 31

Lakes, 20, 33, 34

Latency, 49, 67, 127

Leaching and leachability, 21, 28, 29, 30-31, 38, 108

M

Methyl iodide, 31

Micronuclei, 54

Migration paths, 23, 29, 31, 32

Milk, 32, 33, 48, 105, 106, 107, 108-109

Mill tailings, 31

Misclassifications, 72, 78, 128

Mobility, 46, 69, 75

Models and modeling, 10, 36, 39, 90

intake, 41-42, 43, 47, 48

source term analysis, 17, 20, 23, 25

transport, 19-20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 90

validation, 28, 36, 39, 47, 49, 67, 90

versus original data, 10, 28, 31, 32, 39, 49, 90

Molecular markers, 51, 54-56

Monitoring, see Environmental monitoring data;

Epidemiological studies, monitoring;

Registries;

Samples and sampling

Monte Carlo calculations, 20

Mortality, 43-44, 75, 128

Multiple assays, 56-57, 60

Mutation, 51, 128.

See also Biologic markers

N

National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control, 1, 4

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 22

Natural radiation, see Background radiation

Neoplasms, see Cancer and carcinogens

Nevada Test Site, 5, 103-105

Nitrates, 32

Nonroutine events, see Episodic releases and single events;

Incidents and accidents

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 64, 65, 83

Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR), 44

Null hypothesis, 70, 71

P

Plutonium (Pu), 31, 32, 42, 43, 104, 107, 108, 109

Population, 11, 27, 76, 83, 128

identification, 5, 11, 13, 58, 66-67, 75

mobility, 46, 69, 75

sample size, 9, 49, 53, 72-74, 77, 130

Potassium, 35

Precipitation, 28, 30-31, 32, 38, 105

Precision, 49, 67, 79, 128

Preferential depletion and deposition, 30, 31

Preliminary studies, see Scoping studies

Priority criteria and rankings, 2, 11, 82-86

recommendations, 86, 92

Probability density functions (pdf's), 37

Probability distributions, 20

Proprietary information, 18, 19, 25, 89, 128

Prototype facilities, 23

Public acceptance and confidence, 10, 13

proprietary and security information, 18, 25, 89

Public concern, 1, 7, 8-9, 11, 15, 16, 18-19, 67, 75, 79, 85, 89

Public disclosure, 2-3, 13, 14, 15, 25, 80, 88-89

health risk expression, 44-45, 70-71

Public health policy, 9, 15, 43-44, 89

Public involvement, 14, 13, 18-19

Hanford, 14, 109

Q

Quality of data, 2, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27-28, 36, 88

accuracy, 14, 16, 17, 19, 25, 89

for epidemiological studies, 9, 19, 84, 86, 92

precision, 49, 67, 79, 128

representativeness, 10, 15, 87-88

source term, 17, 19-20, 23, 24-25, 89

R

Radio-diagnostic procedures, see Medical radiation

Radium, 41

Radon, 9, 107

Rad units, 8, 15, 42, 129

Rainfall, 30, 32

Rainout, 30

Ranking, see Priority criteria and rankings

Rare-earth isotopes, 109

Reactor accidents, 103

Reactors, see Chernobyl reactor accident;

Operations records;

Three Mile Island reactor accident

Registries, 66, 69, 75, 79, 85, 129

Regulatory analysis models, 36, 39, 90

Releases, see Atmospheric releases and contamination;

Episodic releases and single events;

Public disclosure;

Routine releases;

Source term analysis;

Water contamination

Reliability, 30, 129

Relocation and evacuation, 29-30, 105

Rem units, 15, 42, 129

Representative doses, 5, 8, 11, 27, 37, 38, 46

Representativeness of data, 10, 15, 87-88

Research and development reports, 23, 24-25

Residential history, 8, 37, 38, 49

Respiration, see Inhalation exposure

Resuspension of contaminants, 20, 28, 31, 35, 107

Retinoblastoma, 58, 129

Retrospective cohort studies, 68, 69, 80, 129

Reviews, see Peer review

Risk assessment, 7, 9, 43-45, 46, 63-67, 77-78

Rivers, 20, 32, 33, 34, 108-110

Rocky Flats (Colorado) Plant, 31-32

Routine releases, 22, 103

Runoff, 31, 32

Ruthenium (Ru), 43, 109

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×

S

Samples and sampling, 17, 21, 104-105

collection and measurement errors, 23, 24, 107, 111

original records, 22, 104

population, 49, 53, 72-74, 77, 130

soil, 30, 31, 39, 90, 104-105, 106

Scoping studies

Security information, 18, 19, 24, 25, 89, 130

Sediments, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38

Selection bias, 54-55, 130

Sensitivity analysis, 9, 36, 37, 46, 130

Settling basins, 21

Sewers and sewage, 33

Sex, 37, 44, 48, 65, 66, 71, 77

Shielding, 29, 31, 47, 111

Sievert units, 15, 42, 130

Single events, see Episodic releases and single events

SI units, see International System of Units

Smoking, 67, 76

Solids, 21

Solid-state dosimetry, 105, 130

Solubility, 34, 41

Source term analysis, 2, 5, 9, 16-26, 27, 48, 130

bias and uncertainty, 18, 23-24

comprehensive record searches, 18, 25, 26, 89, 90

data quality, 17, 19-20, 23, 24-25, 89

original versus derived data, 2, 19, 22, 25, 89

recommendations, 25-26, 89-90

in scoping studies, 12, 16, 18, 25, 45, 89

selective record searches, 18

Spatial data, 16, 27, 45

Spills, 20, 21, 32

Stable elements, 31, 35, 39, 90

Stacks, 20, 22

Statistical power, 46, 49, 70-74, 79, 81, 128

Steering committees, see Advisory committees

Stem cells, 57, 58, 131

Stomach, 45, 64

Stratification, 34

Strontium (Sr), 35, 41, 106, 107, 109

Surface water contamination, 5, 6, 9, 16, 20

Surrogate tracers, 23

Susceptibility, 131

biologic markers, 2, 51-52, 58, 61, 91, 126

T

T-cell antigen receptors (tcr), 56, 59

Techa River, see Kyshtym-Techa River

Terrain, see Geography and terrain

Thermoluminescence (TLD), 105, 106, 111, 130, 131

Thorium, 107

Three Mile Island (Pennsylvania) reactor accident, 103, 107

rolled processes, 20

U

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 8, 64

Uranium, 32, 107

V

Vadose zone, 32, 131

Validation of models, 28, 36, 39, 47, 49, 67, 90

Vegetation, see Plants and Vegetation

Vital statistics, 66

Volatile solvents, 20

W

Washout, 30, 31

Waste and disposal, 20, 22, 24, 103

control systems, 22, 23, 24, 25

Goiana incident, 5, 32, 103, 110-111

impoundments, 20-21, 23, 109

Techa River releases, 5, 103, 109-110

Water contamination, 6, 20-21, 23, 32

Hanford, 108

pathway analysis, 5, 9, 28, 32, 33-35, 38

Weapons plants, 7, 103

Fernald, 4, 5, 14, 32, 103, 107-108

Hanford, 4, 5, 24, 45, 103, 108-109

Weapons testing, 103

Nevada, 5, 103-105

Pacific, 5, 103

Weather, see Meteorological conditions

Wet deposition, see Precipitation

Wild game, 33, 38

Wind, 30, 31-32, 38, 105

Workers, 10, 22

Workshops, 14

Y

Years of life lost, 44

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1995. Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4760.
×
Page 138
Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $54.00 Buy Ebook | $43.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Growing public concern about releases of radiation into the environment has focused attention on the measurement of exposure of people living near nuclear weapons production facilities or in areas affected by accidental releases of radiation.

Radiation-Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses responds to the need for criteria for dose reconstruction studies, particularly if the doses are to be useful in epidemiology. This book provides specific and practical recommendations for whether, when, and how studies should be conducted, with an emphasis on public participation.

Based on the expertise of scientists involved in dozens of dose reconstruction projects, this volume:

  • Provides an overview of the basic requirements and technical aspects of dose reconstruction.
  • Presents lessons to be learned from dose reconstructions after Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and elsewhere.
  • Explores the potential benefits and limitations of biological markers.
  • Discusses how to establish the "source term"—that is, to determine what was released.
  • Explores methods for identifying the environmental pathways by which radiation reaches the body.
  • Offers details on three major categories of dose assessment.
  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!