TABLE D-1 Percent Working Full Time in Academia of All Ph.D.s and All Ph.D.s Who Are Working Full Time, by Sex, Field and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
|||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Engineering |
% of Ph.D.s |
36.7 |
32.3 |
34.5 |
37.4 |
33.3 |
37.3 |
28.5 |
35.8 |
n |
33442 |
127 |
47329 |
422 |
68482 |
1852 |
82512 |
4447 |
|
% of FT |
38.7 |
47.1 |
36 |
43.1 |
36.1 |
41.3 |
32.4 |
42.2 |
|
n |
31717 |
87 |
45315 |
367 |
63212 |
1671 |
72496 |
3778 |
|
Mathematics |
% of Ph.D.s |
76.2 |
63.5 |
68.2 |
59.2 |
62.1 |
57.8 |
54.9 |
50 |
n |
11719 |
869 |
16180 |
1397 |
22966 |
2659 |
27727 |
4008 |
|
% of FT |
81.7 |
88 |
72.4 |
73.1 |
66.1 |
67.7 |
61.3 |
60.9 |
|
n |
10925 |
627 |
15241 |
1132 |
21570 |
2270 |
24827 |
3290 |
|
Physical Science |
% of PhDs |
38.3 |
38.4 |
37.2 |
36.7 |
34.2 |
32.8 |
31.7 |
32.9 |
n |
61358 |
2864 |
75878 |
4235 |
95396 |
8540 |
104500 |
12860 |
|
% of FT |
42 |
60.6 |
40.1 |
48 |
38.5 |
39.4 |
38 |
40.1 |
|
n |
55990 |
1814 |
70367 |
3239 |
84777 |
7095 |
87228 |
10543 |
|
Life Sciences |
% of Ph.D.s |
59.5 |
48.3 |
57.7 |
52.5 |
50.3 |
51.4 |
46 |
50.4 |
n |
50438 |
7119 |
68133 |
11773 |
96767 |
27498 |
109811 |
40987 |
|
% of FT |
65.4 |
70.2 |
62.2 |
68 |
56.3 |
62.1 |
53.6 |
60.3 |
|
n |
45874 |
4893 |
63157 |
9078 |
86440 |
22754 |
94175 |
34263 |
Social and Behavioral Sciences |
% of Ph.D.s |
63.1 |
45.7 |
57.4 |
46.8 |
49.4 |
39.8 |
43 |
37.2 |
n |
47296 |
8407 |
69802 |
17458 |
99780 |
40768 |
99024 |
51986 |
|
% of FT |
70.5 |
66 |
62.3 |
59.8 |
55.9 |
51.2 |
50.5 |
48.2 |
|
n |
42365 |
5817 |
64267 |
13655 |
88135 |
31660 |
84233 |
40095 |
|
Combined Fields |
% of Ph.D.s |
51.2 |
46.3 |
48.6 |
47.8 |
43.7 |
43.5 |
38.9 |
41.8 |
n |
204253 |
19386 |
277322 |
35285 |
383391 |
81317 |
423574 |
114288 |
|
% of FT |
55.9 |
67.8 |
52.2 |
61.4 |
48.7 |
54 |
45.4 |
52 |
|
n |
186871 |
13238 |
258347 |
27471 |
344134 |
65450 |
362959 |
91969 |
TABLE D-2 Percent and Number of Full-Time Academic Labor Force Who Are Women, by Field and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
|
Engineering |
% Women |
0.3 |
1.0 |
2.9 |
6.3 |
n Women |
41 |
158 |
690 |
1593 |
|
n Total |
12,312 |
16,468 |
23,506 |
25,117 |
|
Mathematics |
% Women |
5.8 |
7.0 |
9.7 |
11.6 |
n Women |
552 |
827 |
1537 |
2003 |
|
n Total |
9,481 |
11,867 |
15,789 |
17,214 |
|
Physical Science |
% Women |
4.5 |
5.2 |
7.9 |
11.3 |
n Women |
1100 |
1555 |
2798 |
4229 |
|
n Total |
24,594 |
29,796 |
35,438 |
37,369 |
|
Life Sciences |
% Women |
10.3 |
13.6 |
22.5 |
29.0 |
n Women |
3436 |
6175 |
14124 |
20663 |
|
n Total |
33,438 |
45,457 |
62,807 |
71,150 |
|
Social and Behavioral Sciences |
% Women |
11.4 |
16.9 |
24.8 |
31.2 |
n Women |
3841 |
8163 |
16221 |
19341 |
|
n Total |
33,698 |
48,201 |
65,468 |
61,899 |
|
Combined Fields |
% Women |
7.9 |
11.1 |
17.4 |
22.5 |
n Women |
8970 |
16878 |
35370 |
47829 |
|
n Total |
113,523 |
151,789 |
203,008 |
212,749 |
TABLE D-3 Number of Full-Time Scientists Working in Academia by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
|||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Engineering |
Research I |
6675 |
17 |
8121 |
78 |
11714 |
399 |
11303 |
663 |
Research II |
1632 |
2 |
2219 |
8 |
2997 |
50 |
2476 |
123 |
|
Doctoral |
1901 |
9 |
2092 |
23 |
3052 |
58 |
3430 |
258 |
|
Master’s |
998 |
6 |
1169 |
12 |
1915 |
102 |
2532 |
198 |
|
Baccalaureate |
172 |
0 |
156 |
2 |
306 |
15 |
340 |
52 |
|
Medical |
121 |
0 |
370 |
9 |
602 |
28 |
874 |
96 |
|
Engineering |
159 |
0 |
182 |
0 |
401 |
4 |
305 |
28 |
|
Other |
169 |
2 |
127 |
2 |
458 |
0 |
321 |
19 |
|
Missing |
444 |
5 |
1874 |
24 |
1371 |
34 |
1943 |
156 |
|
Total |
12271 |
41 |
16310 |
158 |
22816 |
690 |
23524 |
1593 |
|
Mathematics |
Research I |
3705 |
146 |
4533 |
271 |
5515 |
441 |
5142 |
576 |
Research II |
956 |
37 |
974 |
55 |
1308 |
98 |
1337 |
191 |
|
Doctoral |
1187 |
61 |
1428 |
95 |
1950 |
206 |
2041 |
242 |
|
Master’s |
1909 |
186 |
2318 |
227 |
3502 |
497 |
4287 |
474 |
|
Baccalaureate |
828 |
96 |
981 |
102 |
1225 |
192 |
1392 |
276 |
|
Medical |
19 |
2 |
144 |
19 |
103 |
47 |
241 |
95 |
|
Engineering |
66 |
0 |
43 |
0 |
120 |
5 |
105 |
57 |
|
Other |
68 |
1 |
72 |
12 |
118 |
14 |
232 |
0 |
|
Missing |
191 |
23 |
547 |
46 |
411 |
37 |
434 |
92 |
|
Total |
8929 |
552 |
11040 |
827 |
14252 |
1537 |
15211 |
2003 |
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
|||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Physical Sciences |
Research I |
9857 |
376 |
10549 |
514 |
12473 |
1171 |
12773 |
1587 |
Research II |
2174 |
56 |
1965 |
115 |
2278 |
181 |
2208 |
272 |
|
Doctoral |
2807 |
99 |
2961 |
120 |
3105 |
235 |
3788 |
293 |
|
Master’s |
4252 |
253 |
4328 |
259 |
5467 |
438 |
5288 |
800 |
|
Baccalaureate |
2273 |
165 |
2827 |
209 |
3313 |
335 |
3012 |
425 |
|
Medical |
520 |
64 |
1053 |
181 |
1598 |
202 |
1723 |
290 |
|
Engineering |
214 |
0 |
225 |
2 |
125 |
8 |
232 |
15 |
|
Other |
139 |
9 |
266 |
8 |
183 |
14 |
355 |
87 |
|
Missing |
1258 |
78 |
4067 |
147 |
4098 |
214 |
3761 |
460 |
|
Total |
23494 |
1100 |
28241 |
1555 |
32640 |
2798 |
33140 |
4229 |
|
Life Sciences |
Research I |
14375 |
1287 |
15375 |
2147 |
19102 |
5249 |
18384 |
6574 |
Research II |
2819 |
198 |
3219 |
232 |
4475 |
834 |
4340 |
1231 |
|
Doctoral |
2527 |
236 |
2399 |
446 |
3593 |
1070 |
3304 |
1602 |
|
Master’s |
3785 |
550 |
4486 |
798 |
5295 |
1596 |
5789 |
2774 |
|
Baccalaureate |
1547 |
266 |
1896 |
445 |
2014 |
648 |
2274 |
1040 |
|
Medical |
3847 |
734 |
9659 |
1773 |
13112 |
4454 |
14156 |
6429 |
|
Engineering |
24 |
0 |
66 |
5 |
88 |
0 |
107 |
22 |
|
Other |
65 |
11 |
63 |
7 |
148 |
34 |
211 |
129 |
|
Missing |
1013 |
154 |
2119 |
322 |
856 |
239 |
1922 |
862 |
|
Total |
30002 |
3436 |
39282 |
6175 |
48683 |
14124 |
50487 |
20663 |
Social and Behavioral Sciences |
Research I |
11838 |
1264 |
13873 |
2868 |
16260 |
5524 |
12481 |
6243 |
Research II |
3213 |
243 |
3668 |
532 |
4121 |
1358 |
3615 |
1368 |
|
Doctoral |
4016 |
480 |
5801 |
1081 |
6761 |
1732 |
6042 |
2240 |
|
Master’s |
6556 |
1146 |
9449 |
1775 |
13184 |
3569 |
11280 |
4346 |
|
Baccalaureate |
2711 |
428 |
3447 |
836 |
5185 |
1810 |
4566 |
2114 |
|
Medical |
601 |
147 |
1746 |
718 |
2446 |
1711 |
2384 |
2330 |
|
Engineering |
0 |
3 |
74 |
0 |
95 |
0 |
42 |
0 |
|
Other |
232 |
17 |
221 |
103 |
581 |
265 |
526 |
215 |
|
Missing |
690 |
113 |
1759 |
250 |
614 |
252 |
1622 |
485 |
|
Total |
29857 |
3841 |
40038 |
8163 |
49247 |
16221 |
42558 |
19341 |
|
Combined Fields |
Research I |
46450 |
3090 |
52451 |
5878 |
65064 |
12784 |
60083 |
15643 |
Research II |
10794 |
536 |
12045 |
942 |
15179 |
2521 |
13976 |
3185 |
|
Doctoral |
12438 |
885 |
14681 |
1765 |
18461 |
3301 |
18605 |
4635 |
|
Master’s |
17500 |
2141 |
21750 |
3071 |
29363 |
6202 |
29176 |
8592 |
|
Baccalaureate |
7531 |
955 |
9307 |
1594 |
12043 |
3000 |
11584 |
3907 |
|
Medical |
5108 |
947 |
12972 |
2700 |
17861 |
6442 |
19378 |
9240 |
|
Engineering |
463 |
3 |
590 |
7 |
829 |
17 |
791 |
122 |
|
Other |
673 |
40 |
749 |
132 |
1488 |
327 |
1645 |
450 |
|
Missing |
3596 |
373 |
10366 |
789 |
7350 |
776 |
9682 |
2055 |
|
Total |
104553 |
8970 |
134911 |
16878 |
167638 |
35370 |
164920 |
47829 |
TABLE D-4 Number of Full-Time Scientists With and Without Tenure-Track Positions by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Engineering |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
1277 |
24 |
984 |
65 |
1726 |
85 |
On-track |
6628 |
50 |
9447 |
271 |
8850 |
431 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
50 |
4 |
150 |
2 |
274 |
0 |
On-track |
2118 |
4 |
2717 |
48 |
2137 |
111 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
209 |
10 |
176 |
4 |
450 |
43 |
On-track |
1883 |
11 |
2715 |
51 |
2914 |
202 |
|
Master’s |
Off-track |
211 |
0 |
302 |
4 |
262 |
0 |
On-track |
958 |
12 |
1492 |
96 |
2246 |
198 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
0 |
0 |
42 |
1 |
29 |
26 |
On-track |
140 |
2 |
247 |
14 |
311 |
26 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
146 |
5 |
146 |
7 |
454 |
60 |
On-track |
143 |
2 |
367 |
16 |
305 |
6 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
75 |
0 |
52 |
0 |
70 |
16 |
On-track |
107 |
0 |
315 |
4 |
235 |
12 |
|
Total |
|
13945 |
124 |
19152 |
583 |
20263 |
1216 |
Mathematics |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
519 |
78 |
563 |
74 |
734 |
166 |
On-track |
3916 |
185 |
4305 |
321 |
4223 |
294 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
77 |
17 |
48 |
8 |
16 |
18 |
On-Track |
895 |
38 |
1147 |
82 |
1244 |
173 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
85 |
23 |
50 |
20 |
84 |
32 |
On-track |
1328 |
72 |
1797 |
179 |
1903 |
210 |
Master’s |
Off-track |
126 |
27 |
158 |
12 |
106 |
43 |
On-track |
2177 |
200 |
3097 |
456 |
4164 |
415 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
164 |
23 |
39 |
14 |
156 |
18 |
On-track |
817 |
79 |
1142 |
168 |
1218 |
258 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
39 |
6 |
37 |
18 |
84 |
32 |
On-track |
62 |
11 |
62 |
20 |
125 |
43 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
On-track |
43 |
0 |
118 |
5 |
105 |
49 |
|
Total |
|
10248 |
759 |
12565 |
1377 |
14162 |
1759 |
Physical Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
1977 |
193 |
2147 |
346 |
3154 |
492 |
On-track |
7167 |
174 |
7652 |
433 |
7006 |
575 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
216 |
46 |
297 |
32 |
292 |
98 |
On-track |
1637 |
41 |
1649 |
89 |
1575 |
151 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
406 |
21 |
243 |
41 |
499 |
112 |
On-track |
2409 |
76 |
2645 |
160 |
2998 |
181 |
|
Master’s |
Off-track |
323 |
46 |
340 |
52 |
413 |
143 |
On-track |
3970 |
208 |
4786 |
338 |
4741 |
657 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
359 |
62 |
434 |
37 |
509 |
138 |
On-track |
2390 |
145 |
2729 |
289 |
2500 |
287 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
255 |
82 |
441 |
79 |
634 |
157 |
On-track |
719 |
38 |
792 |
67 |
835 |
16 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
92 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
42 |
0 |
On-track |
119 |
2 |
116 |
4 |
175 |
15 |
|
Total |
|
22039 |
1134 |
24280 |
1967 |
25373 |
3022 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Life Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
2519 |
641 |
2644 |
1359 |
3592 |
1896 |
On-track |
11122 |
893 |
12411 |
2436 |
11972 |
3065 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
280 |
59 |
387 |
168 |
569 |
195 |
On-track |
2801 |
130 |
3631 |
507 |
3404 |
818 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
216 |
79 |
358 |
201 |
387 |
329 |
On-track |
2100 |
340 |
2796 |
806 |
2753 |
1167 |
|
Master’s |
Off-track |
488 |
117 |
396 |
166 |
752 |
350 |
On-track |
3946 |
668 |
4541 |
1356 |
4960 |
2402 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
219 |
88 |
130 |
78 |
399 |
175 |
On-track |
1670 |
342 |
1766 |
526 |
1875 |
809 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
1970 |
612 |
3043 |
1595 |
4316 |
2374 |
On-track |
5922 |
676 |
7431 |
1658 |
7986 |
2526 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
0 |
On-track |
52 |
5 |
88 |
0 |
70 |
22 |
|
Total |
|
33312 |
4650 |
39622 |
10856 |
43072 |
16128 |
Social and Behavioral Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
1587 |
555 |
1900 |
1303 |
2189 |
1898 |
On-track |
11860 |
2103 |
13185 |
3710 |
9947 |
3893 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
523 |
107 |
303 |
273 |
539 |
360 |
On-track |
3091 |
423 |
3328 |
968 |
3023 |
988 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
778 |
221 |
429 |
281 |
724 |
567 |
On-track |
4985 |
839 |
5841 |
1322 |
5296 |
1643 |
Master’s |
Off-track |
965 |
200 |
797 |
470 |
860 |
573 |
On-Track |
8451 |
1565 |
11667 |
2869 |
10368 |
3773 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
345 |
211 |
659 |
413 |
647 |
486 |
On-Track |
3084 |
602 |
4176 |
1263 |
3919 |
1628 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
560 |
274 |
915 |
680 |
1015 |
1394 |
On-Track |
1026 |
268 |
1123 |
626 |
1254 |
599 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
29 |
0 |
40 |
0 |
22 |
0 |
On-Track |
45 |
0 |
55 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
37329 |
7368 |
44418 |
14178 |
39823 |
17802 |
Combined Fields |
|
||||||
Research I |
Off-track |
7879 |
1491 |
8238 |
3147 |
11395 |
4537 |
On-Track |
40693 |
3405 |
47000 |
7171 |
41998 |
8258 |
|
Research II |
Off-track |
1146 |
233 |
1185 |
483 |
1690 |
671 |
On-Track |
10542 |
636 |
12472 |
1694 |
11383 |
2241 |
|
Doctoral |
Off-track |
1694 |
354 |
1256 |
547 |
2144 |
1083 |
On-Track |
12705 |
1338 |
15794 |
2518 |
15864 |
3403 |
|
Master’s |
Off-track |
2113 |
390 |
1993 |
704 |
2393 |
1109 |
On-Track |
19502 |
2653 |
25583 |
5115 |
26479 |
7445 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Off-track |
1087 |
384 |
1304 |
543 |
1740 |
843 |
On-Track |
8101 |
1170 |
10060 |
2260 |
9823 |
3008 |
|
Medical |
Off-track |
2970 |
979 |
4582 |
2379 |
6503 |
4017 |
On-Track |
7872 |
995 |
9775 |
2387 |
10505 |
3190 |
|
Engineering |
Off-track |
203 |
0 |
103 |
0 |
171 |
24 |
On-Track |
366 |
7 |
692 |
13 |
605 |
98 |
|
Total |
|
116873 |
14035 |
140037 |
28961 |
142693 |
39927 |
TABLE D-5 Logit Analysis on Whether a Scientist Has a Tenure-Track Position by Sex and Year of Survey, b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test.
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Variable |
|
Women |
Men |
Women |
Mmen |
Women |
Men |
Married |
b |
–0.212 |
0.223 |
–0.163 |
0.344 |
–0.053 |
0.119 |
z |
2.09 |
2.02 |
2.04 |
3.72 |
0.58 |
1.43 |
|
Children <6 at Home |
b |
–0.105 |
0.086 |
0.087 |
–0.040 |
0.021 |
0.308 |
z |
0.78 |
0.96 |
0.83 |
0.45 |
0.18 |
3.99 |
|
Not a US Citizen |
b |
–0.457 |
–0.495 |
–0.159 |
–0.279 |
–0.377 |
–0.218 |
z |
2.33 |
3.41 |
1.05 |
2.14 |
2.33 |
2.17 |
|
Career Year |
b |
0.118 |
0.281 |
0.125 |
0.099 |
0.115 |
0.144 |
z |
6.10 |
18.85 |
8.70 |
6.81 |
7.17 |
13.40 |
|
Career Year2 |
b |
–0.002 |
–0.005 |
–0.002 |
–0.001 |
–0.002 |
–0.002 |
z |
2.76 |
11.65 |
5.20 |
1.52 |
5.02 |
8.19 |
|
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.092 |
–0.160 |
0.961 |
0.588 |
0.992 |
0.250 |
z |
0.32 |
0.83 |
4.84 |
3.97 |
4.02 |
2.32 |
|
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
0.001 |
0.281 |
0.701 |
0.570 |
0.684 |
0.771 |
z |
0.01 |
1.84 |
4.65 |
3.70 |
3.51 |
5.33 |
|
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.948 |
–0.584 |
–0.537 |
–0.525 |
–0.399 |
–0.624 |
z |
7.31 |
4.62 |
4.78 |
4.53 |
2.51 |
6.19 |
|
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.274 |
–0.315 |
–0.296 |
–0.104 |
0.031 |
–0.260 |
z |
2.12 |
2.70 |
2.73 |
0.92 |
0.32 |
2.93 |
|
Medical vs. Research I |
b |
–0.546 |
–0.391 |
–0.556 |
–0.515 |
–0.582 |
–0.485 |
z |
3.95 |
3.77 |
5.46 |
5.46 |
5.23 |
6.09 |
|
Research II vs. Research I |
b |
0.221 |
0.536 |
0.820 |
0.810 |
0.695 |
0.736 |
z |
1.16 |
3.41 |
5.09 |
5.45 |
3.78 |
6.00 |
|
Doctoral vs. Research I |
b |
0.763 |
0.397 |
0.939 |
0.992 |
0.753 |
0.966 |
z |
4.72 |
2.93 |
6.82 |
7.01 |
5.13 |
8.59 |
Master’s vs. Research I |
b |
1.192 |
0.731 |
1.407 |
1.230 |
1.314 |
1.365 |
z |
8.32 |
5.95 |
11.41 |
9.57 |
9.83 |
12.86 |
|
Baccalaureate vs. Research I |
b |
0.826 |
0.885 |
1.450 |
0.971 |
1.029 |
0.985 |
z |
4.87 |
5.01 |
9.13 |
6.17 |
6.07 |
7.32 |
|
Private vs. Research I |
b |
–0.582 |
–0.508 |
–0.632 |
–0.631 |
–0.405 |
–0.624 |
z |
5.88 |
5.97 |
7.94 |
8.40 |
4.55 |
9.71 |
|
Ph.D. Prestige |
b |
0.071 |
0.043 |
0.191 |
0.280 |
0.246 |
0.291 |
z |
1.28 |
0.84 |
3.94 |
5.84 |
4.40 |
7.33 |
|
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years |
b |
0.251 |
0.093 |
0.041 |
–0.288 |
0.117 |
–0.415 |
z |
2.09 |
0.81 |
0.44 |
2.91 |
1.22 |
5.14 |
|
Missing Data on Having Young Children |
b |
–0.089 |
0.297 |
0.235 |
–0.102 |
|
|
z |
0.49 |
1.83 |
1.81 |
0.90 |
|||
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D. |
b |
–0.116 |
–0.023 |
0.342 |
–0.029 |
||
z |
1.02 |
0.27 |
3.67 |
0.37 |
|||
Constant |
b |
0.201 |
–0.560 |
–0.549 |
–0.573 |
–0.978 |
–1.086 |
z |
0.82 |
2.40 |
2.55 |
2.55 |
4.01 |
5.56 |
|
Unweighted Observations |
|
10,078 |
7,168 |
4,912 |
7,801 |
3,279 |
8,853 |
TABLE D-6 Number of Full-Time Scientists on Tenure Track With and Without Tenure by Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Engineering |
|
||||||
Research I |
Untenured |
1063 |
32 |
2198 |
166 |
1961 |
310 |
Tenured |
5565 |
18 |
7249 |
105 |
6889 |
121 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
464 |
2 |
659 |
28 |
293 |
45 |
Tenured |
1654 |
2 |
2058 |
20 |
1844 |
66 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
442 |
5 |
789 |
23 |
760 |
107 |
Tenured |
1441 |
6 |
1926 |
28 |
2154 |
95 |
|
Master’s |
Untenured |
276 |
0 |
390 |
60 |
660 |
92 |
Tenured |
682 |
12 |
1102 |
36 |
1586 |
106 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
0 |
2 |
92 |
8 |
102 |
13 |
Tenured |
140 |
0 |
155 |
6 |
209 |
13 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
76 |
2 |
118 |
14 |
134 |
6 |
Tenured |
67 |
0 |
249 |
2 |
171 |
0 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
0 |
0 |
89 |
2 |
28 |
12 |
Tenured |
107 |
0 |
226 |
2 |
207 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
11977 |
81 |
17300 |
500 |
16998 |
986 |
Mathematics |
|
||||||
Research I |
Untenured |
755 |
97 |
837 |
109 |
830 |
129 |
Tenured |
3161 |
88 |
3468 |
212 |
3393 |
165 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
133 |
11 |
235 |
28 |
182 |
108 |
Tenured |
762 |
27 |
912 |
54 |
1062 |
65 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
322 |
26 |
492 |
83 |
291 |
96 |
Tenured |
1006 |
46 |
1305 |
96 |
1612 |
114 |
Master’s |
Untenured |
339 |
55 |
764 |
126 |
930 |
153 |
Tenured |
1838 |
145 |
2333 |
330 |
3234 |
262 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
212 |
20 |
299 |
65 |
357 |
136 |
Tenured |
605 |
59 |
843 |
103 |
861 |
122 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
13 |
11 |
5 |
2 |
73 |
0 |
Tenured |
49 |
0 |
57 |
18 |
52 |
43 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
0 |
Tenured |
43 |
0 |
118 |
5 |
68 |
49 |
|
Total |
|
9238 |
585 |
11668 |
1231 |
12982 |
1442 |
Physical Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Untenured |
1121 |
54 |
1261 |
174 |
1202 |
231 |
Tenured |
6046 |
120 |
6391 |
259 |
5804 |
344 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
269 |
6 |
240 |
29 |
128 |
44 |
Tenured |
1368 |
35 |
1409 |
60 |
1447 |
107 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
389 |
21 |
485 |
66 |
455 |
73 |
Tenured |
2020 |
55 |
2160 |
94 |
2543 |
108 |
|
Master’s |
Untenured |
499 |
39 |
470 |
109 |
713 |
340 |
Tenured |
3471 |
169 |
4316 |
229 |
4028 |
317 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
614 |
52 |
512 |
149 |
490 |
126 |
Tenured |
1776 |
93 |
2217 |
140 |
2010 |
161 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
246 |
11 |
327 |
37 |
329 |
16 |
Tenured |
473 |
27 |
465 |
30 |
506 |
0 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
32 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
3 |
15 |
Tenured |
87 |
0 |
116 |
0 |
172 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
18411 |
684 |
20369 |
1380 |
19830 |
1882 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
Research I |
Untenured |
2436 |
453 |
2560 |
1181 |
2047 |
1254 |
Tenured |
8686 |
440 |
9851 |
1255 |
9925 |
1811 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
488 |
54 |
568 |
168 |
634 |
289 |
Tenured |
2313 |
76 |
3063 |
339 |
2770 |
529 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
657 |
181 |
542 |
327 |
558 |
500 |
Tenured |
1443 |
159 |
2254 |
479 |
2195 |
667 |
|
Master’s |
Untenured |
609 |
243 |
704 |
395 |
1076 |
886 |
Tenured |
3337 |
425 |
3837 |
961 |
3884 |
1516 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
294 |
175 |
157 |
142 |
442 |
292 |
Tenured |
1376 |
167 |
1609 |
384 |
1433 |
517 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
1725 |
345 |
2048 |
843 |
2634 |
1320 |
Tenured |
4197 |
331 |
5383 |
815 |
5352 |
1206 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
0 |
0 |
29 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
Tenured |
52 |
5 |
59 |
0 |
61 |
22 |
|
Total |
|
27613 |
3054 |
32664 |
7289 |
33020 |
10809 |
Scial and Behavioral Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Untenured |
2247 |
1116 |
2363 |
1343 |
1754 |
1405 |
Tenured |
9613 |
987 |
10822 |
2367 |
8193 |
2488 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
640 |
141 |
338 |
381 |
276 |
410 |
Tenured |
2451 |
282 |
2990 |
587 |
2747 |
578 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
1297 |
399 |
840 |
467 |
1181 |
761 |
Tenured |
3688 |
440 |
5001 |
855 |
4115 |
882 |
|
Master’s |
Untenured |
1731 |
521 |
1872 |
1010 |
1994 |
1175 |
Tenured |
6720 |
1044 |
9795 |
1859 |
8374 |
2598 |
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
673 |
314 |
1286 |
387 |
701 |
525 |
Tenured |
2411 |
288 |
2890 |
876 |
3218 |
1103 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
420 |
146 |
374 |
228 |
384 |
251 |
Tenured |
606 |
122 |
749 |
398 |
870 |
348 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Tenured |
45 |
0 |
55 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
32542 |
5800 |
39375 |
10758 |
33827 |
12524 |
Combined Fields |
|
||||||
Research I |
Untenured |
7622 |
1752 |
9219 |
2973 |
7794 |
3329 |
Tenured |
33071 |
1653 |
37781 |
4198 |
34204 |
4929 |
|
Research II |
Untenured |
1994 |
214 |
2040 |
634 |
1513 |
896 |
Tenured |
8548 |
422 |
10432 |
1060 |
9870 |
1345 |
|
Doctoral |
Untenured |
3107 |
632 |
3148 |
966 |
3245 |
1537 |
Tenured |
9598 |
706 |
12646 |
1552 |
12619 |
1866 |
|
Master’s |
Untenured |
3454 |
858 |
4200 |
1700 |
5373 |
2646 |
Tenured |
16048 |
1795 |
21383 |
3415 |
21106 |
4799 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Untenured |
1793 |
563 |
2346 |
751 |
2092 |
1092 |
Tenured |
6308 |
607 |
7714 |
1509 |
7731 |
1916 |
|
Medical |
Untenured |
2480 |
515 |
2872 |
1124 |
3554 |
1593 |
Tenured |
5392 |
480 |
6903 |
1263 |
6951 |
1597 |
|
Engineering |
Untenured |
32 |
2 |
118 |
6 |
77 |
27 |
Tenured |
334 |
5 |
574 |
7 |
528 |
71 |
|
Total |
|
99781 |
10204 |
121376 |
21158 |
116657 |
27643 |
TABLE D-7 Logit Analysis on Whether a Scientist in a Tenure-Track Position Has Tenure by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test.
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Variable |
|
Women |
Men |
Women |
Women |
Men |
Men |
Married |
b |
–0.297 |
0.131 |
–0.026 |
0.297 |
0.154 |
0.386 |
z |
2.13 |
0.86 |
0.24 |
2.28 |
1.17 |
3.15 |
|
Children <6 at Home |
b |
0.023 |
–0.109 |
0.039 |
0.042 |
–0.098 |
–0.078 |
z |
0.12 |
1.01 |
0.29 |
0.37 |
0.64 |
0.81 |
|
Not a US Citizen |
b |
0.279 |
0.11 |
–0.427 |
–0.331 |
–0.256 |
–0.219 |
z |
0.92 |
0.51 |
1.89 |
1.69 |
0.96 |
1.59 |
|
Career Year |
b |
0.569 |
0.731 |
0.562 |
0.638 |
0.487 |
0.62 |
z |
18.5 |
27.44 |
21.06 |
24.65 |
15.76 |
26.9 |
|
Career Year2 |
b |
–0.011 |
–0.013 |
–0.009 |
–0.01 |
–0.008 |
–0.01 |
z |
12.14 |
17.66 |
10.73 |
13.15 |
7.83 |
15.91 |
|
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.46 |
–0.503 |
0.163 |
–0.26 |
0.307 |
0.422 |
z |
1 |
1.99 |
0.74 |
1.39 |
1.11 |
2.97 |
|
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.31 |
0.026 |
0.328 |
0.011 |
0.462 |
0.56 |
z |
1.61 |
0.15 |
1.95 |
0.06 |
1.99 |
3.28 |
|
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.347 |
–0.601 |
–0.383 |
–0.504 |
0.04 |
–0.265 |
z |
1.75 |
3.56 |
2.32 |
3.13 |
0.16 |
1.65 |
|
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.86 |
–0.814 |
–0.255 |
–0.45 |
–0.217 |
–0.734 |
z |
4.86 |
5.49 |
1.71 |
2.98 |
1.55 |
5.44 |
|
Medical vs. Research I |
b |
–0.365 |
–0.546 |
–0.922 |
–1.166 |
–0.729 |
–1.207 |
z |
1.56 |
3.68 |
5.44 |
7.9 |
3.82 |
8.64 |
|
Research II vs. Research I |
b |
0.551 |
0.203 |
0.42 |
0.248 |
0.086 |
0.347 |
z |
1.91 |
1.09 |
2.16 |
1.41 |
0.36 |
2.13 |
|
Doctoral vs. Research I |
b |
0.283 |
–0.099 |
0.11 |
0.029 |
–0.043 |
0.015 |
z |
1.38 |
0.59 |
0.65 |
0.18 |
0.21 |
0.11 |
Master’s vs. Research I |
b |
0.765 |
0.727 |
0.405 |
0.255 |
0.42 |
–0.121 |
z |
4.54 |
4.96 |
2.93 |
1.76 |
2.57 |
0.96 |
|
Baccalaureate vs. Research I |
b |
0.318 |
0.665 |
0.483 |
0.301 |
0.557 |
0.405 |
z |
1.34 |
3.2 |
2.53 |
1.51 |
2.43 |
2.03 |
|
Private vs. Research I |
b |
–0.51 |
–0.709 |
–0.482 |
–0.536 |
–0.512 |
–0.733 |
z |
3.56 |
6 |
4.23 |
4.95 |
3.84 |
7.41 |
|
Ph.D. Prestige |
b |
–0.104 |
0.014 |
0.029 |
0.062 |
–0.187 |
–0.047 |
z |
1.4 |
0.22 |
0.43 |
0.98 |
2.32 |
0.83 |
|
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years |
b |
1.219 |
1.423 |
0.973 |
0.619 |
0.861 |
0.397 |
z |
7.4 |
8.87 |
7.54 |
4.3 |
6.21 |
3.14 |
|
Missing Data on Having Young Children |
b |
–0.046 |
–0.219 |
–0.105 |
0.154 |
|
|
z |
0.18 |
1.04 |
0.65 |
0.97 |
|||
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D. |
b |
0.459 |
0.393 |
0.361 |
0.199 |
||
z |
2.79 |
3.54 |
2.86 |
1.86 |
|||
Constant |
b |
–3.082 |
–4.066 |
–4.383 |
–4.834 |
–3.365 |
–4.456 |
z |
8.94 |
12.55 |
13.11 |
14.41 |
8.75 |
14.31 |
|
Observations |
|
8242 |
6113 |
3773 |
6664 |
2296 |
7105 |
TABLE D-8 Number of Full-Time Scientists on Tenure Track by Rank, Carnegie Type of Institution, Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Engineering |
|
1 |
|
||||
Research I |
Instructor |
16 |
0 |
16 |
0 |
27 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
807 |
31 |
1785 |
164 |
1647 |
295 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1833 |
16 |
2263 |
55 |
2426 |
103 |
|
Full Prof. |
3972 |
3 |
5383 |
52 |
4738 |
33 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
15 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
251 |
2 |
597 |
32 |
286 |
45 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
629 |
0 |
619 |
16 |
617 |
37 |
|
Full Prof. |
1223 |
2 |
1501 |
0 |
1234 |
29 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
34 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
325 |
5 |
548 |
20 |
647 |
93 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
435 |
4 |
528 |
26 |
1128 |
82 |
|
Full Prof. |
1089 |
2 |
1630 |
5 |
1139 |
27 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
16 |
0 |
17 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
87 |
1 |
250 |
54 |
408 |
97 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
484 |
2 |
533 |
24 |
819 |
45 |
|
Full Prof. |
371 |
9 |
692 |
18 |
1019 |
56 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
92 |
8 |
68 |
13 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
42 |
2 |
49 |
5 |
144 |
13 |
|
Full Prof. |
98 |
0 |
106 |
1 |
99 |
0 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
76 |
2 |
24 |
9 |
93 |
6 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
130 |
2 |
63 |
0 |
|
Full Prof. |
67 |
0 |
213 |
0 |
149 |
0 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
76 |
0 |
46 |
0 |
30 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
35 |
2 |
23 |
12 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
132 |
2 |
125 |
0 |
|
Full Prof. |
31 |
0 |
102 |
0 |
57 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
11977 |
81 |
17300 |
500 |
16986 |
986 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Mathematics |
|
||||||
Research I |
Instructor |
29 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
59 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
762 |
90 |
834 |
98 |
794 |
120 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1243 |
62 |
1017 |
136 |
1068 |
107 |
|
Full Prof. |
1882 |
28 |
2454 |
85 |
2302 |
67 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
142 |
13 |
174 |
29 |
164 |
111 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
265 |
15 |
338 |
31 |
514 |
58 |
|
Full Prof. |
488 |
10 |
635 |
22 |
566 |
4 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
8 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
342 |
26 |
457 |
83 |
286 |
76 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
481 |
33 |
588 |
52 |
897 |
102 |
|
Full Prof. |
497 |
13 |
752 |
42 |
720 |
32 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
36 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
17 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
466 |
69 |
761 |
131 |
838 |
127 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
875 |
74 |
1093 |
174 |
1481 |
126 |
|
Full Prof. |
787 |
55 |
1243 |
149 |
1828 |
162 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
17 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
188 |
22 |
267 |
61 |
343 |
115 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
377 |
22 |
311 |
54 |
368 |
53 |
|
Full Prof. |
252 |
35 |
547 |
53 |
507 |
90 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
28 |
9 |
5 |
4 |
57 |
0 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
0 |
2 |
17 |
9 |
52 |
10 |
|
Full Prof. |
26 |
0 |
40 |
7 |
16 |
33 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
37 |
0 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
15 |
0 |
50 |
5 |
0 |
32 |
|
Full Prof. |
28 |
0 |
68 |
0 |
68 |
17 |
|
Total |
|
9217 |
585 |
11668 |
1231 |
12982 |
1442 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Physical Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Instructor |
56 |
5 |
180 |
23 |
38 |
39 |
Asst. Prof. |
883 |
51 |
1013 |
144 |
1041 |
216 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1773 |
70 |
1332 |
145 |
1583 |
155 |
|
Full Prof. |
4423 |
48 |
5127 |
121 |
4240 |
148 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
Asst. Prof. |
269 |
7 |
214 |
26 |
129 |
44 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
291 |
9 |
277 |
38 |
326 |
10 |
|
Full Prof. |
1077 |
25 |
1158 |
24 |
1104 |
94 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
12 |
0 |
31 |
0 |
19 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
285 |
23 |
348 |
66 |
401 |
70 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
986 |
34 |
732 |
47 |
690 |
94 |
|
Full Prof. |
1126 |
19 |
1534 |
47 |
1888 |
17 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
36 |
3 |
34 |
3 |
55 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
460 |
36 |
428 |
112 |
655 |
357 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1548 |
103 |
1325 |
86 |
1309 |
176 |
|
Full Prof. |
1917 |
66 |
2999 |
137 |
2722 |
124 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
14 |
3 |
37 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
437 |
39 |
473 |
142 |
468 |
136 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
798 |
42 |
527 |
56 |
565 |
81 |
|
Full Prof. |
1138 |
61 |
1692 |
89 |
1448 |
70 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
157 |
16 |
161 |
23 |
244 |
7 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
319 |
18 |
256 |
28 |
94 |
9 |
|
Full Prof. |
224 |
4 |
375 |
16 |
497 |
0 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
30 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
32 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
15 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
8 |
0 |
41 |
0 |
60 |
0 |
|
Full Prof. |
79 |
0 |
65 |
0 |
82 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
18348 |
684 |
20369 |
1380 |
19688 |
1865 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Life Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Instructor |
173 |
13 |
144 |
57 |
63 |
9 |
Asst. Prof. |
2030 |
389 |
2339 |
1110 |
1731 |
1115 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
3142 |
279 |
3094 |
762 |
3169 |
1075 |
|
Full Prof. |
5753 |
201 |
6834 |
505 |
6892 |
838 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
67 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
3 |
Asst. Prof. |
501 |
46 |
500 |
159 |
595 |
310 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
765 |
45 |
1054 |
245 |
795 |
298 |
|
Full Prof. |
1455 |
37 |
2077 |
99 |
1999 |
207 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
0 |
2 |
17 |
0 |
8 |
18 |
Asst. Prof. |
584 |
141 |
511 |
272 |
484 |
452 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
756 |
130 |
1029 |
385 |
881 |
426 |
|
Full Prof. |
760 |
67 |
1239 |
149 |
1380 |
271 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
39 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
27 |
Asst. Prof. |
512 |
219 |
541 |
391 |
828 |
747 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1347 |
215 |
1016 |
437 |
1231 |
824 |
|
Full Prof. |
2048 |
219 |
2984 |
526 |
2901 |
786 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
44 |
11 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
208 |
166 |
166 |
163 |
379 |
265 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
706 |
96 |
386 |
208 |
294 |
296 |
|
Full Prof. |
712 |
69 |
1163 |
155 |
1150 |
248 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
48 |
12 |
0 |
12 |
56 |
9 |
Asst. Prof. |
1412 |
353 |
1616 |
658 |
2221 |
1103 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
1947 |
211 |
2399 |
644 |
2075 |
857 |
|
Full Prof. |
2494 |
98 |
3394 |
344 |
3634 |
553 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
0 |
5 |
29 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
52 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Full Prof. |
0 |
0 |
59 |
0 |
61 |
22 |
|
Total |
|
27555 |
3036 |
32599 |
7285 |
32836 |
10759 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
|
||||||
Research I |
Instructor |
149 |
9 |
82 |
43 |
77 |
100 |
Asst. Prof. |
2302 |
1117 |
2246 |
1215 |
1556 |
1268 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2648 |
585 |
3444 |
1394 |
2800 |
1113 |
|
Full Prof. |
6758 |
375 |
7413 |
1058 |
5514 |
1390 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
0 |
16 |
0 |
31 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
610 |
178 |
383 |
390 |
276 |
410 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
921 |
122 |
1143 |
380 |
941 |
370 |
|
Full Prof. |
1560 |
107 |
1802 |
167 |
1806 |
208 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
136 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
1088 |
388 |
791 |
448 |
1164 |
659 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2068 |
255 |
2423 |
543 |
1482 |
521 |
|
Full Prof. |
1652 |
191 |
2590 |
331 |
2633 |
463 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
59 |
26 |
27 |
45 |
0 |
22 |
Asst. Prof. |
1701 |
581 |
1545 |
1024 |
1555 |
1184 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2872 |
602 |
3481 |
873 |
2655 |
1592 |
|
Full Prof. |
3711 |
348 |
6614 |
927 |
6061 |
917 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
111 |
16 |
53 |
4 |
0 |
3 |
Asst. Prof. |
796 |
287 |
774 |
355 |
625 |
559 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
748 |
187 |
1318 |
524 |
1070 |
653 |
|
Full Prof. |
1429 |
107 |
2031 |
380 |
2172 |
413 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
41 |
17 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
37 |
Asst. Prof. |
385 |
131 |
247 |
219 |
300 |
130 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
248 |
59 |
262 |
215 |
418 |
201 |
|
Full Prof. |
352 |
61 |
614 |
190 |
508 |
231 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
45 |
0 |
55 |
0 |
20 |
0 |
|
Full Prof. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
|
32390 |
5769 |
39343 |
10758 |
33638 |
12444 |
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||
Combined Fields |
|
||||||
Research I |
Instructor |
423 |
32 |
422 |
125 |
264 |
148 |
Asst. Prof. |
6784 |
1678 |
8217 |
2731 |
6769 |
3014 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
10639 |
1012 |
11150 |
2492 |
11046 |
2553 |
|
Full Prof. |
22788 |
655 |
27211 |
1821 |
23686 |
2476 |
|
Research II |
Instructor |
82 |
18 |
0 |
36 |
0 |
6 |
Asst. Prof. |
1773 |
246 |
1868 |
636 |
1450 |
920 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2871 |
191 |
3431 |
710 |
3193 |
773 |
|
Full Prof. |
5803 |
181 |
7173 |
312 |
6709 |
542 |
|
Doctoral |
Instructor |
190 |
6 |
62 |
2 |
27 |
18 |
Asst. Prof. |
2624 |
583 |
2655 |
889 |
2982 |
1350 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
4726 |
456 |
5300 |
1053 |
5078 |
1225 |
|
Full Prof. |
5124 |
292 |
7745 |
574 |
7760 |
810 |
|
Master’s |
Instructor |
186 |
41 |
78 |
50 |
72 |
49 |
Asst. Prof. |
3226 |
906 |
3525 |
1712 |
4284 |
2512 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
7126 |
996 |
7448 |
1594 |
7495 |
2763 |
|
Full Prof. |
8834 |
697 |
14532 |
1757 |
14531 |
2045 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Instructor |
169 |
30 |
115 |
6 |
0 |
3 |
Asst. Prof. |
1629 |
514 |
1772 |
729 |
1883 |
1088 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2671 |
349 |
2591 |
847 |
2441 |
1096 |
|
Full Prof. |
3629 |
272 |
5539 |
678 |
5376 |
821 |
|
Medical |
Instructor |
89 |
29 |
0 |
19 |
61 |
46 |
Asst. Prof. |
2058 |
511 |
2053 |
913 |
2915 |
1246 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
2514 |
290 |
3064 |
898 |
2702 |
1077 |
|
Full Prof. |
3163 |
163 |
4636 |
557 |
4804 |
817 |
|
Engineering |
Instructor |
76 |
0 |
56 |
0 |
60 |
0 |
Asst. Prof. |
32 |
7 |
64 |
6 |
69 |
27 |
|
Assoc. Prof. |
120 |
0 |
278 |
7 |
205 |
32 |
|
Full Prof. |
138 |
0 |
294 |
0 |
268 |
39 |
|
Total |
|
99487 |
10155 |
121279 |
21154 |
116130 |
27496 |
TABLE D-9 Percent With a Given Rank by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
Men |
Women |
Difference |
|||||||
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||
Engineering |
Asst. Prof. |
14.0 |
19.4 |
19.0 |
51.2 |
58.8 |
56.9 |
–37.2 |
–39.4 |
–37.9 |
Assoc. Prof. |
28.7 |
24.7 |
31.3 |
30.0 |
26.0 |
28.4 |
–1.3 |
–1.3 |
2.9 |
|
Full Prof. |
57.3 |
55.9 |
49.7 |
18.8 |
15.2 |
14.7 |
38.5 |
40.7 |
35.0 |
|
n |
11,907 |
17,228 |
16,986 |
80 |
500 |
986 |
|
|||
Mathematics |
Asst. Prof. |
21.9 |
21.6 |
20.0 |
40.3 |
33.5 |
38.1 |
–18.4 |
–11.9 |
–18.1 |
Assoc. Prof. |
35.5 |
29.3 |
33.7 |
35.6 |
37.4 |
33.8 |
–0.1 |
–8.1 |
–0.1 |
|
Full Prof. |
42.6 |
49.1 |
46.3 |
24.1 |
29.1 |
28.1 |
18.5 |
20.0 |
18.2 |
|
n |
9,125 |
11,648 |
12,982 |
585 |
1,231 |
1,442 |
|
|||
Physical Sciences |
Asst. Prof. |
14.4 |
14.4 |
15.6 |
27.0 |
39.6 |
47.6 |
–12.6 |
–25.2 |
–32.0 |
Assoc. Prof. |
31.3 |
21.9 |
23.5 |
40.4 |
29.0 |
28.2 |
–9.1 |
–7.1 |
–4.7 |
|
Full Prof. |
54.3 |
63.8 |
60.9 |
32.6 |
31.4 |
24.3 |
21.7 |
32.4 |
36.6 |
|
n |
18,277 |
20,245 |
19,688 |
684 |
1,380 |
1,865 |
|
|||
Life Sciences |
Asst. Prof. |
20.5 |
18.0 |
19.4 |
45.1 |
38.8 |
37.7 |
–24.6 |
–20.8 |
–18.3 |
Assoc. Prof. |
31.6 |
27.6 |
25.7 |
32.2 |
36.7 |
35.1 |
–0.6 |
–9.1 |
–9.4 |
|
Full Prof. |
48.0 |
54.5 |
54.9 |
22.8 |
24.4 |
27.2 |
25.2 |
30.1 |
27.7 |
|
n |
27,392 |
32,577 |
32,836 |
3,035 |
7,274 |
10,759 |
|
Social and Behavioral Sciences |
Asst. Prof. |
22.8 |
15.6 |
16.5 |
48.2 |
35.1 |
35.1 |
–25.4 |
–19.5 |
–18.6 |
Assoc. Prof. |
29.4 |
30.8 |
27.9 |
31.2 |
36.5 |
35.8 |
–1.8 |
–5.7 |
–7.9 |
|
Full Prof. |
47.8 |
53.6 |
55.6 |
20.6 |
28.4 |
29.1 |
27.2 |
25.2 |
26.5 |
|
n |
32,310 |
39,274 |
33,638 |
5,743 |
10,756 |
12,444 |
|
|||
Combined Fields |
Asst. Prof. |
19.5 |
17.2 |
17.9 |
45.4 |
37.1 |
37.9 |
–25.9 |
–19.9 |
–20.0 |
Assoc. Prof. |
30.8 |
27.4 |
27.7 |
32.4 |
35.9 |
34.6 |
–1.6 |
–8.5 |
–6.9 |
|
Full Prof. |
49.7 |
55.4 |
54.4 |
22.2 |
27.0 |
27.5 |
27.5 |
28.4 |
26.9 |
|
n |
99,011 |
120,972 |
116,130 |
10,127 |
21,141 |
27,496 |
|
TABLE D-10 Percent With a Given Rank by Sex, Carnegie Type, and Year of Survey
|
Men |
Women |
Difference |
|||||||
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||
Research I |
Asst. Prof. |
17.9 |
18.4 |
16.9 |
50.7 |
39.8 |
38.5 |
–32.8 |
–21.4 |
–21.6 |
Assoc. Prof. |
26.3 |
23.9 |
26.6 |
29.9 |
34.8 |
31.2 |
–3.6 |
–10.9 |
–4.6 |
|
Full Prof. |
55.8 |
57.7 |
56.5 |
19.4 |
25.4 |
30.3 |
36.4 |
32.3 |
26.2 |
|
n |
40790 |
47578 |
42367 |
3384 |
7180 |
8289 |
|
|||
Medical |
Asst. Prof. |
27.6 |
21.0 |
28.4 |
54.3 |
39.0 |
40.6 |
–26.7 |
–18.0 |
–12.2 |
Assoc. Prof. |
32.2 |
31.4 |
25.8 |
29.2 |
37.6 |
33.8 |
3.0 |
–6.2 |
–8.0 |
|
Full Prof. |
40.2 |
47.6 |
45.8 |
16.4 |
23.3 |
25.6 |
23.8 |
24.3 |
20.2 |
|
n |
7757 |
9748 |
10482 |
992 |
2387 |
3186 |
|
|||
Research II |
Asst. Prof. |
17.3 |
15.0 |
12.8 |
41.5 |
39.7 |
41.3 |
–24.2 |
–24.7 |
–28.5 |
Assoc. Prof. |
27.3 |
27.5 |
28.1 |
30.0 |
41.9 |
34.5 |
–2.7 |
–14.4 |
–6.4 |
|
Full Prof. |
55.3 |
57.5 |
59.1 |
28.5 |
18.4 |
24.2 |
26.8 |
39.1 |
34.9 |
|
n |
10441 |
12469 |
11352 |
636 |
1694 |
2241 |
|
|||
Doctoral |
Asst. Prof. |
22.3 |
17.0 |
19.0 |
44.1 |
35.4 |
40.2 |
–21.8 |
–18.4 |
–21.2 |
Assoc. Prof. |
37.0 |
33.7 |
32.0 |
34.1 |
41.8 |
36.0 |
2.9 |
–8.1 |
–4.0 |
|
Full Prof. |
40.6 |
49.4 |
49.0 |
21.8 |
22.8 |
23.8 |
18.8 |
26.6 |
25.2 |
|
n |
12607 |
15684 |
15847 |
1336 |
2514 |
3403 |
|
|||
Master’s |
Asst. Prof. |
17.6 |
14.1 |
16.5 |
35.9 |
34.5 |
34.8 |
–18.3 |
–20.4 |
–18.3 |
Assoc. Prof. |
36.9 |
29.0 |
28.4 |
37.6 |
31.1 |
37.5 |
–0.7 |
–2.1 |
–9.1 |
|
Full Prof. |
45.6 |
56.9 |
55.1 |
26.5 |
34.4 |
27.8 |
19.1 |
22.5 |
27.3 |
|
n |
19318 |
25497 |
26382 |
2631 |
5106 |
7369 |
|
Baccalaureate |
Asst. Prof. |
22.2 |
18.7 |
19.4 |
47.4 |
32.5 |
36.3 |
–25.2 |
–13.8 |
–16.9 |
Assoc. Prof. |
33.0 |
25.9 |
25.2 |
29.4 |
37.5 |
36.4 |
3.6 |
–11.6 |
–11.2 |
|
Full Prof. |
44.8 |
55.4 |
55.4 |
23.2 |
30.0 |
27.3 |
21.6 |
25.4 |
28.1 |
|
n |
8098 |
9996 |
9700 |
1148 |
2260 |
3008 |
|
|||
All Types |
Asst. Prof. |
19.5 |
17.2 |
17.9 |
45.4 |
37.1 |
37.9 |
–25.9 |
–19.9 |
–20.0 |
Assoc. Prof. |
30.8 |
27.4 |
27.7 |
32.4 |
35.9 |
34.6 |
–1.6 |
–8.5 |
–6.9 |
|
Full Prof. |
49.7 |
55.4 |
54.4 |
22.2 |
27.0 |
27.5 |
27.5 |
28.4 |
26.9 |
|
n |
99011 |
120972 |
116130 |
10127 |
21141 |
27496 |
|
TABLE D-11 Percent of Scientists in Given Types of Positions Who are Female by Field and Year of Survey.
|
Engineering |
Mathematics |
Physical Sciences |
Life Scicences |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
||||||
Percent Women |
Deviation from % Full Time |
Percent Women |
Deviation from % Full Time |
Percent Women |
Deviation from % Full Time |
Percent Women |
Deviation from % Full Time |
Percent Women |
Deviation from % Full Time |
||
Full Time |
1979 |
0.9 |
|
6.9 |
|
5.0 |
|
12.3 |
|
16.5 |
|
1989 |
2.9 |
9.8 |
7.5 |
21.3 |
24.1 |
||||||
1995 |
5.7 |
11.0 |
10.6 |
27.2 |
30.9 |
||||||
Off-Track |
1979 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
14.7 |
7.8 |
11.0 |
6.0 |
21.9 |
9.6 |
24.7 |
8.2 |
1989 |
4.3 |
1.4 |
14.0 |
4.2 |
13.1 |
5.6 |
33.9 |
12.6 |
40.4 |
16.3 |
|
1995 |
6.6 |
0.9 |
21.2 |
10.2 |
17.1 |
6.5 |
34.6 |
7.4 |
46.8 |
15.9 |
|
On-Track |
1979 |
0.7 |
–0.2 |
6.0 |
–0.9 |
3.6 |
–1.4 |
10.0 |
–2.3 |
15.1 |
–1.4 |
1989 |
2.8 |
–0.1 |
9.5 |
–0.3 |
6.3 |
–1.2 |
18.2 |
–3.1 |
21.5 |
–2.6 |
|
1995 |
5.5 |
–0.2 |
10.0 |
–1.0 |
8.7 |
–1.9 |
24.7 |
–2.5 |
27.0 |
–3.9 |
|
Untenured |
1979 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
11.0 |
4.1 |
5.5 |
0.5 |
18.9 |
6.6 |
27.3 |
10.8 |
1989 |
6.5 |
3.6 |
13.6 |
3.8 |
14.7 |
7.2 |
31.6 |
10.3 |
35.0 |
10.9 |
|
1995 |
12.9 |
7.2 |
18.7 |
7.7 |
20.3 |
9.7 |
38.0 |
10.8 |
41.9 |
11.0 |
|
Tenured |
1979 |
0.4 |
–0.5 |
4.7 |
–2.2 |
3.2 |
–1.8 |
7.0 |
–5.3 |
11.0 |
–5.5 |
1989 |
1.5 |
–1.4 |
8.3 |
–1.5 |
4.5 |
–3.0 |
14.0 |
–7.3 |
17.7 |
–6.4 |
|
1995 |
3.0 |
–2.7 |
7.4 |
–3.6 |
5.9 |
–4.7 |
19.7 |
–7.5 |
22.5 |
–8.4 |
TABLE D-12 Multinomial Logit Analysis on Academic Rank, by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test
|
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Variable |
|
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Married |
b |
–0.297 |
0.131 |
–0.026 |
0.297 |
0.154 |
0.386 |
z |
2.13 |
0.86 |
0.24 |
2.28 |
1.17 |
3.15 |
|
Children <6 at Home |
b |
0.023 |
–0.109 |
0.039 |
0.042 |
–0.098 |
–0.078 |
z |
0.12 |
1.01 |
0.29 |
0.37 |
0.64 |
0.81 |
|
Not a US Citizen |
b |
0.279 |
0.11 |
–0.427 |
–0.331 |
–0.256 |
–0.219 |
z |
0.92 |
0.51 |
1.89 |
1.69 |
0.96 |
1.59 |
|
Career Year |
b |
0.569 |
0.731 |
0.562 |
0.638 |
0.487 |
0.62 |
z |
18.5 |
27.44 |
21.06 |
24.65 |
15.76 |
26.9 |
|
Career Year2 |
b |
–0.011 |
–0.013 |
–0.009 |
–0.01 |
–0.008 |
–0.01 |
z |
12.14 |
17.66 |
10.73 |
13.15 |
7.83 |
15.91 |
|
Engineering vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.46 |
–0.503 |
0.163 |
–0.26 |
0.307 |
0.422 |
z |
1 |
1.99 |
0.74 |
1.39 |
1.11 |
2.97 |
|
Math vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.31 |
0.026 |
0.328 |
0.011 |
0.462 |
0.56 |
z |
1.61 |
0.15 |
1.95 |
0.06 |
1.99 |
3.28 |
|
Physical Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.347 |
–0.601 |
–0.383 |
–0.504 |
0.04 |
–0.265 |
z |
1.75 |
3.56 |
2.32 |
3.13 |
0.16 |
1.65 |
|
Life Sciences vs. Social/Behavioral Sciences |
b |
–0.86 |
–0.814 |
–0.255 |
–0.45 |
–0.217 |
–0.734 |
z |
4.86 |
5.49 |
1.71 |
2.98 |
1.55 |
5.44 |
|
Medical vs. Research I |
b |
–0.365 |
–0.546 |
–0.922 |
–1.166 |
–0.729 |
–1.207 |
z |
1.56 |
3.68 |
5.44 |
7.9 |
3.82 |
8.64 |
|
Research II vs. Research I |
b |
0.551 |
0.203 |
0.42 |
0.248 |
0.086 |
0.347 |
z |
1.91 |
1.09 |
2.16 |
1.41 |
0.36 |
2.13 |
|
Doctoral vs. Research I |
b |
0.283 |
–0.099 |
0.11 |
0.029 |
–0.043 |
0.015 |
z |
1.38 |
0.59 |
0.65 |
0.18 |
0.21 |
0.11 |
Master’s vs. Research I |
b |
0.765 |
0.727 |
0.405 |
0.255 |
0.42 |
–0.121 |
z |
4.54 |
4.96 |
2.93 |
1.76 |
2.57 |
0.96 |
|
Baccalaureate vs. Research I |
b |
0.318 |
0.665 |
0.483 |
0.301 |
0.557 |
0.405 |
z |
1.34 |
3.2 |
2.53 |
1.51 |
2.43 |
2.03 |
|
Private vs. Research I |
b |
–0.51 |
–0.709 |
–0.482 |
–0.536 |
–0.512 |
–0.733 |
z |
3.56 |
6 |
4.23 |
4.95 |
3.84 |
7.41 |
|
Ph.D. Prestige |
b |
–0.104 |
0.014 |
0.029 |
0.062 |
–0.187 |
–0.047 |
z |
1.4 |
0.22 |
0.43 |
0.98 |
2.32 |
0.83 |
|
Time from Baccalaureate to Ph.D. >10 Years |
b |
1.219 |
1.423 |
0.973 |
0.619 |
0.861 |
0.397 |
z |
7.4 |
8.87 |
7.54 |
4.3 |
6.21 |
3.14 |
|
Missing Data on Having Young Children |
b |
–0.046 |
–0.219 |
–0.105 |
0.154 |
|
|
z |
0.18 |
1.04 |
0.65 |
0.97 |
|||
Missing Data on Prestige of Ph.D. |
b |
0.459 |
0.393 |
0.361 |
0.199 |
||
z |
2.79 |
3.54 |
2.86 |
1.86 |
|||
Constant |
b |
–3.082 |
–4.066 |
–4.383 |
–4.834 |
–3.365 |
–4.456 |
z |
8.94 |
12.55 |
13.11 |
14.41 |
8.75 |
14.31 |
|
Observations |
|
8242 |
6113 |
3773 |
6664 |
2296 |
7105 |
TABLE D-13 Multinomial Logit Analysis on Academic Rank, by Sex and Year of Survey. b Indicates Regression Coefficient; z Indicates Value of z-test
Panel A: 1979 |
||||
|
Women |
Men |
||
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof. |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
|
Career Yr. |
–0.841 |
–0.363 |
–1.015 |
–0.404 |
20.33 |
10.22 |
33.83 |
16.02 |
|
Career Yr Squared |
0.016 |
0.006 |
0.019 |
0.005 |
15.41 |
6.52 |
27.25 |
7.69 |
|
Engineering1 |
0.171 |
0.011 |
–0.434 |
–0.202 |
0.27 |
0.02 |
1.53 |
1.13 |
|
Mathematics1 |
0.537 |
0.211 |
0.502 |
0.385 |
2.31 |
1.14 |
2.61 |
2.88 |
|
Physical Sciences1 |
0.818 |
0.602 |
0.498 |
0.431 |
3.49 |
3.38 |
2.66 |
3.44 |
|
Biological Sciences1 |
0.392 |
0.095 |
0.629 |
0.447 |
2.00 |
0.59 |
4.07 |
4.22 |
|
Medical School2 |
1.273 |
0.638 |
0.851 |
0.574 |
4.09 |
2.36 |
5.05 |
4.81 |
|
Research II2 |
–0.785 |
–0.592 |
–0.355 |
–0.310 |
2.37 |
2.35 |
1.75 |
2.24 |
|
Doctoral2 |
–0.542 |
–0.141 |
0.494 |
0.536 |
2.17 |
0.72 |
2.66 |
4.31 |
|
Master’s2 |
–0.996 |
–0.412 |
–0.796 |
–0.173 |
4.95 |
2.62 |
5.02 |
1.62 |
|
Baccalaureate2 |
–0.748 |
–0.617 |
–0.193 |
0.114 |
2.83 |
2.85 |
0.87 |
0.74 |
|
Constant |
7.109 |
4.094 |
7.176 |
3.791 |
19.32 |
12.09 |
27.12 |
16.55 |
|
Observations |
2129 |
2129 |
6113 |
6113 |
NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses. |
Panel B: 1989 |
||||
|
Women |
Men |
||
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof. |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
|
Career Yr. |
–0.846 |
–0.349 |
–1.032 |
–0.384 |
24.37 |
11.10 |
32.94 |
14.83 |
|
Career Yr Squared |
0.015 |
0.005 |
0.018 |
0.005 |
16.90 |
6.18 |
25.10 |
7.54 |
|
Engineering1 |
–0.559 |
–0.342 |
–0.506 |
–0.454 |
1.77 |
1.21 |
2.25 |
2.87 |
|
Mathematics1 |
–0.020 |
0.165 |
0.066 |
0.100 |
0.10 |
1.17 |
0.33 |
0.82 |
|
Physical Sciences1 |
0.581 |
0.177 |
0.434 |
–0.026 |
3.07 |
1.25 |
2.37 |
0.22 |
|
Biological Sciences1 |
–0.197 |
0.052 |
0.360 |
0.024 |
1.26 |
0.45 |
2.22 |
0.24 |
|
Medical School2 |
0.741 |
0.354 |
1.077 |
0.545 |
3.51 |
2.09 |
6.42 |
4.82 |
|
Research II2 |
0.027 |
0.400 |
–0.364 |
–0.036 |
0.11 |
2.08 |
1.82 |
0.28 |
|
Doctoral2 |
–0.133 |
0.285 |
0.088 |
0.474 |
0.65 |
1.88 |
0.47 |
4.12 |
|
Master’s2 |
–0.867 |
–0.428 |
–0.597 |
–0.051 |
5.38 |
3.60 |
3.71 |
0.52 |
|
Baccalaureate2 |
–0.757 |
–0.436 |
–0.245 |
–0.137 |
3.54 |
2.70 |
1.12 |
0.95 |
|
Constant |
8.101 |
4.361 |
8.850 |
4.512 |
23.35 |
13.53 |
28.79 |
17.05 |
|
Observations |
3779 |
3779 |
6681 |
6681 |
NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses |
Panel C: 1995 |
||||
|
Women |
Men |
||
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof. |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Asst. Prof. vs Full Prof |
Assoc. Prof. vs Full Prof |
|
Career Yr. |
–0.827 |
–0.345 |
–1.013 |
–0.391 |
18.05 |
8.56 |
35.53 |
17.01 |
|
Career Yr Squared |
0.014 |
0.005 |
0.017 |
0.005 |
11.42 |
4.78 |
27.01 |
9.00 |
|
Engineering1 |
–0.892 |
–0.709 |
–0.660 |
–0.069 |
2.20 |
1.93 |
3.67 |
0.55 |
|
Mathematics1 |
–0.674 |
–0.052 |
–0.008 |
0.264 |
2.17 |
0.22 |
0.04 |
2.13 |
|
Physical Sciences1 |
0.044 |
–0.160 |
0.355 |
–0.006 |
0.13 |
0.59 |
1.91 |
0.05 |
|
Biological Sciences1 |
–0.108 |
–0.051 |
0.628 |
0.035 |
0.59 |
0.36 |
3.96 |
0.36 |
|
Medical School2 |
0.717 |
0.302 |
1.678 |
0.595 |
2.83 |
1.45 |
10.20 |
5.17 |
|
Research II2 |
0.221 |
0.278 |
–0.144 |
0.034 |
0.67 |
1.04 |
0.74 |
0.26 |
|
Doctoral2 |
–0.158 |
0.282 |
0.407 |
0.502 |
0.59 |
1.32 |
2.44 |
4.46 |
|
Master’s2 |
–0.708 |
–0.076 |
–0.217 |
0.072 |
3.37 |
0.46 |
1.47 |
0.75 |
|
Baccalaureate2 |
–0.164 |
0.225 |
–0.131 |
–0.058 |
0.57 |
0.99 |
0.58 |
0.40 |
|
Constant |
8.387 |
4.493 |
9.133 |
4.863 |
18.91 |
10.99 |
31.12 |
19.50 |
|
Observations |
2300 |
2300 |
7114 |
7114 |
NOTE: 1-Comparison is to Social/Behavioral Sciences. 2-Comparison is to Research I University. Absolute value of z-statistics in parentheses. |